Understanding When to Adapt a Library: A Case Study on ASF Projects
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Software libraries are widely used by both industrial and open source client projects. Ideally, a client user of a library should adopt the latest version that the library project releases. However, sometimes the latest version is not better than a previous version. This is because the latest version may include additional developer effort to test and integrate all changed features. In this study, our main goal is to better understand the relationship between adoption of library versions and its release cycle. Specifically, we conducted an empirical study of release cycles for 23 libraries and how they were adopted by 415 Apache Software Foundation (ASF) client projects. Our findings show that software projects are quicker to update earlier rapid-release libraries compared to library projects with a longer release cycle. Moreover, results suggest that software projects are more likely to adopt the latest version of a rapid-release library compared to libraries with a longer release cycles.
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Understanding When to Adapt a Library: A Case Study on ASF Projects
- 1. Understanding When to Adapt a Library: A Case Study on ASF Projects Akinori Ihara Paula Gaikovina Kula Kenichi MatsumotoDaiki Fujibayashi Hirohiko Suwa http://akinori-ihara.jpn.org/ akinori-i@is.naist.jp
- 2. 2 Many libraries in Github https://psap.library.illinois.edu/advanced-help/av-film
- 3. 3 Some software libraries projects often release new version 2002 200820062004 New version
- 4. 4 Which release version is better for us? 2002 200820062004 http://www.365lessthings.com/the-answer-is-invariably-in-the-question/
- 5. 5 The newest version will have a good function … but … Beta version New functions … … New bugs Stable Reliable OLD NEW https://ameblo.jp/mzspeed-zeus/entry-12120621233.html http://www.autofacil.es/toyota/2016/09/14/toyota-fcv-plus-nuevo- coche-pila-combustible-salon-paris/34416.html http://info.methodtestprep.com/blog/old-sat-to-new-sat-to-act- score-converter
- 6. 6 The latest version is not always better than previous version A rapid-release software often delay bug-fixes [Costa et al., ICSME2015] http://www.medicalpracticeinsider.com/best-practices/ compliance/technology/patient-care/professional-development/ cms-reminds-eps-complete
- 7. 7 Not all projects use the latest version? Numberofclients Ver.1.2.14 Ver.1.2.16 Ver.1.2.17Log4j Some client users don’t adapt new version! Time Library usage by clients over time
- 8. 8Time Not all projects use the latest version? Numberofclients Ver.1.2.14 Ver.1.2.16 Ver.1.2.17Log4j Some client users don’t move to new version soon after the release! Library usage by clients over time Ver.1.2.17 released
- 9. 9 Client users may wait that the library become stable. Long adapting time Some libraries are not adapted soon after the release. [Raula et al., SANER’17] Numberofclientusers Time Trend https://movingtowardsthelight.com/2016/09/20/waiting/
- 10. 10 Client users may wait that the library become stable. Adapting time Some libraries are not adapted soon after the release. [Raula et al., SANER’17] Numberofclientusers Time TREND Which version and when do client users adapt a library?
- 11. 11 RQ1: When do client users adapt a library? RQ2: Do client users select the latest version? Add-RQ: Was selecting the l a t e s t v e r s i o n successful? Latest? LIBRARY Latest?Success?
- 12. 12 415 projects using MAVEN dependency tool Target projects and libraries POM POM POM POM POM <dependency> <groupId>log4j</groupId> <artifactId>log4j<artifactId> <version>1.2</version> </dependency> Rank Library Num 1 junit 305 2 commons-logging 167 3 log4j 153 4 slf4j-api 145 5 commons-lang 130 6 commons-io 122 7 slf4j-log4j12 109 8 servlet-api 99 9 commons-collections 98 10 commons-codec 96 11 commons-httpclient 83 12 guava 81 13 ant 73 14 xercesImpl 69 15 jetty-server 68 Rank Library Num 16 easymock 67 17 jackson-mapper-asl 60 18 commons-cli 55 19 jackson-core-asl 53 20 mail 53 21 velocity 52 22 jcl—over-slf4j 52 23 mockito--all 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4815 Axis2-transports 1 Trend Library List
- 13. 13 Each box plot presents the distribution of the period between releases Release cycle of 23 libraries months ~ years 0 500 1000 1500 2000 com m ons−cli servlet−api com m ons−logging com m ons−collections com m ons−codec com m ons−io m aileasym ock com m ons−lang junit xercesIm plvelocity ant log4j guava com m ons−httpclientslf4j−api slf4j−log4j12 jcl−over−slf4j m ockito−all jackson−core−asl jackson−m apper−asl jetty−server releasecycle[days] 0 500 1000 1500 2000 com m ons−cli servlet−api com m ons−logging com m ons−collections com m ons−codec com m ons−io m aileasym ock com m ons−lang junit xercesIm plvelocity ant log4j guava com m ons−httpclientslf4j−api slf4j−log4j12 jcl−over−slf4j m ockito−all jackson−core−asl jackson−m apper−asl jetty−server releasecycle[days]
- 14. 14 Release cycle of 23 libraries months ~ years 0 500 1000 1500 2000 com m ons−cli servlet−api com m ons−logging com m ons−collections com m ons−codec com m ons−io m aileasym ock com m ons−lang junit xercesIm plvelocity ant log4j guava com m ons−httpclientslf4j−api slf4j−log4j12 jcl−over−slf4j m ockito−all jackson−core−asl jackson−m apper−asl jetty−server releasecycle[days] 0 500 1000 1500 2000 com m ons−cli servlet−api com m ons−logging com m ons−collections com m ons−codec com m ons−io m aileasym ock com m ons−lang junit xercesIm plvelocity ant log4j guava com m ons−httpclientslf4j−api slf4j−log4j12 jcl−over−slf4j m ockito−all jackson−core−asl jackson−m apper−asl jetty−server releasecycle[days] Observation1: Trendy libraries are not released in one year Late-released libraries Quick-release libraries
- 15. 15 Release cycle of 23 libraries months ~ years 0 500 1000 1500 2000 com m ons−cli servlet−api com m ons−logging com m ons−collections com m ons−codec com m ons−io m aileasym ock com m ons−lang junit xercesIm plvelocity ant log4j guava com m ons−httpclientslf4j−api slf4j−log4j12 jcl−over−slf4j m ockito−all jackson−core−asl jackson−m apper−asl jetty−server releasecycle[days] 0 500 1000 1500 2000 com m ons−cli servlet−api com m ons−logging com m ons−collections com m ons−codec com m ons−io m aileasym ock com m ons−lang junit xercesIm plvelocity ant log4j guava com m ons−httpclientslf4j−api slf4j−log4j12 jcl−over−slf4j m ockito−all jackson−core−asl jackson−m apper−asl jetty−server releasecycle[days] Observation 2: Mature projects release >= 1year Young projects often release <= 3 months Quick-release libraries Late-released libraries long-history projects (more than 10 years) short-history projects (less than 10 years)
- 16. 16 RQ1: When do client users adapt a library? LIBRARY RQ2: Do client users select the latest version? Latest? Add-RQ: Was selecting the l a t e s t v e r s i o n successful? Latest?Success?
- 17. 17 RQ1: When do client users adapt a library? LIBRARY Adapting time long-release library quick-release library Client user
- 18. 18 RQ1: When do client users adapt a library? LIBRARY 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 com m ons−cli servlet−api com m ons−logging com m ons−collections com m ons−codec com m ons−io m aileasym ock com m ons−lang junit xercesIm plvelocity ant log4j guava com m ons−httpclientslf4j−api slf4j−log4j12 jcl−over−slf4j m ockito−all jackson−core−asl jackson−m apper−asl jetty−server adoptedtime[days] Each box plot presents the distribution of the adapted time Quick-release libraries Late-release libraries Observation 3: Adopted the quick-release libraries soon after the release NOT adopted the long-release libraries as quickly.
- 19. 19 RQ2: Do client users select the latest version? Latest? RQ1: When do client users adapt a library? LIBRARY Client users tend to adapt rapid- release library quickly. Add-RQ: Was selecting the l a t e s t v e r s i o n successful? Latest?Success?
- 20. 20 0 25 50 75 100 com m ons−cli servlet−api com m ons−logging com m ons−collections com m ons−codec com m ons−io m ail easym ock com m ons−lang junit xercesIm plvelocity ant log4jguava com m ons−httpclientslf4j−api slf4j−log4j12 jcl−over−slf4j m ockito−all jackson−core−asl jackson−m apper−asl jetty−server Previous version Latest Version Observation 3: Client users do not always adopt the latest library versions. Quick-release libraries Late-release libraries RQ2: Do client users select the latest version? Latest?
- 21. 21 0 25 50 75 100 com m ons−cli servlet−api com m ons−logging com m ons−collections com m ons−codec com m ons−io m ail easym ock com m ons−lang junit xercesIm plvelocity ant log4jguava com m ons−httpclientslf4j−api slf4j−log4j12 jcl−over−slf4j m ockito−all jackson−core−asl jackson−m apper−asl jetty−server Ver.1.2 is trendy version. Most client users choose before the next release. Quick-release libraries Late-release libraries RQ2: Do client users select the latest version? Latest? Previous version Latest Version
- 22. 22 0 25 50 75 100 com m ons−cli servlet−api com m ons−logging com m ons−collections com m ons−codec com m ons−io m ail easym ock com m ons−lang junit xercesIm plvelocity ant log4jguava com m ons−httpclientslf4j−api slf4j−log4j12 jcl−over−slf4j m ockito−all jackson−core−asl jackson−m apper−asl jetty−server Quick-release libraries Late-release libraries Ver. 2.4 and Ver.2.5 are still trendy version after releasing next version. RQ2: Do client users select the latest version? Latest? Previous version Latest Version
- 23. 23 0 25 50 75 100 com m ons−cli servlet−api com m ons−logging com m ons−collections com m ons−codec com m ons−io m ail easym ock com m ons−lang junit xercesIm plvelocity ant log4jguava com m ons−httpclientslf4j−api slf4j−log4j12 jcl−over−slf4j m ockito−all jackson−core−asl jackson−m apper−asl jetty−server Quick-release libraries Late-release libraries Ver.6.1.26 is trendy version after releasing next many versions. RQ2: Do client users select the latest version? Latest? Previous version Latest Version
- 24. 24 RQ2: Do client users select the latest version? Latest? Client users are l e s s l i k e l y t o adopt the latest library versions. RQ1: When do client users adapt a library? LIBRARY Client users are m o r e l i k e l y t o adapt the quick- release libraries. Add-RQ: Was selecting the l a t e s t v e r s i o n successful? Latest?Success?
- 25. 25 Add-RQ: Was selecting the l a t e s t v e r s i o n successful? Latest?Success? Downgrade the version
- 26. 26 Latest? Add-RQ: Was selecting the l a t e s t v e r s i o n successful? Latest?Success? Automatic clustering for grouping of libraries using Scott-Knott approach based on their release cycles Latest? 0 500 1000 1500 2000 com m ons−cli servlet−api com m ons−logging com m ons−collections com m ons−codec com m ons−io m aileasym ock com m ons−lang junit xercesIm plvelocity ant log4j guava com m ons−httpclientslf4j−api slf4j−log4j12 jcl−over−slf4j m ockito−all jackson−core−asl jackson−m apper−asl jetty−server releasecycle[days] C2C1 C3 C4 C5 C6 Quick-release libraries Late-release libraries
- 27. 27 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 com m ons−cli servlet−api com m ons−logging com m ons−collections com m ons−codec com m ons−io m aileasym ock com m ons−lang junit xercesIm plvelocity ant log4j guava com m ons−httpclientslf4j−api slf4j−log4j12 jcl−over−slf4j m ockito−all jackson−core−asl jackson−m apper−asl jetty−server adoptedtime[days] 0 25 50 75 100 com m ons−cli servlet−api com m ons−logging com m ons−collections com m ons−codec com m ons−io m ail easym ock com m ons−lang junit xercesIm plvelocity ant log4jguava com m ons−httpclientslf4j−api slf4j−log4j12 jcl−over−slf4j m ockito−all jackson−core−asl jackson−m apper−asl jetty−server Graph is from RQ2. Latest Previous Quick-release libraries Late-release libraries C2C1 C3 C4 C5 C6 26.1% 72.5% 41.0% 33.7% 37.1% 34.4% 32.7% 28.8% 26.9% 24.6% 28.5% 0% Add-RQ: Was selecting the l a t e s t v e r s i o n successful? Latest?Success? Percentage of downgrade Late-release libraries tend to go downgrade to the previous version after adapting the latest version!
- 28. 28 Add-RQ: Was selecting the l a t e s t v e r s i o n successful? Latest?Success? C l i e n t u s e r s s e l e c t i n g t h e latest version are less likely to be successful. RQ2: Do client users select the latest version? Latest? RQ1: When do client users adapt a library? LIBRARY Client users are l e s s l i k e l y t o adopt the latest library versions. Client users are m o r e l i k e l y t o adapt the quick- release libraries.
- 29. 29 Key suggestion OLD NEW We should be careful to adapt the latest version! Especially, if we use a library with long-release.
- 31. 31Time Not all projects use the latest version? Numberofclients Ver.1.2.14 Ver.1.2.16 Ver.1.2.17Log4j Some client users don’t move to new version soon after the release! Library usage by clients over time Ver.1.2.17 released
- 33. 33 415 projects using MAVEN dependency tool Target projects and libraries POM POM POM POM POM <dependency> <groupId>log4j</groupId> <artifactId>log4j<artifactId> <version>1.2</version> </dependency> Rank Library Num 1 junit 305 2 commons-logging 167 3 log4j 153 4 slf4j-api 145 5 commons-lang 130 6 commons-io 122 7 slf4j-log4j12 109 8 servlet-api 99 9 commons-collections 98 10 commons-codec 96 11 commons-httpclient 83 12 guava 81 13 ant 73 14 xercesImpl 69 15 jetty-server 68 Rank Library Num 16 easymock 67 17 jackson-mapper-asl 60 18 commons-cli 55 19 jackson-core-asl 53 20 mail 53 21 velocity 52 22 jcl—over-slf4j 52 23 mockito--all 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4815 Axis2-transports 1 Trend Library List
- 35. 35 Add-RQ: Was selecting the l a t e s t v e r s i o n successful? Latest?Success? C l i e n t u s e r s s e l e c t i n g t h e latest version are less likely to be successful. RQ2: Do client users select the latest version? Latest? RQ1: When do client users adapt a library? LIBRARY Client users are l e s s l i k e l y t o adopt the latest library versions. Client users are m o r e l i k e l y t o adapt the quick- release libraries.
- 37. 37 Key suggestion OLD NEW We should be careful to adapt the latest version! Especially, if we use a library with long-release.
- 39. 39 http://akinori-ihara.jpn.org/ akinori-i@is.naist.jp Akinori Ihara Future Work Which client users perform downgrade? Why do they perform downgrade from the latest version?