paper presented to STACLIM 2016 conference at Sabah, Malaysia

1. Application of time domain electromagnetic and magnetic
gradiometer techniques to delineate water leakage site along
buried iron pipe at Sungai Klah, Perak, Malaysia
Amin E. Khalil1,2, Mohd Nawawi1, Karl Wagner3, Hassan Baioumy4, John S. Kayode1, Kehinde Ishola5, Abdullahi Abdul
Rahman1 and Mohd Hariri Aiffin1
1 Geophysics Group, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Penang, 11800.
2 Geology Dept., Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt, 11795
3 UniKL, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
4 Dept. of Geoscience, Universiti Technologi Petronas, Malaysia.
5 The university of Lagos, Department of Geosciences, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

2. Water is life. Wise control of water distribution through
pipes for urban and industrial purposes is vital. At the
study area, water consumption as deduced from water
bills is not realistic based on the predicted figure of water
consumption. The problem encountered is not only the
money wasted, but also the loss of vast amount of water
as well.
Water leakage
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

3. 1-Locate the water leakage site of the distribution pipes at the site
of interest.
2- Demonstrate the potential of using integral geophysical tools to
solve similar Problems.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

4. PETALING JAYA • Malaysians in several states are being hit by
water rationing as a prolonged dry spell shows no signs of
abating, with dams and lakes around the country drying up.
(http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysian-states-ration-
water-as-dry-spell-persists)
Malaysia has abundant water resources and adequate rainfall and
yet the nation has water shortages and water quality problem.
(Aini et al, 2009)‫ز‬ Photo from Free Malaysia Today
http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/categ
ory/opinion/2016/02/16/water-scarcity-
getting-serious/
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

5. STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

6. Site of detailed
surveying
Pipes of different diameter
extended to several hundred
meters length.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

7. Geophysical Methods are proven successful to solve such problems
because of its relative low cost and non-invasive nature. Number of Method
are used, however, In the present work focus is shed to:
1- Vertical Magnetic Gradiometer, and
2- Transient Electromagnetic Method TDEM.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

8. Magnetic Gradiometer, is a technique that
is characterized by simple field operations
(No need for Base Station) and its ability
to enhance the anomaly of near surface
magnetic structures.
The method is effective in mapping buried
pipes made from Iron.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

9. Measurements were carried out for all the pipe locations.
However, detailed survey analysis were carried at certain
Locality after analysis of the preliminary data.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

10. Result of Detailed
Survey
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

11. A method that is dependent on the
magnetic induction phenomena.
Conductive layers will allow show higher
variable intensity eddy current which
result in higher secondary magnetic field.
The secondary field will produce higher
voltage at the receiver loop.
Transmitter Cycle
Recorded voltage at the
receiver
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

12. Instrument
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

13. Tdem Field
Layout
Single loop layout with
side length of 10m is
adopted for the present
survey.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

14. Relatively
Deep
conductive
anomaly.
Possible not
related to
water leakage.
Possible location
of water leakage
TDEM
Result
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

15. Depth slice showing relatively deep
conductive anomaly, possibly not
related to water leakage at the site
Tdem
Results
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

16. Conclusions
 Water leakage from distribution is a serious threat to
drinking water resources wise control.
 Geophysical methods can be used successfully to locate
leakage positions.
 Vertical Magnetic Gradiometer is capable of mapping both
the distribution pipes made from Iron and leakage sites.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

17. Conclusions
 TDEM method can be used efficiently to determine
leakage sites.
 Tdem result delineate relatively deep anomaly that
could be related to geothermal reservoir.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

18. STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia