1. Welcome everybody!!!
Bau Bau Bau
Do you remember me?
I’m IGOR!!!

2. Today, many human activities have resulted in the emission of pollutants:
move machine, to produce energy from fossil fuels, industrial
processes, the distribution of fuels and fuel, space heating, agricultural
activities and the 'breeding, the use of paints, glues and solvents in the
domestic environment and in industry are all at the origin of emission of
pollutants into the atmosphere.
At the heart of almost all the ways in which they
are emitted into the atmosphere there is energy,
its production, its processing and its use. That
energy is a very general concept, and its
enormous importance is linked also to the fact
that it presents itself in a plurality of forms
convertible into one another. It speaks well of
thermal energy that is the one that is emitted when burning a fuel, or
mechanical energy which is that associated with the movement of
machines or in general of any material body, or of electricity, which is the
one that propagates through the distribution network to reach into our
homes and is used to illuminate, to functional appliances and often also for
heating and cooking.

3. Energy consumption Electricity consumption
1973 - 2007 1973 - 2007
86% 74%
90 80
80 70
70 60
60 46%
50 36%
% 50 % 40
40
30
30
20 20
10 10
0 0
1973 2007 1973 2007
Oil consumption Natural gas consumption
1973 - 2007 1973 - 2007
75% 36%
80 40
70 35
60 30
42%
50 25
% 40 % 20
10%
30 15
20 10
10 5
0 0
1973 2007 1973 2007

4. Energy consumption by sector
2005
50
45
36%
Industry
40 33%
31%
35
30
Civil Use
%
25
20 Transport
15
10
5
0

5. The electricity is in fact one of the most comfortable and useful, and
therefore more precious, energy, and this explains its increasing use.
The world is increasingly hungry for energy, and also in Italy there is
no exception to this trend: in 35 years, from 1973 to 2007, the overall
energy consumption in Italy has increased by almost 40 %. In this time
he has profoundly changed the basket or, as is commonly
said, the mix of primary sources that supply
energy to our country: in 1973 the oil weighed
more than 75 % and natural gas (commonly
called pure methane) for just over 10 %, while
in 2007 the importance of oil has dropped to
just over 42 % and that of natural gas has
increased to over 36 %.
These numbers illustrate the profound process of restructuring our
country's energy commonly called methane, which in 35 years has led
to the almost five-fold increase in natural gas consumption in Italy.
Another important development in the energy field, which, however, is
common to all developed and emerging countries, is the constant
increase in the use of electricity in the 15 years between 1993 to
2007 in our country there has been an increase of electricity demand
by as much as 38 %. The majority of this electricity is produced in
Italy by thermal power plants, which produce electricity by burning
fuel oil, natural gas, coal and, to a lesser extent, biomass.

6. In 2007, 74 % of the electricity consumed in Italy is produced by this type
of power. In addition, a significant proportion of electricity is imported
from abroad: in 2007 this share amounted to about 13 % and is higher
electricity produced by hydroelectric power stations in the same year
account for a lower share of just 11 %.
A further sign of the profound transformations that have occurred in
recent decades in our country comes from how much energy is used in
industry, domestic use (space heating, etc.) and transport: how to actually
break down what insiders call the end-use efficiency. Well, in Italy in the
70s was the industry the largest consumer of energy, with a share of about
37 %, followed by civilian with a share of about 30 % and the transport
sector which accounted for approximately only 17 %.
But the situation is rapidly evolving to the
point that the second half of the nineties until
today (with one exception in 2005), the
transport sector consumes more energy, with a
share of about 30 %, followed a short distance
from the civilian shares with an average of just
under 30 %, and the
industry lies in third place with a share of
about 29 %. Are the transport sector from the
'70s to today has expanded further increasing
its weight in terms of energy consumption by
13 %age points.

7. The air we breathe can be contaminated by pollutants from
industries, vehicles, power plants and many other sources. These
pollutants are a big problem for the damaging effects they may
have in relation to health or the environment in which we live. Their
impact depends on various factors, such as the amount of air
pollutant to which it is exposed, the duration of exposure and the
dangerousness of the pollutant itself. The health effects may be
minor and reversible (such as irritation of the eyes) or debilitating
(such as a worsening of asthma) or even death (such as cancer).

8. In fact, the emission sources are myriad, and it is
extremely difficult to classify and characterize them
accurately. A first distinction that manages useful is
that between large emission sources, or large industrial
plants or production of electricity, and emission sources
distributed, those sources that on their own are not
very relevant but which, because of their relative abundance are often the
main culprits.
Each category can then be analyzed with a finer classification, for example
industry, distinguishing the different types of plants for the production or
processing of road transport, distinguishing between categories of vehicles
depending on the size, type of fuel and of 'length, the latter being connected
to the potential of polluting vehicle (Euro 0, Euro 1).
The main purpose is to achieve a quantification of emissions from each source
category, in order to identify those that have a greater responsibility
polluting thus aiming to better interventions to reduce emissions.
The estimation of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere can also analyze
how they have evolved over time, the emission of pollutants into the
atmosphere in our country, and in particular which had reflected emission
energy choices and gradually adopted measures to reduce air pollution.

9. At the "economic boom" in the late 50° and 60° occurred in our country a
strong process of industrialization, which had the side effect to produce
heavy environmental impacts.
In the same period there has been a tremendous increase in the mobility of
people and goods, and then transport, in particular road: the mid-50s to the
middle of the first decade of the twenty-first century, in Italy it has gone
from about 2 million motor vehicles about 45 million! This has meant that
since the last decades of the last century, the road transport sector are the
main stable emission for a range of pollutants such as PM10, nitrogen oxides,
carbon monoxide, benzene, and before
the introduction of unleaded petrol lead
for This pollutant. Since the early
90s, the penetration of catalytic
converters, more innovations and use of
motor fuels with improved
characteristics, have on the whole led to
a reversal of the trend - higher to lower
of pollutant emissions from road
transport, which is going to add to the
decline in other sectors thanks to the
measures undertaken
gradually, especially in industry, energy
production and domestic use.

10. The complex of the interventions described above has led, as is confirmed by
official estimates ISPRA (Institute for Environmental Protection and
Research), a progressive and generalized decrease in emissions of pollutants into
the atmosphere in Italy since the early years' 90: This process is particularly
significant for certain pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (this pollutant emission
reduction process was already in place in the previous decade) lead and
benzene, for which 1990 to 2006, the total emissions reductions will have higher
or equal to -80 %; for other pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, volatile organic
compounds and carbon monoxide reduction is greater than or equal to -40 %; for
PM10 is of about -30 %; for l ' ammonia is about -10 %.
The situation is different with regard to greenhouse gas emissions, which in 2006
increased by 12 % compared to 1990.
But what is the actual weight of the different sectors of issue? Also according to
official estimates ISPRA road transport is responsible in recent years about 27 %
of primary PM10 emissions and about 45 % of emissions of nitrogen oxides;
industry weighs about 26 % for emissions of PM10 and about 18 % for emissions
of nitrogen oxides, space heating weighs about 13 % for PM10 emissions and about
9 % for emissions of nitrogen oxides. There are then the pollutants in which a
category is highly prevalent, as is the case of ammonia for which the agriculture
and livestock account for approximately 94 %.
As for greenhouse gases in Italy, according to official estimates ISPRA, the
industry is responsible for 28 % of emissions, followed by road transport (26
%), the production of energy (22 %) and from the space heating (14 %).

11. One can define the air pollution such as the presence in the atmosphere of substances
that cause a measurable effect on the human being, animals, vegetation or on different
materials; these substances are usually not present in the normal composition of air, or
they are at a level of concentration below.
Pollutants can be classified into two main groups: those anthropogenic, man-made and
natural ones.
The atmospheric contaminants, may also be classified into primary that is released into
the environment as such (such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen monoxide) and secondary
(such as ozone) that are formed subsequently in the atmosphere through chemical-
physical reactions .
The pollution caused by these substances in open environments is called external (or
outdoor), while pollution in confined spaces, such as buildings, is referred to as internal
or indoor pollution. The quality of indoor air is in fact often referred to as Indoor Air
Quality.
So far they have been cataloged about 3,000 air contaminants, produced mostly by
human activities with various industrial processes, using means of transport or other
circumstances.
The mode of production and release of various pollutants are extremely varied, so are
many variables that may affect their diffusion into the atmosphere.

12. The need to limit the presence of pollutants in the air often involves the
use of various abatement systems. These systems have proved almost
indispensable part of industrial activities that produce airborne pollutants
in large quantities.
Depending on their function, the technologies for reducing pollutants in
industrial emissions are divided into three broad categories.
In the case in which the pollutant is associated with significant economic
value, are chosen processes that allow its recovery and eventual
recycling, such as absorption or condensation.
If the pollutants present in the emissions are characterized by a good
calorific value and is not very convenient from an economic point of view
their recovery for reuse in the production cycle, we proceed instead to
their incineration with recovery of their thermal energy in the form.
If industrial processes involving the liberation of gaseous emissions-rich
particulates must proceed slaughter instead of the pollutants through the
use of systems such as the deposition chambers, cyclones, wet
separators, electrostatic precipitators.

13. The term acid rain is generally understood the process of relapse
atmosphere of particles, gases and acid rain. If this occurs in the form of
acid deposition precipitation (rain, snow, fog, dew, etc.) Is spoken of wet
deposition, otherwise the phenomenon consists in a dry deposition. Usually
the public is instead the term acid rain coincide with the phenomenon of
acid deposition wet.
Acid rain is caused primarily by sulfur oxides and, to a lesser extent, the
oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere is due to natural causes and human
activities.
If not come into contact with the water droplets, these gases and
especially particulates acids that are formed by them are received by the
ground by means of dry deposition. This deposition may be accomplished by
different mechanisms, primarily dictated by the size of the particles (by
impact and gravity), the state of air in contact with the receiving surface
and the chemical structure and physical surface of the same. In each case
the dried deposits of SOx and NOx quickly lead to the formation of acids
relative to the ground.
In the case in which these gases come into contact with atmospheric water
then originate acids before deposition. In the presence of water and oxides
of sulfur originate sulfuric acid, while the nitrogen oxides are transformed
into nitric acid; consequently these substances cause acidification of the
precipitation.

15. The greenhouse effect is a phenomenon without which life as we know it
now would not be possible. This process consists in a heating of the planet
due to the action of so-called greenhouse gases, compounds present in the
air at relatively low concentrations (carbon dioxide, water
vapor, methane, etc..). Greenhouse gases allow solar radiation to pass
through the atmosphere while obstructing the passage towards the area
of ​part of the infrared radiation coming from the surface of the Earth and
from the lower atmosphere (the heat reissued); effectively acting like the
glass of a greenhouse and help to regulate and maintain the temperature of
the earth to the present values​​.
This process has always occurred naturally and causes the temperature of
the Earth is approximately 33 ° C warmer than it would be without the
presence of these gases.
Now, however, it is believed that the Earth's climate is likely to change
because human activities are altering the chemical composition of the
atmosphere. The huge anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are
causing an increase in global temperature resulting, therefore, the
profound changes in load of the climate on a global level and local level.
Before the Industrial Revolution, the man released very few gases into the
atmosphere, but now the population growth, the use of fossil fuels and
deforestation contribute greatly to the change in atmospheric composition.

17. The ozone hole is a particular phenomenon, recorded for the first time in
1957 over Antarctica, which covers the entire globe, or rather the entire
global atmosphere. This is due to the element chlorine (Cl). It is a natural
element present in the lower layers of our atmosphere (stratosphere)
that, as a result of human activities, has seen enormous increase in its
relative concentration. The chlorine content in many synthetic
compounds, the so-called CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) tends to react with
ozone, dissociated, and releasing molecular oxygen. Chlorine is a powerful
catalyst in the processes of dissociation of ozone, each chlorine atom can
destroy tens of thousands of ozone molecules. The destruction of the
ozone layer due to the thinning of the ozone layer in Earth's atmosphere
that protects and heals skin from harmful sun rays, to determine the
presence of a real hole in the ozone pollution. For this reason, the
phenomenon is known as the ozone hole and ozone depletion. or textile
filters.

19. The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty
signed in the Japanese city on December
11, 1997 by over 160 countries at the Third
Conference of the Parties (COP3) of the
United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change and global warming. It entered
into force February 16, 2005, after
ratification by Russia, thus celebrating the
second anniversary in 2007. The Treaty
provides for the obligation of industrialized
countries to reduce emissions in the period 2008-2012 of pollutants
(carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, namely
methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur
hexafluoride) to an extent not less than 5.2% compared to those
recorded in 1990, which is considered as the base year.
It 'also envisaged to exchange purchase and sale of emission of these
gases. Because the treaty could enter into force, had to be ratified by
at least 55 signatory nations producing at least 55% of the
emissions, the latter condition was achieved only with the accession of
Russia, to whom we owe 17.6 % of total emissions.

20. The world enters 6000 Mt of CO2, 3,000 and 3,000 by the industrialized
countries than in developing countries, so with Kyoto should enter 5850
instead of 6000, a total of 3 million. Given the high cost
reduction, it is easy to understand why the protocol has reached large
accessions. Among non-members are first and foremost the United States
responsible for 36.1% of total emissions, even Australia has announced
that it will not accede to the Agreement, along with Croatia, Kazakhstan
and Monaco.

21. Statement of the European Air Pollution
2012
Decision 2012/249/UE
Decision concerning the determination of the periods of startup and shutdown for the purposes of
Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on industrial emissions.
2011
Decision 2011/638/UE
Decision of 26 September 2011 concerning on benchmarks for the allocation of greenhouse gas
emission free of charge to aircraft operators pursuant to Article 3e of Directive 2003/87/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council .
Decision 2011/540/UE
amending Decision 2007/589/EC as regards the inclusion of guidelines on monitoring and reporting of
emissions of greenhouse gases derived from new activities and gases.
2010
Directive 2010/75/EU
24/11/2010 directive on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control).
Decision 2010/384/UE
Decision on the Community-wide quantity of allowances to be issued in 2013 as part of the system of
the EU Emissions Trading Scheme.
Decision 2010/375/UE
Decision on the allocation of quantities of substances under Regulation (EC) n. 1005/2009.
Decision 2010/2/EU
Decision determining, pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC, a list of sectors and subsectors deemed to be
exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage carbon.

22. 2009
Regulation no. 1005/2009/Ce
EC Regulation on substances that deplete the ozone layer.
Directive 2009/31/EC
Geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC, Directives of the
European Parliament and Council Directives
2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) n. 1013/2006 of
the European Parliament and the Council.
Directive 2009/30/EC
Amendment of Directive 98/70/EC as regards the specification of petrol, diesel and gas-oil and
introducing a mechanism to monitor and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, amending Directive
1999/32/EC for as regards the specification of fuel used by inland waterway vessels and repealing
Directive 93/12/EEC.
Directive 2009/29/EC
Amendment of Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU system for the trading of
greenhouse gas emission.
Regulation 2009/443/Ce
Levels of performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community's integrated
approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles.
Decision 2009/406/Ce
States' efforts to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in order to fulfill the commitments of the
Community with regard to reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020.
Decision 2009/73/EC
Amendment to Decision 2007/589/EC as regards the guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of
emissions of nitrous oxide.
Decision 2009/52/EC
Substances that deplete the ozone layer allocation of quantities of controlled substances allowed for

23. 2008
Directive 2008/50/EC
Directive on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe.
2007
Decision 2007/589/EC
Decision establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions
pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and the Council.
Regulation no. 916/2007/Ce
Regulation amending Regulation (EC) n. 2216/2004 of the Commission on a standardized and secured
system of registries pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
and Decision No. 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and the Council.
Decision 2007/531/Ce
Questionnaire for Member States reports on the implementation of Directive 1999/13/EC on
emissions of VOC
Decision 2007/386/Ce
Quantities of methyl bromide for critical uses permitted in the Community between 1 January and 31
December 2007 under Regulation (EC) n. 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer.

24. 2006
Decision 2006/944/EC
Determining the respective emission levels allocated to the Community and each of its Member States
under the Kyoto Protocol pursuant to Decision 2002/358/EC.
Decision 2006/780/EC
How to avoid double counting of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions under the EU ETS emission
allowances for project activities under the Kyoto Protocol pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC.
Decision 2006/803/EC
Amendment of Decision 2005/381/EC establishing a questionnaire for reporting on the
implementation of Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for trading greenhouse gas emissions
within the Community and amending Directive 96 / 61/CE.
Regulation 2006/1366/Ce
Amending Regulation (EC) n.2037/2000 regards the base year for the allocation of quotas of
hydrochlorofluorocarbons.
Regulation 2006/1195/Ce
Changing Reg 850/2004 on inq. persistent organic.
Decision 2006/534/EC
It 'concerning a questionnaire for Member States reports on the implementation of Directive
1999/13/EC during the period 2005-2007
Decision 2006/507/EC
On the conclusion, on behalf of the European Community, of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants. (See Relevant Documents).
Regulation 2006/842/Ce
Regulation on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases.
Decision 2006/350/Ce
Quantities of methyl bromide for critical uses permitted in the Community between 1 January and 31
December 2006 under Regulation (EC) n. 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer.

25. Regulation 166/2006/Ce
Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer of pollutants.
Decision 2006/61/EC
Signing by the European Community of the Protocol on Pollutant Release UNECE and transfers of
pollutants.
Directive 2006/51/EC
Changes to D 2005/78/EC and 2005/55/EC as regards the requirements of the control system of
emissions in vehicles and exemptions for gas engines.
2005
Directive 2005/78/EC
Measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants emitted from motor vehicles.
Directive 2005/55/EC
Measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants emitted from motor vehicles.
Decision 2005/468/EC
Decision on substances that deplete the ozone layer, methyl bromide.
Decision 2005/381/EC
Establishment of the questionnaire for reporting on the implementation of Directive 2003/87/EC
concerning the system for trading greenhouse gas emissions.
Directive 2005/166/EC
Implementation of the D. 2004/280 Ce concerning a mechanism for monitoring greenhouse gas
greenhouse emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol.
Directive 2005/21/EC
Adaptation to Technical Progress of the D. 72/306/CE concerning pollution caused by diesel engines.
Directive 2005/13/EC
Changing the D. 2000/25/EC on the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants by engines of
agricultural or forestry tractors.