In this presentation contains three lessons all in one. The first lesson talks about the biomes of the world means landforms and vegetations in the earth including lesson objectives, a worksheet to solve, a summary of the lesson, and a funny ending. In the second lesson is about the Marine Ecosystem that talks about its ecosystem, the causes, and effects of Marine pollution, ocean zones, and habitats found under the water; this includes lesson objectives, a video, and summary. In the third lesson is about the water bodies of the earth except for the salty water that includes lesson objectives and summary.

1. Lesson 3, Chapter 15, Unit 5:
Biomes
By Ali Mohamed Ali in grade 10

2. Lesson Objective
• Understand the definitions of biomes and definition of terminology.
• List the six major biomes that earth has.
• Recall the levels of organization.
• Explain the biomes of the earth (major + minor).
• Give reason of mountain zones and polar ice are not considered biomes.
• Solve a worksheet.
• Summarize this lesson in Questions and Answers.
• Work in three groups at the end of the lesson 15.5 about lesson 15.3, 15.4, and 15.5.

3. Definition of Biomes
Language +Terminology
• Biomes are geographical climate
parts of the earth.
• A large naturally occurring
community of flora and fauna
occupying a major habitat.
• Biomes are a part of ecology.
Key concept
• Biomes are land-based, global
communities of organisms.
• This term was suggested in
1916 by Fredrick Edward
Clements.
Terminology is the body of terms used with a particular technical application in a subject of
study, profession, etc. = main/direct definition of terms defined by computer or special person.

4. Main Idea 1
Earth has six major biomes

5. Image of Biome
Main
Not main

6. Levels of Organization (recall)

7. Information on the major biomes
Tropical Rain Forest Biome
• As little as 1% of the sunlight that strikes the
uppermost branches of the trees like canopy. It
may make it to the ground.
• Most organisms that live in this biome inhabit
branches of the upper canopy.
• Some plants , called epiphytes, grow above
the ground on the branches of trees.
Desert Biomes
• Desert biomes receive less than 25 centimeters of
precipitation annually characterized by arid climate.
• Four types of desert: Hot semiarid, costal, and cold.

8. Charts of Biomes
Tropical Rain Forest Biome Desert Biome

9. Types of deserts in the world
Cold desert
The coldest desert in the world. At the
chart on the next page you will see the
complete temperatures of a desert in the
world. they have average summer
temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F).
Coastal desert
It is found on a coast where land meets water. It
is a normal desert in the world A good example
isChile.The average summer temperature
ranges from 13-24° C, and winter temperatures
are 5° C or below.The maximum annual
temperature is about 35° C and the minimum is
about -4° C. At the chart on the next page you
will see the complete temperatures of a desert
in the world.
Hot desert
It is also called semiarid desert. Hottest
desert in the world. Hot-month average
temperatures are normally between 29 and
35 C (85 to 95 F), and midday 39 °C (102.2 °F)
are common.At night, it cools down to 25 C
(77 F) in summer.At the chart on the next
page you will see the complete
temperatures of a desert in the world.

10. Charts of the types of deserts
Cold desert Coastal desert Hot desert
8.1
9.5
12
14.2
17.5
19.720.219.6
18.2
14
11
8.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
Temperature

11. Grassland Biomes
Tropical Grassland
• It is also called savanna that are covered with
grass plants that may stand 1 – 2 meters height.
• Precipitation averages at most 4 inches
(10 centimeters) in a month.
• During rainy season, water can fill river and lake
• This biome is home to plants and animals that
have adapted to the extreme shifts in moisture.
Temperate Grassland
• Receive 20 – 35 inches of rain at mostly in late
spring and early summer (little warm season).
• Some plants there have adapted to fire by
producing fire-resistant seeds that requires
fire`s heat to start germination.
• Fast-spreading fires are common in arid (hot)
conditions.

12. Grassland Biomes
Tropical Grassland Temperate Grassland

13. Temperate Forest Biomes
Temperate deciduous forest
• Deciduous are trees that have adapted to
winter temperatures by dropping its leaves
and going dormant (alive but not actively
growing) during the cold season such as oaks.
• Receives about 30 – 59 inches of precipitation
spread all over the year such as rain or snow.
• This forest is dry mostly dry and cold.
Temperate rain forest
• Coniferous are trees that retains its needles (a thin
metal pin) year-round and reproduces with cones.
• Doesn`t receive precipitation evenly across the
year except a long wet season + fog for moisture.
• It`s precipitation is 98 inches a year = wet forest.
• Contains mosses, ferns, and lichens on its ground.

14. Chart ofTemperate Forest Biome

15. Cold & Cooler Biomes
Taiga Biome
• The taiga are also known as boreal (northern part
of the earth) forest.
• Taiga are biomes with long and cold winters,
lasting up to six months or more below freezing.
• It contains three months summer that contains
humid and warm weather.
• It receives 12 – 33 inches of precipitation per year.
Tundra Biome
• Tundra is often described as bleak with frozen
ground below surface called permafrost.
• Tundra is the biome found at far northern
latitudes where winters lasts as long as ten
months per year. It is colder than taiga biome.
• It contains summer for 6 – 10 weeks at maximum
ten degree Celsius.While winter minimum
almost thirty degree Celsius below zero.
• Its precipitation is meager means lacking in
quantity or quality.Average less than 5 inches.
Caribou

16. Chart of Cold & Cooler Biomes
Taiga Biome Tundra Biome

17. Minor Biomes
• Minor biomes, such as chaparral, occur globally on a smaller
scale.
• Chaparral are biomes characterized by hot, dry summer and
cool, moist (slightly wet) winters; also called Mediterranean
shrub-land (brush, or bush) this includes grasses and herbs.
• It`s temperature is ranged from 10C (winter) to 40C (summer).
• Annual precipitation ranges from 15 – 40 inches. It occurred
mostly in winter as rain.
• This biome is found in small areas across the globe. In central
and southern coast of California in the western United State,
the coast of Chile in South America, and etc.
• Because of the fairly hot climate, the plants in this biome
exhibit (make clear) some of the same adaptations to heat.
• Chaparral plants have adapted to the presence of fire.

19. Let`s recall the important part of this main
idea before we go to the second main idea
Major Biomes
• Tropical rain forest.
• Grassland.
• Desert.
• Temperate forest.
• Taiga = Green and cold biome.
• Tundra = extremely cold biome.
Minor Biomes
• Mountain zones.
• Polar Ice.
*Summary of the major biomes on textbook page 435

20. Main Idea 2
Polar ice caps and mountains are not considered biomes

21. Images of the Minor Biomes
Mountain zones Polar Ice

22. Q: Explain why neither polar ice caps nor
mountains are considered biomes.
A1: Polar ice caps have no soil, therefore no plant community.
A2:The climate and organisms found on mountains change as the elevation
changes.
A3: It is difficult for organisms to live in polar ice caps due to its surface, space,
and temperatures are extremely cold for the organisms.
A4: It is difficult for organisms to live on the mountain due to difficulty of
migration and there are no flat surface to live on.

23. You are requested to do this
This lesson textbook page 434 – 439

24. Summary (questions & answers)
1. Define Biome.
Answer: Biomes are land-based, global communities of organisms. (Key Concept)
2. List the major biomes of the earth.
Answer:Tropical rain forest, Grassland, Desert,Temperate forest,Taiga,Tundra.
3. List the minor biomes of the earth.
Answer: Mountain zones and Polar Ice.
4.Why polar ice caps and mountains are considered biomes? (give 2 answers)
A1: Polar ice caps have no soil, therefore no plant community.
A2:The climate and organisms found on mountains change as the elevation
changes.
5.What is the biome of your country?
Answer: Desert

25. The EndOh yeah! I am
having fun in this
biome.

26. Lesson 4, Chapter 15, Unit 5:
Marine Ecosystems
By Ali Mohamed Ali in grade 10

27. Lesson Objective
• Know the information, image, and key concept about Marine Ecosystems.
• Know the causes and effects of marine pollution.
• Know that the ocean can be divided into zones.
• Enumerate and explain the different Ocean zones.
• Explore the life in the Neritic Zone.
• Understand about the animals in the neritic zone.
• Know that coastal waters contain unique habitats.
• Name the plants under the coastal waters.
• Watch video related to Marine Ecosystem.
• Summarize this lesson in questions and answers.
• Group activity after finishing lesson 15.5.

28. Information about Marine Ecosystems
• Marine ecosystems are the largest
of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and
are distinguished by waters that
have a high salt content.
• These systems contrast with
freshwater ecosystems, which
have a lower salt content.
• Marine ecosystems are
characterized by the biological
community of organisms that they
are associated with and their
physical environment.
Key Concept: Marine ecosystems are global means that it is a big part of the earth as more than 70%.

29. Causes of Marine pollution
• According to the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
80 percent of marine pollution
originates from land.
• This pollution is categorized into two
distinct sources: point and non-point.
• Point-source pollution refers to those
sources that are obvious, localized and
identifiable.These include sewage
pipelines or industrial waste outlets that
pump directly into the sea.
• Non-point sources include all those
small, unquantifiable pollutants,
including car exhaust fumes (pipe that
shows gas from fuel) and agricultural
run-off (sewage).

30. Effects of Marine pollution
• This sharp increase in plastic
entering our waters harms not only
marine life but also humanity.
• Plastic kills fish, marine mammals,
and sea turtles; destroys habitats,
which can have devastating
consequences and can wipe out
entire species.
• Acidifying oceans are causing the
reef’s skeleton—a key habitat for
fish—to break down rapidly,
according to new science.

31. Main Idea 1
The ocean can be divided into zones

32. Ocean Zones
• Intertidal zone: Is the strip of land
between the high and low tide lines.
• Neritic Zone: Is the zone of the ocean
that extends from the intertidal zone
out to the edge of the continental shelf.
• Bathyal zone: Is the zone that extends
from the edge of the neritic zone to the
base of the continental shelf. (biggest)
• Abyssal zone: Depth of the ocean that
lies below 2 kilometer and is in
complete darkness.

33. Life in the Neritic Zone
Environment
• Although the neritic zone represent less
than one-tenth of the total ocean area, it
contains 40 times more biomass than the
rest of ocean.
• Marine phytoplankton are critical to life on
planet earth.
• According to many estimates, 70% or more
of the oxygen in every breath you take can
be traced back to marine phytoplankton.
• In addition to their role in oxygen
production, phytoplankton also form the
base of the oceanic food web.
Animals
• Plankton:Are the tiny free-floating
organisms that live in the water.
• Zooplankton:Another term for plankton.
• Phytoplankton:Are photosynthetic
plankton, which include microscopic
protests such as algae.
• Crabs, shrimp, starfish, scallops and sea
urchins.
• Cod (Chromosome Orientation and
Direction), tuna, flatfish and halibut.

34. Main Idea 2
Coastal waters contain unique habitats

35. Unique habitats under the coastal waters
• The shallow coastal waters that make up the
neritic zone contain much more than
plankton.
• Two highly diverse habitats found within
these coastal waters are coral reef and kelp
forest.
• Coral reef: Ocean habitat found in the
shallow coastal water in a tropical climate.
• Kelp forest: Ocean habitat that exist in cold,
nutrient-rich shallow waters, composed of
large communities of kelp, a seaweed; such
as those found in California`s Monterey Bay.
• The coral provides a home for the algae, and
algae provide nutrients for the coral as a by-
product for photosynthesis.
• Ecologists are trying to re-introduce these
diverse communities in some areas by
making artificial reefs.

36. Image of the two highly diverse habitats under
the coastal water
Coral reef Kelp forest

37. Impacts about ocean
Who like here?

38. Summary (questions and answers)
1.Relate ocean zones with climate zones.What are the differences and
similarities between them?
Answer:They both divide something to parts in levels. Ocean zones are levels
of ocean depth with meter measured, but climate zone are divisions of the
earth by its landforms and where the sun is directly facing or not.
2. List the ocean zones in order.
Answer: Intertidal zone, Neritic Zone, Bathyal zone, Abyssal zone.
3.What are the unique habitat found in the coastal waters?
Answer: Coral reef and kelp forest.

39. Lesson 5, Chapter 15, Unit 5:
Estuaries and Freshwater Ecosystem
By Ali Mohamed Ali in grade 10

40. Lesson objectives
• We should know that Estuaries are dynamic environments where rivers flow
into the ocean.
• Define estuary and know its jobs.
• Be able to find estuary at different water bodies especially freshwater/river.
• Know the characteristics of estuary.
• Know the threats to estuary ecosystem.
• Know that Freshwater ecosystems include moving and standing water.
• Know the information about freshwater ecosystem.
• Know the adaptation of freshwater organisms.
• Know that ponds and lakes share common features.
• Enumerate the features (zones) of ponds and lakes.
• Summarize this lesson in questions and answers.
• Group activity cancelled.

41. Main Idea 1
Estuaries are dynamic environments where rivers flow into the ocean

42. Getting to know about Estuary
• Estuary: Is a parallel enclosed body of water
formed where a river flows into the ocean.
• Estuary is mix of fresh and salt water.
• River carries lots of nutrients.
• Estuaries form a transition zone between river
environments and maritime environments.
• They are subject both to marine influences—
such as tides and waves.

43. Characteristics of Estuary
• Large numbers of species thrive and
are highly productive ecosystems.
• Provide refuge (safety) for many
species and spawning grounds.
• 75% of the fish we eat depend on
estuary ecosystem important to us.
• Birds rely on estuaries as a refuge
from the cold weather during parts of
year.
• Changing conditions in estuaries
present challenges for species live
there.
TheTejo Estuary in Portugal in an
important stopover point for migratory
birds.

44. Threats to Estuary Ecosystem
• Over 80% of estuaries have been lost to land development.
• Estuaries are made up of a variety of ecosystems, including salt
marshes, mud flats, open water, mangrove forest, and tidal pool.
• The removal of estuaries also makes coastal areas more
vulnerable (painful) to flood damage from catastrophic storms
such as hurricane.

45. Main Idea 2
Freshwater ecosystems include moving and standing water

46. Freshwater Information
• Rivers and streams are the flowing bodies of
freshwater that serves as path through many
different ecosystems.
• Rivers and streams, along with lakes and
ponds, originate from watersheds.
• Watersheds: Is a region of land that drains into
a river, a river system, or another body of
water.
Endpoint =
Watersheds

47. Freshwater Ecosystems
• Includes- rivers, streams, wetlands.
• Among most productive ecosystems on Earth.
• A wetland is an area of land that is saturated
by ground or surface water for at least part of
the year.
• If you ever paddle down a river in a canoe, you
have probably witnessed the change in
shoreline ecosystem (beach).
• A wetland filters dirty water and renews
underground stores of water.
Wetland

48. Adaptations of Freshwater Organisms
• As the Colorado river travels southward from
Colorado to Mexico, it flows through different
ecosystems, including forests and deserts.
• The particular variety of freshwater organisms
found in a body of water depends on a number
of factors.
• These factors include water temperature,
oxygen level, pH (potential of Hydrogen), and
the water flow rate.
• Some aquatic insects, such as the stonefly,
have hooks on their bodies.

49. Main Idea 3
Ponds and lakes share common features

50. They share their own zones as in the following:
• Littoral zone: Area between the high and the
low water marks along the shoreline of a lake.
Similar to oceanic intertidal zone.
• Limnetic zone: Refers to the open water
located farther out from shore; also called the
pelagic zone; is characterized by planktons.
• Benthic zone: Is the lake or pond bottom,
where less sunlight reaches. Decomposers
such as bacteria live in its mud and sand.

51. Facts about these zones
• During the summer and the winter, the water temperature within a lake is stratified,
which means that different layers of the lake have different temperatures.
• All of the water within a lake “turns over” periodically.
• This happens because water is most dense at 4C.
• This upwelling brings nutrients such as bits of decaying plants and animals from the
benthic zone to the surface, where they are eaten by surface-dwelling organisms.

52. Summary
1. Compare and contrast ocean zones and the zones of lakes and ponds.
Answer: In contrast, lakes and ponds have freshwater, but ocean have salty
water. Ocean zones are deeper than lakes and ponds zones. In compare, they
both have H2O molecule and their zones almost the same in levels in order.
2. Compare and contrast estuary and freshwater.
Answer: Freshwater is a part of estuary with less dense, but freshwater is not
salty in order to make it same as estuary.

53. By the end of this unit (ecology) you should be
able to solve related questions of this unit