Chirality: from particles and nuclei to quantum materials. Дмитрий Харзеев.
1. RASA Conference, Cambridge MA, November 8-9, 2014 !
1!
Chirality!
from particles and nuclei to !
quantum materials !
D. Kharzeev
!
!
2. Outline!
! What is Chirality?!
! Chirality, light, and matter!
! Chirality in nuclear and particle physics!
example: Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME)!
! Chirality in quantum materials:!
CME, optoelectronics, photonics, imaging!
!
example: precision surgical guidance in!
cancer treatment!
3. Chirality: the definition
Greek word: χειρ (cheir) - hand!
Lord Kelvin (1893):
“I call any geometrical figure, or groups of
points, chiral, and say it has chirality, if its
image in a plane mirror, ideally realized,
cannot be brought to coincide with itself.”!
5. Living organisms contain almost only !
left-handed (LH) amino-acids and right-handed (RH) sugars – !
you would starve on LH sugar! (artificial sweeteners)!
www.rowland.harvard.edu/rjf/fischer!
2500 chiral drugs! (most of the new)!
7. Chirality and hydrodynamics,
300 million years ago
!
7!
The Archimedes screw,
Carboniferous period
(360 - 300 million
years ago)
common in fossils;
extinct since
Triassic
(250 million
years ago)
8. Chirality: light and matter!
Louis Pasteur!
1822-1895!
Rotation of light polarization in!
tartaric acid - absent in synthesized one,!
but present in the one derived from!
wine lees different mixtures of!
left and right crystals !
9. Chirality in subatomic world: the neutrinoOnly left-handed neutrinos!
exist in the Standard Model!
10. Chirality and matter!
Spin parallel to momentum:!
right-handed!
Spin anti-parallel to momentum:!
left-handed!
Chirality depends on !
the reference frame:!
11. Chirality and matter!
Chirality depends on the reference frame;!
but, nothing can move faster than light!!
!
So for massless particles (moving with the speed!
of light) chirality is conserved:!
14. Chirality and light
Circularly polarized electromagnetic wave!
can be left- or right-handed!
14!
!
15. Chirality and light, 2000 BC
15!
The scarab beetle – the symbol of !
reincarnation in ancient Egypt!
16. Chirality and light
Photographs of a scarab beetle (Potosia aeruginosa
jousselini) taken through a left- and a right-handed
circular polarizer, showing that the cuticle reflects !
left-handed circularly polarized light!
16!
17. Light and electromagnetism!
James C. Maxwell, 1831-1879!
Michael Faraday, 1791-1867!
Maxwell theory!
is left-right !
symmetric!
18. Chirality
in
electrodynamics:
Maxwell-‐Chern-‐Simons
theory
Chiral current
Photons!
DK, Annals Phys. 325 (2010)
205-218 !
19. Chiral Magnetic Effect:
chirality + magnetic field = current!
spin!
momentum!
19!
DK,McLerran,!
Warringa ‘07!
20. Chiral magnetic conductivity:
discrete symmetries!
20!
P-even
T-odd!
P-odd
!
P-odd!
T-odd!
P-odd effect!!
T-even!
Non-dissipative current!
(chiral electronics)!
cf Ohmic
conductivity:
T-odd,
dissipative!
Effect persists in!
hydrodynamics!!
P – parity (mirror)!
T – time reversal!
22. The
Chiral
Magne9c
Wave:
oscilla9ons
of
electric
and
chiral
charges
coupled
by
the
chiral
anomaly
In strong magnetic field, CMW
propagates with the speed of light!!
DK, H.-U. Yee, Phys Rev D’11 22!
Chiral!
Electric!
24. Is there a way to observe chirality
fluctuations in a nuclear experiment?!
Relativistic ions create!
a strong magnetic field:!
H!
DK, McLerran, Warringa ‘07!
25. 47!
Heavy ion collisions: the strongest magnetic
field ever achieved in the laboratory!
26. Charge asymmetry w.r.t. reaction plane
as a signature of chirality!
+!
-!
excess of positive
charge!
excess of negative
charge!
Electric dipole moment due to chiral imbalance!
DK, Phys.Lett.B633(2006)260!
28. In Brookhaven Collider, Scientists Briefly Break a Law of
Nature
By DENNIS OVERBYE
Published: February 15, 2010
Physicists said Monday that they had whacked a tiny region of space with enough energy to briefly distort the laws of physics,
providing the first laboratory demonstration of the kind of process that scientists suspect has shaped cosmic history.!
Atom smasher shows vacuum of space
in a twist
17:27 15 February 2010 by Rachel Courtland!
Quark Soup
Physicists create conditions not seen since the big bang.
Feb 16, 2010!
28!
Sharon Begley!
Scientists re-create high temperatures from Big
Bang!
Hottest Temperature Ever Heads Science to
Big Bang!
29. The discovery of Dirac semimetals
– 3D chiral materials!
Z.K.Liu et al., Science 343 p.864 (Feb 21, 2014)!
Ongoing experimental studies of Chiral Magnetic Effect!
30. Ongoing studies of CME
in the Dirac semimetal Cd3As2!
CME?!
T. Liang et al., 14014.7749!
and to appear in Science !
(September 2014)!
!
S. Jeon et al., !
Nature Materials 13, !
851–856 (2014)!
31. Chiral electronics!
DK and H.Yee, Phys.Rev.B88(2013)115119;!
G.Basar, DK and H.Yee, Phys.Rev.B89(2014)035142!
Practical applications of Chiral Magnetic Effect: sensors,!
quantum amplifiers, generators, …!
44. Breaking the left-right symmetry!
Circularly polarized!
photoluminiscence:!
coupling of light to currents!
44!
Right! Left!
T.Cao et al, Nature Comm 3 (2012) 887 !
45. Graphene
and
THz
radia9on
(T-‐rays):
the
“last
fron9er”
in
electromagne9c
spectrum
non-ionizing!!
50. Cutting-edge science:
fast and precise
THz surgical guidance !
S.Nakajima et al., Advanced navigation in!
neurosurgery!
51. Chirality
in
fundamental
and
applied
science
There is no such thing as a special category of science called
applied science; there is science and its applications, which are
related to one another as the fruit is related to the tree that
has borne it.
51!
Louis Pasteur!