chitin chitosan

1. Chitin and Chitosan
Dr. Jawahar
Dept. of Applied Chemistry

2. 740500-1G
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CH2OH
HO
O
O
NH-C-CH3
O
CH2OH
O
NH2
O
NH2
HO
CH2OH
O O
HO
x
ChitosanChitosan

3. Outline
1. Introduction
2. Production of Chitin/Chitosan
3. Selected Applications
4. Chitin in Nature
5. Conclusions

4. Chitin and ChitosanChitin and Chitosan
From Nature to TechnologyFrom Nature to Technology

5. Chitin: a brief history
 1811 Chitin was first discovered by Professor Henri Braconnot,
who isolated it from mushrooms and name it “Fungine”
 1823 Antoine Odier found chitin while studying beetle cuticles and
named “chitin” after Greek word “chiton” (tunic, envelope)
 1838 Cellulose was discovered and noted
 1859 Rought discovered chitosan, a derivative of chitin..
 1920s Production of chitin fibers from different solvent systems
 1930s Exploration of synthetic fibers
 1950s The structure of chitin and chitosan was identified by X-ray
diffraction, infrared spectra, and enzymatic analysis
 1970s “Re-discovery” of the interest in chitin and chitosan
 1977 1st
international conference on chitin/chitosan
Henri Braconnot (1780-1856)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Braconnot
Muzzarelli R. et al, Chitin in Nature and Technology. Plenum Press NY, 1985

6. 21st
Century: New era for chitin?
Survey of the scientific literature
The number of chitin scientific reports since 1990 as
obtained from ScienceDirect®
The number of reports of 2006 is through April, 15th
Number of US patents
Source: www.carmeda.com/eng/businessarea/
International conferences
International Conference on Chitin and Chitosan
(ICCC)
International Conference of the European Chitin
Society (EUCHIS)
International Conference “New achievements in
study of chitin and chitosan”
Asia-Pacific Chitin Chitosan Symposium (APCCS)
Source: www.sciencedirect.com/

7. Chitin: a promising material
Unique characteristics of chitin and chitosan:
 Biocompatible
 Biodegradable
 Non-toxic
 Remarkable affinity to proteins
 Ability to be functionalized
 Renewable
 Abundant
Muzzarelli R. et al, Chitin in Nature and Technology. Plenum Press NY, 1985

8. What is chitin?
• Chitin is a natural polysaccharide
• The 2nd
abundant organic source on earth
• Structure similar to cellulose with hydroxyl group
replaced by acetamido group
• N-acetyl-glucosamine units in β-(1→4) linkage
• Chitosan is the N-deacetylated derivative of chitin
• N-glucosamine units in β-(1→4) linkage
• N-deacetylation of chitin into chitosan is achieved
by treating with 50% NaOH
Structure of Chitin, Chitosan, and Cellulose [1]
Images of Chitin molecules [2]
[1] Kohr E. Chitin: fulfilling a biomaterials promise. Elsevier Science, 2001
[2] http://invsee.asu.edu/Modules/yeast/structure.htm
1
2
3
4
5
6
4
6
3
2
1
5

9. Chitin Sources
Crawfish/Crabs
Shrimp
Composition (Based upon Dry Weight)
Chitin 25-30% 30-40 15-40%
Protein 15% 35% 5-10%
CaCO3
55% 30% Glycans
Lipids 2-5% 5-10% 5-10%
Fungi
Astaxanthin pigment!

10.  Pure chitin does not exist in reality
 Chitin and chitosan tend to form co-polymer
 # of N-acetyl-glucosamine units > 50% =>
Chitin
 # of N-glucosamine units > 50%
=> Chitosan
 Degree of N-acetylation,
DA = acetamido / (acetamido+amino)
 Degree of N-deacetylation,
DD = amino / (acetamido+amino)
 In nature, chitin is commonly 70~90%
Structure of Chitin-Chitosan co-polymer
Kohr E. Chitin: fulfilling a biomaterials promise. Elsevier Science, 2001
Chitin is a Co-polymer

11. • Chitin has 3 polymorphic forms:
α-chitin, β-chitin, γ-chitin
• α-chitin:
- the most abundant form
- anti-parallel configuration
- highly ordered crystalline structure
- strong H-bonding (N-H····O=C)
- rigid, intractable, insoluble
• β-chitin:
- found in diatom spines and squid pens
- parallel configuration
- weak H-bonding
- unstable, soluble in water
• γ-chitin:
- mixture of α and β-chitin
- intermediate properties
Crystalline structure
H-bonding in α-chitin H-bonding in β-chitin
[1] Muzzarelli R. Chitin. Pergamon Press, 1977
[2] Kohr E. Chitin: fulfilling a biomaterials promise. Elsevier Science, 2001
[1]
[2]

12. Estimates of Potential Chitin Sources
Resource Landings
(MT)
Potential
waste (MT)
Estimated
waste (MT)
Dry waste
(MT)
Chitin
content (MT)
Shrimp 2,647,345 1,058,938 710,000 177,500 44,375
Squid 1,991,094 389,219 99,531 24,882 1,244
Crabs 1,348,323 943,826 482,744 144,823 28,964
Oyster
Clam
2,547,287 1,783,100 304,948 274,453 12,350
Krill 232,700 93,080 93,080 23,270 1,629
Total 8,766,749 88,652
1. Shellfish Sources:
2. Fungi Sources:
I has been estimated that fungi can provide metric tons chitin annually
and can be potentially limitless
4
102.3 ×
[1] Subasinghe S. The Development of crustacean and mollusk industries. Ampnag Press (1995) 27
[1]

13. Chitin in Nature
Exoskeletons of arthropods
Spines of diatoms Cell walls of fungi, mold, yeast
Shells of mollusks
Other invertebrate animals

14. What are fungi? [1]
Fungi have the following characteristics:
• Their main body is in the form of thin strands called
mycelium
• Can not produce their own food through photosynthesis
• The major decomposer of organic matter
• Their cell walls are made mostly of chitin
Chitin in Fungi Cell Walls
Chitin in fungi
 Fungal chitin occurs as randomly oriented microfibrils
typically 10-25 nm in diameter and 2~3 μm long
 Chitin is covalently linked to other polysaccharides,
such as glucans, and forms chitin-glucan complex
 The chitin content in fungi varies from 0.5% in yeast to
50% on filamentous fungi species
http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/31-01-FungalMycelia-L.jpg
SEM micrograph of chitin microfibrils
(Poterioochromonas stipitata) [2][1] Purves W.K. et al Life: The Science of Biology 6th edition. Sinauer Associates Inc. (2001)
[2] Herth W. Zugenmaier P. Microbiology Letters, (1986) 263
Muzzarelli R. et al, Chitin in Nature and Technology. Plenum Press NY, 1985
0.1 μm

15. The fascinating mollusk shells!
• Optimized material properties due to its micro- and
nano-scale laminate composite structure
• Chitin is demonstrated in the shells of mollusk
species (105 species so far)
• Chitin forms cross-linked chitin-protein complex and
distributes mainly in the hinge and edges of the shell
• Bivalve mollusks deposit and orient the chitin in a
very defined manner
• The major role of chitin:
- mechanical strength
- integrate the flexible region
- coordinating switch during shell formation
Chitin in Mollusks Shells
The bivalve mollusk Mytilus galloprovincials
http://digilander.libero.it/conchiglieveneziane/bivalvi/immagini/MytilusGalloprovincialis1.jpg
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (LSM) image reveals a cross-linked
fibrous chitin-protein matrix. The samples are labeled with chitin-binding GFP
with decalcification and fixation. [1]
[1] Weiss I.M. Schonitzer V. The distribution of chitin in larval shells Journal of structural biology,153 (2006) 264
Muzzarelli R. et al, Proceedings of the 1st
International Conference on Chitin and Chitosan. MIT Sea Grant Program (1977)

16. Chitin in Arthropods Cuticles
What are arthropods? [1]
The arthropods constitute over 90% of the animal kindom
 Exoskeleton composed mainly of chitin
 Distinct parts of the body
 Jointed legs and appendages
 Bilateral symmetry
Classification of arthropods [2]
 Trilobites are a group of ancient marine animals
 Myriapods comprise millipedes and centipedes
 Chelicerates include spiders, mites, scorpions
 Hexapods comprise insects
 Crustaceans include crabs, lobsters, shrimps and barnacles
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod/
[2] http://insected.arizona.edu/arthroinfo.htm
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/arthropodphylogeny7.gif

17. Isolation of Chitin from Shellfish and Fungi
Kohr E. Chitin: fulfilling a biomaterials promise. Elsevier Science, 2001

18. Production of Chitin Fibers
Chitin and chitosan fibers are made by the wet-spinning process:
1. Dissolve raw chitin in a solvent
2. Extrude the polymer solution through fine holes into rollers
3. Chitin in filament form can be washed, drawn, and dried
Schematic presentation of typical wet-spinning production line
1. Dope tank; 2. metering pump; 3. spinneret; 4. coagulation bath; 5,6. take-up rollers;
7. washing bath; 8. orientation bath; 9,11. stretching rollers; 10. extraction bath; 12,14.
advancing roller; 13. heater; 15. winder.
Agboh O.C. and Qin Y. Chitin and chitosan fibers. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 8 (1996) 355-365

19. Total Utilization of Crawfish (Shrimp) Waste
• Crawfish Processing Raw Material
Total Drying
Feed Supplement
Phase separation
Shell
Protein and
Pigment
Chitin
Puree
Pigmented OilWastewater
Press
Cake

20. Isolation of Chitin/Chitosan
Natural Crustacean Shell
↓5% HCl or EDTA (-CaCO3) ↓5% NaOH (- Proteins and lipids)
Chitinoproteic complex
Chitin +CaCO3
↓(40% NaOH, (NaBH4), 110o
C
(- Proteins) + Deacetylation
CH2OH
HO
O
O
NH-C-CH3
O
CH2OH
O
NH2
O
NH2
HO
CH2OH
O O
HO
x
Chitosan 10% residual acetylation to 25% residual acetylation
↓30% HCl ( CaCO3)
Chitin

21. Isolation of Chitin/Chitosan from Fungal mycelium
10% NaOH,
24 hr, RT
Insolubles
Chitin/glucan
50:50
Solubles
Proteins, Lipids,
Pigments, Hemicelluloses
Mixture of glucanases
pH = 5.5, 4 days, 37 C
Acetic
acid
Chitin
50% NaOH to gel
pH = 5.5, chitin deacetylase,
37 C, 5 days
Chitosan
KytoZyme Plant
producing 100 tons/year
to open in 2005

22. Key Specifications for Chitins and Chitosans
• Property Chitin Chitosan
Mol. Wt., daltons
• Processed 105
-106
105
-106
• Deacetylation % ~10 % 60 - 90
• Viscosity of 1% soln
• in 1% Acetic Acid, cps 200 - 2000
•
• Moisture Content < 10% < 10%
•
• Dissociation Constant, Ka 6.0-7.0
Soluble in: DMAC-LiCl Dilute acids
Cl C-COOH / CH Cl

23. Chemical Properties of Chitosan
• Amenable to Chemical Modification
• Both amino and hydroxyl groups can be
selectively modified
CH2OH
HO
O
O
NH-C-CH3
O
CH2OH
O
NH2
O
NH2
HO
CH2OH
O O
HO
x
Cationic polyamine with low pKa
High charge density at pH’s below 6.5
Adheres to negatively charged surfaces
Forms gels with polyanions
Chelates transition metals

24. Sources of Chitin/Chitosan
USA
Company Location Products
Vanson
Halosource
8840 152nd Avenue
Redmond, WA 98052
vanson@vanson.com
Chitin/ Chitosan
N-Haloamines
AIDP, Inc. 1120 Coiner Court
City of Industry, CA 91748
www.aidp.com
Aminoacids
Herbal extracts
Chitin/ Chitosan
Ferro Pfanstiehl
Laboratories, Inc.
1219 Glen Rock Avenue
Waukegan, IL 60085-0439
Glucosamine
Speciality
carbohydrates
Chitin/ Chitosan
V-Labs, Inc 423 North Theard St
Covington, LA 71433
N-Carboxymethyl
chitosan (NCMC)
N, O-Carboxymethyl
chitosan (NOCC)

25. Sources of Chitin/Chitosan
Europe
Company Location Products
Randburg
Primex
Genis
Oskarsgata 7
IS - 580 Siglufjordur
Iceland
Haugesund, Norway
Chitosans
Marine proteins
From Shrimp
KitoZyme Rue Haute Claire 4
B4040 Herstal
Belgium
Chitin-glucan
Chitosan-glucan
Chitin/Chitosan
From Aspergillis sp
Kraeber Gmbh Waldhofstrasse 14
25474 Ellerbek
Germany
Biopharmaceutical raw
materials
Chitin/Chitosan

26. Sources of Chitin/Chitosan
Asia
Company Location Products
Industrial Research Ltd
(IRL)
5 Sheffield Crescent
Bishopdale
P.O. Box 20-028
Christchurch, NZ
β−chitin from
squid pen
Meron Biopolymers Santo Gopalan Road,
Chullickal, Cochin - 682005
Kerala, India
Chitin/Chitosan
(Enzymatic
processing)
Yuhuan Ocean
Biochemical Co., Ltd
89 Zhongxing Middle Road
Li’ao, Yuhuan County
Post Code: 317602, China
Glucosamine
Chitin/Chitosan
“Jinke” Chitosan
Korean Chitosan Co.
Ltd.
San 2 Wonjig-Ri Kangku-
Myun, Youngdeok-Kim
Kyoungbuk-Do, South
Korea
Chitin/Chitosan

27. Applications of chitin and chitosan
[1] Goosen M. in Applications of Chitinand Chitosan. Technomic Publishing Inc, PA. 1997
Table. Applications of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives [1]
Chitosan soap, lotion, shampoo
http://www.conybio.com.my/galleries.html
ChitoSan®
fibers and chitin socks
http://cd.tradehelper.or.kr/
Crini G. Progress in Polymer Science, 30 (2005) 38
Fungicide seed coating
http://www.une.edu.au/agronomy/past
ures/research/pastureresearc.htm
http://matsyafed.org/img/chi.jpg

28. Biomedical Applications
• Wound dressings are used to protect wound skin
form insult, contamination and infection
• Chitin-based wound dressings
- Increase dermal regeneration
- Accelerate wound healing
- Prevent bacteria infiltration
- Avoid water loss
• Chitin surgical threads - strong, flexible,
decompose after the heals
Chitosan wound dressings
[1] Kohr E. Chitin: fulfilling a biomaterials promise. Elsevier Science, 2001
[2] Khor E. Lee Y.L. Implantable applications of chitin and chtosan. Biomaterials 24 (2003) 2339
[1]
Cell culture compatibility ranking of wound dressing materials
[2]
Wound Dressing
Anticoagulation
 Anticoagulation is essential for open-heart
surgery and kidney dialysis
 Preventing blood from clotting during the surgery
 Sulfated chitin derivatives have good
anticoagulant activity

29. • Tissue engineering research is based on the
seeding of cells onto porous biodegradable matrix
• Chitosan can be prepared in porous forms
permitting cell growth into complete tissue
Biomedical Applications
Tissue Engineering
Orthopedic Applications
 Bone is a composite of soft collagen and hard
hydroxyapatite (HA)
 Chitin-based materials are suitable candidate for
collagen replacement (chitin-HA composite)
 Mechanically flexible, enhanced bone formation
 Temporary artificial ligaments for the knee joint
[1] Sundararajan V. et al. Porous chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering Biomaterials 20 (1999) 1133
Ratner B.D. Biomaterials Science 2nd
edition. Elsevier Science, 2004, chapter 7
Porous character of chitosan scaffold [1]
50μm

30. Biomedical Applications: Drug Delivery
Hydrogels
• Hydrogels are highly swollen, hydrophilic polymer networks
that can absorb large amounts of water
• pH-sensitive hydrogels have potential use in site-specific
drug delivery to gastrointestinal tract (GI)
• Chitosan hydrogels are promising in drug delivery system
Tablets
 Chitin and chitosan have been reported to be useful
diluents in pharmaceutical preparations
Microcapsules
 Microcapsule is defined as a spherical empty particle
with size varying from 50 nm to 2 mm
 Chitosan-based microcapsules are suitable for
controlled drug release
Mechanism for pH-sensitive hydrogels
[1]
Schematic structure of chitosan microcapsules coated
with anionic polysaccharide and lipid
[2]
[1] Park S.B. et al. A novel pH-sensitive membrane from chitosan — TEOS IPN. Biomaterials 22 (2001) 323
[2] Majeti N.V. Kumar R. A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive & Functional Polymers 46 (2000) 1-27

31. What’s next: Biotechnology
Gene Delivery [2]
• Viral gene delivery / Non-Viral gene delivery
• Viral: high transfection efficiency, dangerous
• Non-Viral: low transfection efficiency, safer
• Chitosan-DNA complexes can be optimized to
enhance the transfection efficiency
[1] Krajewska B. Application of chitin and chitosan-based materials for enzyme immobilizations Enzyme and Microbial Technology 35 (2004) 126
[2] Shi C. et al Therapeutic potential of chitosan and Its derivatives in regenerative medicine.Journal of Surgical Research (2006) In press
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/dynamicImages/understandGenetics/gene_therapy/gene_therapy.jpg
Enzyme immobilization [1]
Purves W.K. et al Life: The Science of Biology 6th
edition. Sinauer Associates Inc. (2001)
 Specific, efficient, operate at mild conditions
 Unstable, sensitive after isolation and purification
 Chitin and chitosan-based materials are suitable
enzyme immobilizers
- Biocompatible
- Biodegradable
- High affinity to protein
- Reactive functional group

32. Potential Markets for Chitinous Materials
• Protein flocculation for feed market from:
• Rendering plants, Milk and Vegetable Processing
• Poultry/Egg processing
• Single Cell Protein Recovery
• EPA approved FDA/AAFCO approved
Waste Treatment:
Metal chelating cationic flocculating agent
Sewage effluents
Metal finishing/electroplating wastes
Paper mills
Radioactive wastes

33. Potential Markets for Chitinous Materials
• Seed Coatings -- Fungistatic
• Potential Binder for Growth Stimulants and other
Agrochemicals
• Anti-nemotode Treatment -- Chitin-Protein
complex
• Preservative Coating on Produce
• Animal Feed Additives
• Fertilizer complete with Trace Minerals
•Agricultural:

34. Biocompatibility
• Biodegradable to normal metabolites
Chitinases common in environment
Chitosanases also available
Safe, Toxicity = sugar
• Hemostatic Bacteriostatic Fungistatic
• Spermicidal Anti-cancer
• Anticholesteremic
Activity

35. Potential Markets for Chitinous Materials
• Foods:
• Dietary fiber, emulsifier, inert ingredient
carrier
• Anti-cholesterol food additive ?
• Clarification of Beverages and Fruit Juices
• Removal of Dyes or Color Stabilization
• Fat Blocker—Fat Zapper…!

36. Potential Markets for Chitinous Materials
• Health Care:
• Anti-cholesterol Drugs
• Controlled release matrix
• Wound care Bioabsorbable Sutures and Wound
Dressings derived from Chitosan
• Artificial Skin
• Bioengineering Materials
• Orthopedic Devises
• Contact Lenses

37. Potential Markets for Chitinous Materials
• Cosmetics:
• Hair Treatment—Clear solutions form clear films
• Substantive to hair
• Skin Care—Chitosan derivatives serve as emulsifiers,
moisturizers, antistatic agents and emollients
• Nail Polishes
• Tooth Paste

38. Potential Markets for Chitinous Materials
• Biotechnology
Cell Recovery/Culture/Immobilization
Membrane Separations
Enzyme Immobilization
Protein Separation
Chromatography

39. Diethylaminoethyl-Chitin
K. Kurita et al.; Macromolecules, 23, 2865 (1990)
(CH3)4N+
Cl-
(CH3CH2)2NCH2CH2Cl Soluble alkali chitin
-
Na+
CH2O
HO
O
O
NH-C-CH3
O
CH2CH2N(CH2CH3)2
CH2OH
O
NH2
O
NH-C-CH3
HO
CH2OH
O O
HO
O
x
- Na+CH2O
HO
O
O
NH-C-CH3
O
CH2OH
O
NH2
O
NH-C-CH3
HO
CH2O
O O
HO
O
x
0
o
C
42% NaOH
CH2OH
HO
O
O
NH-C-CH3
O
CH2OH
O
NH2
O
NH-C-CH3
HO
CH2OH
O O
HO
O
x
Degree of Substitution 0.5 - 1.2
Reaction Promoted by phase transfer agent, (CH3
)4
N+ Cl-
Chromatographic support analogous to DEA-Cellulose

40. Esters of Chitin for Fiber Spinning
Szosland and East, 1996
Spinning dopes in acetone can be dry spun
Spinning dopes in DMF can be wet spun into water
Treatment of fibers with 5% NaOH regenerates chitin fibers
O
HO
NH
O
HO
O
HO
NH
O
HO
O
O
(CCH2CH2-C-)2O
O
HClO4, 25-30 C
O
O
NH
O
O
O
HO
NH
O
O
O
O
C
O
C
O
O
Dibutyryl Chitin
Chitin
5% NaOH

41. REACTIVE FORMS OF CHITOSAN
Struszcayk (1987, 1994)
Chitosan Flakes
HOAC
4-5 wt% “Solution”
Filter to give clear dope
PPT in NaHCO3 Heat at 70°C
“Degraded
Chitosan”
“Activated
Chitosan”
NaOH
shear
Microcrystalline
Chitosan

42. N-Carboxymethyl Chitosan (NCMC)
H COOH
O
O
HO
NH3
O
OH
H COO
O
pH=3
Chitosan
O
HO
NH2
O
HO
O
HO
N
O
HO
H COO
NaBH4
pH = 8.0
pH = 3-7
O
HO
NH
O
HO
H COO
H
Carboxymethyl chitosan
H COOH
O
NaBH4
O
HO
N O
OH
COO COO
Dicarboxymethyl chitosan
Water soluble, Efficient metal chelator

43. N-Carboxybutyl Chitosan
Muzzarelli -1990
Water Soluble -- Size and hydrophobicity of butyl group
disrupts H-bonding
Wound Dressing Reconstructive Tissue
Hydrated surface stimulates tissue rebuilding and vascularization
Chitosan
O
HO
NH2
O
HO
O
O
OH
O
HO
N
O
HO
OH
OD.S. = 0.25-0.5
Levulinic acid
O
HO
N
O
HO
OH
O
O
HO
N
O
HO
H3C
OH
O
H H
NaBH3CN

44. Hydroxypropyl Trimethylammonium
Chitosan Chloride (ChitoQuat)
Manuzak, Macossay, Logan U. S. Patent 6,306,835
D.S. ~ 1
Water soluble from pH 1 - pH 12, Insensitive to salts
High biocidal activity
OO
HO
NH2
O
OH
OO
HO
NH O
OH
OH
N
ClChitosan
ChitQuat
Quat 188
E. coli St. Aureus P. aeruginosa
MIC,
(µg/mL)
32 32 32

45. Killer Application

46. Effective Antimicrobial Fiber Blends
• C-W. Nam, Y-H. Kim, S-W, Ko, J Appl. Polym. Sci., 74, 2258-65
(1999)
OO
HO
NH O
OH
OH
N
Cl
ChitQuat
C
N
C
N
C
N aq NaSCN
Fiber Blend
wet spin
0.5 wt% ChitQuat
reduced Staph activity
by 90%
Blends exhibit excellent laundering durability and
antistatic properties

47. Effective Antimicrobial Fiber Blends
• C-W. Nam, Y-H. Kim, S-W, Ko, J Appl. Polym. Sci., 74, 2258-65
(1999)
OO
HO
NH O
OH
OH
N
Cl
ChitQuat
C
N
C
N
C
N aq NaSCN
Fiber Blend
wet spin
0.5 wt% ChitQuat
reduced Staph activity
by 90%
Blends exhibit excellent laundrering durability and
antistatic properties

48. CMChitosan Quats
O
HO
NH
O
HO
H COO
H
Carboxymethyl chitosan
O
HO
NH
O
HO
H
H H
N
O
N
O
HO
NH
O
HO
H
H H
N
O
N
CH3I
I
ClCH2CH(OH)CH2N(CH3)3Cl
Quat 188
O
HO
NH
O
HO
H
H H
N
O
N N
OH
Cl Cl
Monoquat
Diquat
E coli MIC > 128 µg/mL
E coli MIC 64 µg/mL

49. Mycobacteria
Mycobacterium-
tuberculosis & avium
•Contagious
•Affects respiratory system
•Leading cause of death
•Non contagious
•Causes atypical
pneumonia, especially in
HIV patients

50. Adjuvant Activity of Chitosan Quat-188
» MIC Evaluation, µg/mL
• Treatment M. tb M. avium
•
• Rifampin 0.125
•
• ChitQuat 64 >128
•Phytol +
Chit-Quat 188 32 4
•Rifampin +
Chit-Quat 188 32 < 1

51. CHITIN/CHITOSAN LIMITATIONS
• 1. High Isolation Costs
Dependent on NaOH price fluctuations
• 2. Consistent Raw Material Supply
Poor storage properties
Drying reduces activity
Easily contaminated by pathogens, exotoxins
• 3. High Price Markets have Selective Demands
High product purity
Non-toxic
Narrow range of specifications
• 4. Low end markets not ready to pay
processing costs

52. Conclusions
• Chitin/Chitosan remain underutilized natural polymers
• Cost effective isolation remains difficult primarily
because raw material sources not consolidated or
stabilized.
• Derivation of Chitosan produces a remarkably
diverse group of potential products

53. Thanks
Any Questions?