it will give information on disaster

1. disaster

2. TYPES OF DISASTER
Natural
disaster
Man made disaster
Avalanches
Earthquake
Volcano eruptions
Hydrological disaster
Floods
Limnic eruptions
Tsunami
Droughts
Tornado

3. DISASTER
A disaster is a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard resulting in an
event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or
destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to theenvironment. A disaster can
be ostensively defined as any tragic event stemming from events such
as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It is a
phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the
economic, social and cultural life of people.
In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of
inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a combination of
both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low
vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions.
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than
95 percent of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries, and
losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in
developing countries than in industrialized countries.

5. NATURAL DISASTER
A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural hazard affects humans
and/or the built environment. Human vulnerability, and lack of
appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or
human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to
support or resist the disaster: their resilience. This understanding is
concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet
vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in
areas without vulnerability.
Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods and
cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy
billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. However, natural hazards
can strike in unpopulated areas and never develop into disasters. However, the
rapid growth of the world's population and its increased concentration often in
hazardous environments has escalated both the frequency and severity of
natural disasters. With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with
deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered constructions
which make the disaster-prone areas more vulnerable, tardy communication,
poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster prevention, developing countries
suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters. Asia tops the list of
casualties due to natural disasters.

7. MAN-MADE DISASTERS
Man-made disasters are the consequence of
technological or human hazards. Examples
include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial
accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation.
War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this
category. As with natural hazards, man-made hazards are
events that have not happened, for instance terrorism.
Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases
where man-made hazards have become reality in an
event.

9. AVALANCHES
During World War I, an estimated
40,000 to 80,000 soldiers died as a
result of avalanches during the
mountain campaign in the Alps at
the Austrian-Italian front, many of
which were caused by artillery fire.

11. EARTHQUAKES
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in
the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. At the Earth's surface,
earthquakes manifest themselves by vibration, shaking and sometimes
displacement of the ground. The vibrations may vary in magnitude.
Earthquakes are caused mostly by slippage within geological faults, but
also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts,
and nuclear tests. The underground point of origin of the earthquake is
called the focus. The point directly above the focus on the surface is called
the epicenter. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife. It is
usually the secondary events that they trigger, such as building collapse,
fires, tsunamis (seismic sea waves) and volcanoes, that are actually the
human disaster. Many of these could possibly be avoided by better
construction, safety systems, early warning and planning. Some of the
most significant earthquakes in recent times include: The 2004 Indian
Ocean earthquake, the third largest earthquake recorded in
history,registering a moment magnitude of 9.1-9.3. The
huge tsunamis triggered by this earthquake killed at least 229,000 people.

13. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami registered
a moment magnitude of 9.0. The death toll from the
earthquake and tsunami is over 13,000, and over 12,000
people are still missing.
The 8.8 magnitude February 27, 2010 Chile
earthquake and tsunami cost 525 lives.
The 7.9 magnitude May 12, 2008 Sichuan earthquake in
Sichuan Province, China. Death toll at over 61,150 as of
May 27, 2008.
The 7.7 magnitude July 2006 Java earthquake, which
also triggered tsunamis.
The 6.9 magnitude 2005 Azad Jammu & Kashmir and
KPK province Earthquake, which killed or injured above
75,000 people in Pakistan.

15. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Volcanoes can cause widespread destruction and consequent disaster in several ways. The
effects include the volcanic eruption itself that may cause harm following the explosion of
the volcano or the fall of rock. Second, lava may be produced during the eruption of a
volcano. As it leaves the volcano, the lava destroys many buildings and plants it
encounters. Third, volcanic ash generally meaning the cooled ash - may form a cloud, and
settle thickly in nearby locations. When mixed with water this forms a concrete-like material.
In sufficient quantity ash may cause roofs to collapse under its weight but even small
quantities will harm humans if inhaled. Since the ash has the consistency of ground glass it
causes abrasion damage to moving parts such as engines. The main killer of humans in the
immediate surroundings of a volcanic eruption is the pyroclastic flows, which consist of a
cloud of hot volcanic ash which builds up in the air above the volcano and rushes down the
slopes when the eruption no longer supports the lifting of the gases. It is believed
that Pompeii was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow. A lahar is a volcanic mudflow or
landslide. The 1953 Tangiwai disaster was caused by a lahar, as was the 1985 Armero
tragedy in which the town of Armero was buried and an estimated 23,000 people were killed
.
A specific type of volcano is the supervolcano. According to the Toba catastrophe
theory 75,000 to 80,000 years ago a super volcanic event at Lake Toba reduced the human
population to 10,000 or even 1,000 breeding pairs creating a bottleneck in human
evolution.[8] It also killed three quarters of all plant life in the northern hemisphere. The main
danger from a supervolcano is the immense cloud of ash which has a disastrous global
effect on climate and temperature for many years.

17. HYDROLOGICAL DISASTERS
It is a violent, sudden and
destructive change either in
quality of earth's water or in
distribution or movement of water
on land below the surface or in
atmosphere.

19. FLOODS
A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges
land. The EU Floods directive defines a flood as a temporary
covering by water of land not normally covered by water. In the
sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the
inflow of the tide. Flooding may result from the volume of water
within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows
or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water escapes
its usual boundaries.While the size of a lake or other body of
water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow
melt, it is not a significant flood unless the water covers land
used by man like a village, city or other inhabited area, roads,
expanses of farmland, etc.

21. Some of the most notable floods include:
The Johnstown Flood of 1889 where over 2200 people lost their lives when
the South Fork Dam holding back Lake Conemaugh broke.
The Huang He (Yellow River) in China floods particularly often. The Great
Flood of 1931 caused between 800,000 and 4,000,000 deaths.
The Great Flood of 1993 was one of the most costly floods in United States
history.
The North Sea flood of 1953 which killed 2251 people in the Netherlands and
eastern England
The 1998 Yangtze River Floods, in China, left 14 million people homeless.
The 2000 Mozambique flood covered much of the country for three weeks,
resulting in thousands of deaths, and leaving the country devastated for years
afterward.
The 2005 Mumbai floods which killed 1094 people.
The 2010 Pakistan floods, damaged crops and infrastructure, claiming many
lives.
Tropical cyclones can result in extensive flooding and storm surge, as
happened with:
Bhola Cyclone, which struck East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1970,
Typhoon Nina, which struck China in 1975,
Hurricane Katrina, which struck New Orleans, Louisiana in 2005, and
Cyclone Yasi, which struck Australia in 2011

22. LIMNIC ERUPTIONS
A limnic eruption occurs when a gas, usually CO2, suddenly erupts
from deep lake water, posing the threat of suffocating wildlife,
livestock and humans. Such an eruption may also cause tsunamis in
the lake as the rising gas displaces water. Scientists
believe landslides, volcanic activity, or explosions can trigger such an
eruption. To date, only two limnic eruptions have been observed and
recorded:
In 1984, in Cameroon, a limnic eruption in Lake Monoun caused the
deaths of 37 nearby residents.
At nearby Lake Nyos in 1986 a much larger eruption killed between
1,700 and 1,800 people by asphyxiation.

24. TSUNAMI
Tsunamis can be caused by undersea earthquakes as
the one caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake,
or by landslides such as the one which occurred at
Lituya Bay, Alaska.
The 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake created the Boxing
Day Tsunami.
On March 11, 2011, a tsunami occurred near
Fukushima, Japan and spread through the Pacific.

26. DROUGHTS
Drought is unusual dryness of soil, resulting in crop failure and shortage of water for other uses,
caused by significantly lower rainfall than average over a prolonged period. Hot dry winds, high
temperatures and consequent evaporation of moisture from the ground can contribute to conditions of
drought.
Well-known historical droughts include:
1900 India killing between 250,000 to 3.25 million.
1921-22 Soviet Union in which over 5 million perished from starvation due to drought
1928-30 Northwest China resulting in over 3 million deaths by famine.
1936 and 1941 Sichuan Province China resulting in 5 million and 2.5 million deaths respectively.
In 2006, states of Australia including South Australia, Western Australia, New South Wales, Northern
Territory and Queensland had been under drought conditions for five to ten years. The drought is
beginning to affect urban area populations for the first time. With the majority of the country under
water restrictions.
In 2006, Sichuan Province China experienced its worst drought in modern times with nearly 8 million
people and over 7 million cattle facing water shortages.
12-year drought that was devastating southwest Western Australia, southeast South Australia, Victoria
and northern Tasmania was "very severe and without historical precedent".
In 2011, the State of Texas lived under a drought emergency declaration for the entire calendar year. The
drought caused the Bastrop fires.

28. TORNADOS
A tornado is a violent, dangerous, rotating column of air that is in contact with both
the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of
a cumulus cloud. It is also referred to as a twister or a cyclone,[12]although the
word cyclone is used in meteorology in a wider sense, to refer to any closed low
pressure circulation. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but are typically in
the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and
is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust. Most tornadoes have wind speeds
less than 110 miles per hour (177 km/h), are approximately 250 feet (80 m) across,
and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating. The most
extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch
more than two miles (3 km) across, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles
(perhaps more than 100 km).[13][14][15]
Well-known historical tornadoes include:
The Tri-State Tornado of 1925, which killed over 600 people in the United States;
The Daulatpur-Saturia Tornado of 1989, which killed roughly 1,300 people in
Bangladesh.

30. The end