3. I am very thankful to GEE INTERNATIONALS for
having given me the opportunity to undertake my
summer training at their construction site. It was a
very good learning experience for me to have
worked at this site as this project involved many
Unique Construction Practices and challenges.
6. PROJECT – GOV.SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
CONTRACTOR - GEE INTERNATIONALS
TYPE OF CONTRACT – LUMPSUM CONTRACT
CONSTRUCTION PERIOD – 2 YEAR
DEFECT NOTIFICATION PEROD - 365 DAYS
PROJECT COMPONENT -
ADMIN BUILDING , ROADS , CAFETARIA , BASKET BALL GROUND , STAGE , ETC .
PACKAGE UNDER GEE INTERNATIONALS -
20 NO’S SPS CLASSROOM S
3 NO’S STAIR CASE
4 NO’S LABS
PROJECT LOCATION AND AREA –
SUNDER NAGAR , DELHI
7. •SAFETY APPLIANCES :The requirement of sufficient number of safety appliances
are planned well in advance and made available at stores.
HEAD PROTECTIONE : very individual entering the site must wear safety helmet
,confirming to IS: 2925 1984 with the chinstrap fixed to the chin.
FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION Safety foot wear with steel toe is essential on site
to prevent crush injuries to our toes and injury due to striking against the object.
HEARING PROTECTION: Excessive noise causes damage to the inner ear and
permanent loss of hearing. To protect ears use ear plugs/ear muff as suitable .
EYE PROTECTION Person carrying out grinding works, operating pavement
breakers, and those involved in welding and cutting works should wear safety
goggles & face shield suitably. Goggles , Safety Spectacles , face shield confirm to IS:
5983 1980.
SAFETY NET Though it is mandatory to wear safety harness while working at
height on the working platforms, safety ne ts of suitable mesh size shall be
provided to arrest the falling of person and materials on need basis.
FALL PROTECTION: To prevent fall of person while working at height , personnel
engaged More than 2m wear standard Full Body harness should be conforming
toIS:3521 1999(Third Revision).
8. •Quality is the key component which propels performance and defines leadership traits. At GEE
INTERNATIONAL Construction, Quality Standards have been internalized and documented in
Quality Assurance manuals. GEE INTERNATIONAL Construction recognizes the crucial
significance of the human element in ensuring quality. Structured training programmers
ensure that every GEE INTERNATIONAL employee is conscious of his/her role and
responsibility in extending GEE INTERNATIONAL Construction’s tradition of leadership
through quality. A commitment to safety springs from a concern for the individual worker –
every one of the thousands braving the rigors of construction at numerous project sites.
GEE INTERNATIONAL Buildings & Factories IC has a well-established and documented
Quality Management System (QMS) and is taking appropriate steps to improve its
effectiveness in accordance with the requirements of ISO 9001:2008. Relevant procedures
established clearly specify the criteria and methods for effective operation, control and
necessary resources and information to support the operation and monitoring of these
processes.
9. Drawing are the language of an engineer & the study of
the drawing is one of the important part of the
engineering work.There are different types of drawings
available at site for different purposes at work such as;
site plans, floor plans, sections, elevations, flooring,
roofing etc.The details of various drawings are also there
for the execution of particular work.The various service
drawings such as; electrical detailed drawings, plumbing
detailed drawings, detailed drawing of septic tanks etc.
are also the integrated part of the construction work.
10. After study of drawings the planning & scheduling
of work is repeated.The Planning is done with the
help of CPM & PERT.The planning & scheduling
of work Is represented by the BAR CHART.With
the help of bar chart various activities of work is
done simultaneously & it helps to complete the
execution work as per schedule.According to the
bar chart the daily work is assigned to the
different petty contractors.
11. Site Clearance
Demarcation of Site
Positioning of Central coordinate ie (0,0,0) as per grid plan
Excavation
Laying of PCC in Foundation
Layout
Raft Foundation
Column Casting
Layout And Filling Up Of Column Starter
Column Reinforcement
Column Formwork & ColumnCasting
Beam & Slab Casting
Beam & Slab Shuttering
Beam & Slab Reinforcement
Electrical and Plumbing
Brickwork
Doors and windows frames along with lintels
Wiring for electrical purposes
Plastering
Flooring and tiling work
Painting
Final Completion and handing over the project
12. The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of grass and vegetation along
with any other objections which might be there in the site location.
13. The whole area on which construction is to be done is marked so as to identify the
construction zone. In our project, a plot of 450*350 sq ft was chosen and the respective
marking was done.
The centre point was marked with the help of a thread and plumb bob as per the grid
drawing.With respect to this center point, all the other points of columns were to be
decided so its exact position is very critical.
Excavation was carried out both manually as well as mechanically. Normally 1-2 earth
excavators (JCB’s) were used for excavating the soil.Adequate precautions are taken to
see that the excavation operations do not damage the adjoining structures. Excavation is
carried out providing adequate side slopes and dressing of excavation bottom.The soil
present beneath the surface was too clayey so it was dumped and was not used for back
filling.The filling is done in layer not exceeding 20 cm layer and than its compacted. After
the excavation surface is levelled called surface dressing.
14.
15. After the process of excavation, laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done. A layer of 4 inches
was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil. It provides a solid bas for the raft
foundation and a mix of 1:5:10 that is, 1 part of cement to 5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of
coarse aggregates by volume were used in it. Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction.
Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing.
Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact
with such a ground and with water draining there from during placing and for a period of seven
days. When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable, and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and
junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete. The lower surface is made
rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid.
16. After the preparation of finished level surface of PCC. layout is done. Layout should be checked
properly. Check any difference between architectural and structural drawings regarding location of
column.
17. At our site, Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure
over a large area, normally the entire area of the structure. Normally raft
foundation is used when large load is to be distributed and it is not
possible to provide individual footings due to space constraints that is
they would overlap on each other. Raft foundations have the advantage
of reducing differential settlements as the concrete slab resists
differential movements between loading positions.They are often
needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can
spread the loads over a larger area. In laying of raft foundation, special
care is taken in the reinforcement and construction of plinth beams and
columns. It is the main portion on which ultimately whole of the
structure load is to come. So a slightest error can cause huge problems
and therefore all this is checked and passed by the engineer in charge of
the site.
Apart from raft foundation, individual footings were used in the mess
area which was extended beyond the C and D blocks.
18.
19. After the construction of raft foundation layout of column on raft is done carefully according
to drawings. Layout of column is done w.r.t grid lines. Proper markings of column layout
is done on raft.
20. After the column layout, filling of column starter is done.The thickness of starter is kept
50mm. Starter is filled for the starting of column so that the shuttering is fixed properly.
A construction key must be made for proper bonding of material.
Column Starter &
Pedestal
21. Steel bar are placed according to drawing.The lap length provide 50 dia Only 50% bars are
lapped at a time. In no lap zone , lap are not provided.Ties are provided with specified
spacing and dimension.
Column Reinforcement, Links & Ties
22. After the placement of column steel shuttering of column is done.The supervision of work is
very important. If the size of the column is small it is tied by means o tie rod. If the column size
is more i.e. 600*600 or more then they required special arrangement. Because when we work
with needle vibrator they are goes out of their original position.To maintain the shuttering in
position these shuttering are clumped by go-go clamp. Forms or moulds or shutters are the
receptacles in which concrete is placed, so that it will have the desired shape or outline
when hardened. Once the concrete develops adequate strength, the forms are removed.
The construction of formwork takes time and involves expenditure upto 20 to 25% of the
cost of the structure or even more. Design of these temporary structures are made to
economic expenditure.The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping.
Stripped formwork can be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-
usable are called stationary forms.
Timber is the most common material used for formwork.The disadvantage with timber
formwork is that it will warp, swell and shrink.Application of water impermeable cost to
the surface of wood mitigates these defects.
23.
24. M25, M30 grade or any other grade of concrete as specified in the drawing used in
the column casting.Concrete is poured into the column. Concrete was used for all
works in column, beams and slabs. It was well consolidated by vibrating using
portable mechanical vibrators. Care was taken to ensure that concrete is not over
vibrated so as to cause segregation.The layers of concrete are so placed that the
bottom layer does not finally set before the top layer is placed.The vibrators
maintain the whole of concrete under treatment in an adequate state of agitation,
such that deaeration and effective compaction is attained at a state
commensurate with the supply of concrete from the mixers.The vibrator continue
during the whole period occupied by placing of concrete, the vibrators being
adjusted so that the centre vibrations approximate to the centre of the mass
being compacted at the time of placing. Shaking of reinforcement for the purpose
of compaction should be avoided. Compaction shall be completed before initial
setting starts i.e. within thirty minute of addition of water to the dry mixture.
The concrete was deposited in its final position in a manner to preclude
segregation of ingredients. In case of column and walls, the shuttering was so
adjusted that the vertical drop of concrete is not more than 1.5 m at a time. In
case of concreting of slabs and beams, the pipe from the batching plant was directly
taken to the closest point.After filling the column up to the desired height a
construction key must be made for better bonding with further construction.
25.
26. Curing of concrete is the term we use for stopping freshly poured concrete from drying out too
quickly. The reason that we do this, is because if we let concrete dry out of it's own accord:-
1. It will not develop the full bond between all of it's ingredients.
2.It will be weaker and tend to crack more.
3.The surface won't be as hard as it could be.
Hot or windy weather makes the drying out process quicker. We MUST in some way control the
drying process. A simpler way of curing is to just keep water sprayed onto the column hand
held hose pipes.Very wasteful of water and again only done for a short period usually. If you
hand water, it should be wet all the time, that is you should not let it dry out at all, almost
impossible to do. Some sort of cover that holds and retains sprayed on water, like a sand layer
or hessian. Not a good way to do the job, because they have to be kept wet and if they do dry
out they actually aid in sucking moisture out of the concrete
27.
28. In general practice both beam & slab shuttering are done simultaneously.
Beam bottom is first laid on the column and then slab formwork is laid.
The following picture shows the beam & slab reinforcement. In any beam
reinforcement, two things should always be kept in mind.These are
Proper Lap and Ld.
In case these are not properly provided as per the design the entire beam
purpose is lost and beam loses its required strength. It has been found
that if the beam is not properly reinforced, the entire structure is bound
to collapse.
Chairs are provided at proper spacing in the slab reinforcement so that
uniform thickness of the roof slab is maintained. After the reinforcement,
the slab is checked for steel as per drawings and level required. A camber
of 5 mm in provided in the center of slab.
29.
30. This picture shows the provisions of electric conduits before the concreting process.Proper
position of chairs in the roof slab prevents the electric conduits from any damage.
FAN BOX
