There are many states of matter beyond the standard three, including plasma, supercritical fluids, and various types of degenerate matter. Degenerate matter exists under extremely high pressure and its behavior is governed by the Pauli exclusion principle. Specific examples of degenerate matter include electron-degenerate matter found in white dwarf stars and neutron degenerate matter found in neutron stars. Other exotic states include Bose-Einstein condensates, superconductivity, superfluids, supersolids, and time crystals.
2. THERE ARE MANY STATES OF MATTER…;
• PLASMA
• SUPERCRITICAL FLUID
• DEGENERATE MATTER
• ELECTRON-DEGENERATE MATTER
• NEUTRON DEGENERATE MATTER
• STRANGE MATTER
• QUANTUM SPIN HALL STATE
• BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
• FERMIONIC CONDENSATE
• SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
• SUPERFLUID
• SUPERSOLID
• QUANTUM SPIN LIQUID
• STRING NET LIQUID
• TIME CRYSTALS
• RYDBERG POLARON
• BLACK SUPERIONIC ICE
3. PLASMA
• FREE CHARGED PARTICLES, USUALLY IN EQUAL NUMBERS, SUCH AS IONS
AND ELECTRONS. UNLIKE GASES, PLASMA MAY SELF-GENERATE
MAGNETIC FIELDS AND ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND RESPOND STRONGLY
AND COLLECTIVELY TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES. PLASMA IS VERY
UNCOMMON ON EARTH (EXCEPT FOR THE IONOSPHERE), ALTHOUGH IT IS
THE MOST COMMON STATE OF MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE.
4. SUPERCRITICAL FLUID
AT SUFFICIENTLY HIGH TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES, THE
DISTINCTION BETWEEN LIQUID AND GAS DISAPPEARS. BUT BELOW THE
PRESSURE REQUIRED TO COMPRESS INTO A SOLID.
5. DEGENERATE MATTER
• MATTER UNDER VERY HIGH PRESSURE, SUPPORTED BY THE PAULI
EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE.
• PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE..
NO TWO ELECTRONS IN THE SAME ATOM CAN HAVE IDENTICAL VALUES FOR
ALL FOUR OF THEIR QUANTUM NUMBERS.
6. ELECTRON DEGENERATE MATTER
• FOUND INSIDE WHITE DWARF STARS. ELECTRONS REMAIN BOUND TO ATOMS
BUT CAN TRANSFER TO ADJACENT ATOMS.
7. NEUTRON DEGENERATE MATTER
• FOUND IN NEUTRON STARS. VAST GRAVITATIONAL PRESSURE COMPRESSES
ATOMS SO STRONGLY THAT THE ELECTRONS ARE FORCED TO COMBINE WITH
PROTONS VIA INVERSE BETA DECAY, RESULTING IN A SUPER DENSE
CONGLOMERATION OF NEUTRONS. (NORMALLY FREE NEUTRONS OUTSIDE AN
ATOMIC NUCLEUS WILL DECAY WITH A HALF-LIFE OF JUST UNDER FIFTEEN
MINUTES, BUT IN A NEUTRON STAR, AS IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM, OTHER
EFFECTS STABILIZE THE NEUTRONS.)
8. STRANGE MATTER
• A TYPE OF QUARK MATTER THAT MAY EXIST INSIDE SOME NEUTRON STARS
CLOSE TO THE TOLMAN–OPPENHEIMER–VOLKOFF LIMIT (APPROXIMATELY 2–
3 SOLAR MASSES). MAY BE STABLE AT LOWER ENERGY STATES ONCE
FORMED.
9. QUANTUM SPIN HALL STATE
• A THEORETICAL PHASE THAT MAY PAVE THE WAY FOR DEVELOPING
ELECTRONIC DEVICES THAT DISSIPATE LESS ENERGY AND GENERATE LESS
HEAT. THIS IS A DERIVATION OF THE QUANTUM HALL STATE OF MATTER.
10. BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
• A PHASE IN WHICH A LARGE NUMBER OF BOSONS ALL INHABIT THE
SAME QUANTUM STATE, IN EFFECT BECOMING ONE SINGLE WAVE/PARTICLE.
THIS IS A LOW-ENERGY PHASE THAT CAN ONLY BE FORMED IN LABORATORY
CONDITIONS AND AT VERY LOW TEMPERATURES. IT MUST BE CLOSE TO ZERO
KELVIN, OR ABSOLUTE ZERO. SATYENDRA NATH BOSE AND ALBERT
EINSTEIN PREDICTED THE EXISTENCE OF SUCH A STATE IN THE 1920S, BUT IT
WAS NOT OBSERVED UNTIL 1995 BY ERIC CORNELL AND CARL WIEMAN.
11. FERMIONIC CONDENSATE
• SIMILAR TO THE BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE BUT COMPOSED OF FERMIONS,
ALSO KNOWN AS FERMI-DIRAC CONDENSATE. THE PAULI EXCLUSION
PRINCIPLE PREVENTS FERMIONS FROM ENTERING THE SAME QUANTUM
STATE, BUT A PAIR OF FERMIONS CAN BEHAVE LIKE A BOSON, AND MULTIPLE
SUCH PAIRS CAN THEN ENTER THE SAME QUANTUM STATE WITHOUT
RESTRICTION.
12. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
• IT IS A PHENOMENON OF EXACTLY ZERO ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE AND
EXPULSION OF MAGNETIC FIELDS OCCURRING IN CERTAIN MATERIALS
WHEN COOLED BELOW A CHARACTERISTIC CRITICAL TEMPERATURE.
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IS THE GROUND STATE OF MANY ELEMENTAL METALS.
13. SUPERFLUID
• A PHASE ACHIEVED BY A FEW CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS AT EXTREME
TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THEY BECOME ABLE TO FLOW WITHOUT FRICTION. A
SUPERFLUID CAN FLOW UP THE SIDE OF AN OPEN CONTAINER AND DOWN THE
OUTSIDE. PLACING A SUPERFLUID IN A SPINNING CONTAINER WILL RESULT
IN QUANTIZED VORTICES.
14. SUPERSOLID
• SIMILAR TO A SUPERFLUID, A SUPER SOLID CAN MOVE WITHOUT FRICTION BUT
RETAINS A RIGID SHAPE.
15. QUANTUM SPIN LIQUID
• A DISORDERED STATE IN A SYSTEM OF INTERACTING QUANTUM SPINS WHICH
PRESERVES ITS DISORDER TO SHALLOW TEMPERATURES, UNLIKE OTHER
DISORDERED STATES.
16. STRING NET LIQUID
• ATOMS IN THIS STATE HAVE UNSTABLE ARRANGEMENTS, LIKE A LIQUID, BUT
ARE STILL CONSISTENT IN THE OVERALL PATTERN, LIKE A SOLID.
17. TIME CRYSTALS
• A STATE OF MATTER WHERE AN OBJECT CAN HAVE MOVEMENT EVEN AT ITS
LOWEST ENERGY STATE.
18. RYDBERG POLARON
• A STATE OF MATTER THAT CAN ONLY EXIST AT ULTRA-LOW TEMPERATURES
AND CONSISTS OF ATOMS INSIDE OF ATOMS.
19. BLACK SUPERIONIC ICE
• A STATE OF MATTER THAT CAN EXIST UNDER VERY HIGH PRESSURE WHILE
EXCITED BY SUPER LASERS.
