3. Dr. Syed Amin Tabish,
FRCP, FACP, FAMS, MD (AIIMS)

4. Equipment Planning
 When and why to buy what from
whom for how much!
 Avoid: buying what you don’t need
for a high price and at the wrong
time
 Buying the right equipment, for the
lowest price, for the right reasons
and at the right time.

5. ME Technology
 Technology to improve clinical outcomes,
reduce costs, and improve quality of life
for patients
 Major asset of the health care industry:
 Year 2001, total medical devices sales
volume ≈ THB 15 Billion
 “Health care compression”
 Increasingly important to manage
medical equipment to contain costs and
improve quality and performance

6. Why Plan?
 A significant portion of equipment
(i.e. 25%-50%) that exists in
developing countries cannot be
used
 Main causes:
 Lack of funds
 Improper management
 “Preventative Medicine” approach

7. ME Planning Cycle
1. Planning- What? When?
2. Assessment- Why? Who?
3. Acquisition- How? Cost?
4. Disposition- What? When?

8. Equipment Life Cycle
 Installation
 Acceptance testing and
approval
 Clinical Use
 Planned Maintenance and
Unplanned Maintenance
(Corrective)
 Decommissioning/Disposition

9. Equipment Planning Cycle

10. Equipment Planning
 What? When?
 Systematic approach to determine
the hospital’s equipment needs
 Need a complete, accurate and upto-date medical equipment
inventory




Purchase Cost
Purchase Date
Equipment Type
Department Name

11. Medical Equipment Inventory
•Prioritizing equipment needs and
determining equipment replacement;
•Identifying how and when maintenance
is to be conducted and how much this
costs;
•Utilization records;
•Maintenance and repair records;
•Acceptance testing;
•Ease in locating medical equipment;
•Minimizing safety risks

12. Planning Considerations
i. Clinical Effectiveness
ii. Cost of Ownership
iii. Strategic medical
technology direction
iv. Client and Medical Staff
Perception

13. Clinical Effectiveness
 Availability (MTBF) – how often it breaks
 Downtime duration
 Age - over 7 years very difficult to get
parts from anywhere – thus may result in
longer downtimes
 Accuracy/Effectiveness of diagnosis and
treatment
 Speed of procedure
 Spare critical equipment for emergency
use

14. Cost of Ownership
 Consumables consumption
(cost, volume and usage
frequency)
 Speed (faster studies = more
patient throughput)
 Medical Expenditure Limit- Cost
of Maintenance and Repair
versus Replace
 2nd hand resale value/trade in
price

15. Strategic Med Tech
Direction standardization- bundled
 Equipment
consumables/service contracts/ ease
of user training, etc
 Technology lifecycle of the equipment
 Latest medical technology- marketing
value
 Connectivity- internally and
externally
 Mobility and portability- multilocation

16. Patient and Medical
Staff Perception
Age
Appearance
Technical look/feel

17. Advantages of Planning
 Facilitates introduction of
new technology
 Standardization of
equipment
 Coordinated purchasing
approach
 Multiple site/facility service
contract agreements

18. Equipment Assessment
 Why? Who?
 Collecting data for assessment
Lifecycle cost analysis
Historical utilization and consumption data
Installation and construction needs
Manufacturers profile/background
On-site demonstration, clinical trials and bench
tests
 Upgrading current technology-“forklift” upgrade
 Alternative technologies





 Involve All key stakeholders
 Well documented, transparent and
accountable

20. Advantages of Assessment
 Select the correct equipment
to purchase
 All the hospital’s requirements
will be met
 Quicken the assessment
process for the same
equipment type

21. Equipment Acquisition
 How? Cost?
 Manage the acquisition
process
 Investigate best acquisition
option
 Refining quotations from
equipment suppliers
 Negotiating with suppliers

22. Acquisition Options
 Purchase Outright
 Operating Lease
 Finance Lease
 Vendor financing
 Rental (pay per use)
 Revenue sharing
 Group Purchase

23. Group Purchasing
 Central body that manages the purchasing
process for it’s members
 Scope: medical consumables and medical
supplies, pharmaceuticals, and medical
equipment
 HIGPA reported “Health care providers report
they save between 10-15 % by channeling
purchases through GPOs, totaling USD19-33.7
billion in savings for 2002”
 10% savings on purchasing in Thailand will
result in a savings of ≈ THB 1.5 billion per year

24. Equipment Disposition
 Final step, but also the 1st step-
medical equipment planning &
lifecycle
 Identification of equipment that can
no longer serve its primary purpose
 Assessment of a secondary and/or
tertiary purpose within the hospital
 Balance of the need for NEW versus
USED

25. Disposition Options
 Relocation
 Trade-In
 Sell
 Donate
 Dispose/Scrap

26. Advantages of Managing
Disposition
 Ensure complete and
effective use of equipment
 Asset is formally removed
from the accounting
records by Finance and
Accounting

27. Example of an Annual
Medical Equipment
Planning Process

28. Med Equip Planning
1. Initial audit
Process of existing medical
equipment in the hospital [January –
February]
2. Conduct a medical technology
assessment for new and emerging
technologies to fit with current or
desired clinical services [March-April]
3. Planning for replacement and selection
of new technologies [May-June]

29. Med Equip Planning Process
4. Prioritizing for technology
acquisition [July – August]
5. Provide input to the capital
budgeting process [SeptemberOctober]
6. Implement equipment acquisition
and monitor ongoing utilization
[on-going]
7. Dispose of equipment [on-going]

30. Example Short Term
Project
 Profile all medical equipment in
the hospital with a purchase
cost above B500,000
 Analyze utilization, technology
trends, hospital’s strategic and
clinical directions
 Project their replacement costs
into a 5-year capital
expenditure plan

31. Take Away Message
 Medical equipment inventory
 Complete
 Accurate
 Up-to-date
 Set-up a Medical Technology
Advisory Committee
 Develop medical technology
strategic direction

32. Message (contd)
 Develop in-house medical
equipment planning,
assessment, acquisition and
disposition policies and
procedures
 Develop a 5-year major medical
equipment capital budget

33. Key Points
 Bio Medical Equipment and its
increasing use on a daily basis has
played a key role in the advances that
have taken place in Medicine in recent
years. We need to remind ourselves
that widespread placement and use of
Electro Medical equipment that we
now take for granted is a relatively
recent phenomenon.

34. Key Points
 It is not that long ago that Medical
Equipment was only seen in very
small clusters and even then only in
high acuity areas such as ICU, CCU,
Theatre, etc. In the modern
hospital every department now has
a compliment of sophisticated
Medical Devices.

35. Key Points
 Effective placement and safe use of
Medical Equipment does improve patient
care and enhance workflows, and
certainly improves efficiencies. There are
challenges though and these include
effective Care and Maintenance of
Equipment, User Training on an on-going
basis to ensure effective and safe use of
the equipment and your role in the
unlikely event that something unforeseen
happens that could or did contribute to a
patient injury.

36. Key Points
 Medical equipment,
fittings and fixtures
layout follows the work
flow and must separate
the “dirty” and “clean”
zones.

37. Key Points
 Height of hospital equipment,
shelving and layout should allow
easy access to hospital staff of
an average height. The same
goes for all diagnostic units,
which should be suitably
adjustable to cater to all
heights/sizes of patients

38. Key Points
 While a great majority of medical equipment
is easy to relocate through attached wheels,
this is not the same for larger medical
equipment units such as MRI’s, and CT
scanners parts of which are bolted to the floor
or wall. Access and egress are both important.
So thought needs to be given not just to
facilitate the initial arrival and installation of
these large/oversize medical units before the
last wall is built, but also how to remove the
equipment when it needs servicing or
decommissioning and replacement.

39. Key Points
 It pays to consider if these big units
can be dismantled into smaller
modules and whether the equipment
can pass through the corridor corners?
Are any trolley options available? Is
the door large enough to
accommodate easy passage of these
units? Does it need to go in a lift? If
yes, are the service lifts large enough
to cater to the size and weight?

40. Key Points
 Over and above the size/movement
aspects of large hospital equipment,
building structure is another aspect to
consider well before the construction
starts. The hospital X-ray unit, for
example needs steel in the ceilings to
provide the ceiling tracks on which the
X-Ray head is mounted. Slab deflection
and vibration requirements should be
established with the equipment
providers.

41. Key Points
 Continuing with the example of the X-Ray,
the X-Ray table, the head on the gantry, the
wall mounted bucky, the control console and
the generator all need services and floor
trunking dimensions and locations should be
provided to the structural engineers to plan
that before the concrete is poured. Otherwise
cutting out the trunking will be an expensive
and time consuming job.

42. Key Points
 Special hospital equipment also
gets installed in stages, such as the
theatre pendant and lights; the
suppliers normally issue the steel
plate at the construction stage
which should be bolted to the
concrete ceiling. The rest of the
services and pendant is built just
before the false ceiling goes up.

43. Key Points
 Most advanced lasers and
radiation equipment require
interlocking doors as a safety
measure, which is automatically
turned on before switching on
the said units, in addition to the
warning lights outside the room

44. the medical equipment
professional's functions









Equipment Control & Asset Management
Equipment Inventories
Work Order Management
Data Quality Management
Personnel Management
Quality Assurance
Patient Safety
Risk Management
Hospital Safety Programs

45. Functions (contd)
Radiation Safety
Medical Gas Systems
In-Service Education & Training
Accident Investigation
Safe Medical Devices Act (SMDA) of
1990
 Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act (HIPAA)
 Careers in Facilities Management
 Service Contracts






46. Equipment Control & Asset
Management
 Every medical treatment facility should
have policies and processes on
equipment control & asset
management. Equipment control and
asset management involves the
management of medical devices within
a facility and may be supported by
automated information systems

47. Control (contd)
 Equipment control begins with the receipt of
a newly-acquired equipment item and
continues through the item's entire life-cycle.
Newly-acquired devices should be inspected
by in-house or contracted biomedical
equipment technicians (BMETs), who will
establish an equipment control / asset
number against which maintenance actions
are recorded.
 Once a number is established, the device is
safety inspected and readied for delivery to
clinical and treatment areas in the facility.

48. Work Order Management
 Work order management involves
systematic, measurable, and traceable
methods to all acceptance/initial
inspections, preventive maintenance,
and calibrations, or repairs by generating
scheduled and unscheduled work orders
 Work order management includes all
safety, preventive, calibration, test, and
repair services performed on all such
medical devices

49. Data Required
 Accurate, comprehensive data is needed
in any automated medical equipment
management system.
 The data needed to establish basic,
accurate, maintainable automated records
for medical equipment management
includes: nomenclature, manufacturer,
nameplate model, serial number,
acquisition cost, condition code, and
maintenance assessment.

50. Data Required
 Other useful data could include:
warranty, location, other
contractor agencies, scheduled
maintenance due dates, and
intervals. These fields are vital to
ensure appropriate maintenance is
performed, equipment is
accounted for, and devices are safe
for use in patient care.

51. Data Required
 Nomenclature: It defines what the device is,
how, and the type of maintenance is to be
performed. Common nomenclature systems
are taken directly from the Emergency Care
Research Institute (ECRI) Universal Medical
Device Nomenclature System.
 Manufacturer: This is the name of the
company that received approval from the
FDA to sell the device, also known as the
Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)

52. Data Required
 Nameplate model: The model number
is typically located on the front/behind
of the equipment or on the cover of the
service manual and is provided by the
OEM. E.g. Medtronic PhysioControl’s
Lifepak 10 Defibrillator can actually be
anyone of the following correct model
numbers listed: 10-41, 10-43, 10 -47, 1051, and 10-57.

53. Data Required
 Serial number: This is usually found on the
data plate as well, is a serialized number
(could contain alpha characters) provided by
the manufacturer. This number is crucial to
device alerts and recalls.
 Acquisition cost: The total purchased price
for an individual item or system. This cost
should include installation, shipping, and
other associated costs. These numbers are
crucial for budgeting, maintenance
expenditures, and depreciation reporting.

54. Data Required
 Condition code: This code is mainly used
when an item is turned in and should be
changed when there are major changes to
the device that could effect whether or not
an item should be salvaged, destroyed, or
used by another Medical Treatment Facility.
 Maintenance assessment: This assessment
must be validated every time a BMET
performs any kind of maintenance on Equip

55. Quality Assurance
 Quality Assurance is a way of
identifying an item of supply or
equipment as being defective. A
good quality control/engineering
program improves quality of
work and lessens the risk of
staff/patient injuries/death.

56. Patient safety
 Safety of our
patients/staff is
paramount to the
success of the
organizations mission.

57. Risk Management
 Avoid the likelihood of equipment related risks,
minimize liability of mishaps and incidents, and
stay compliant with regulatory reporting
requirements.
 The best practice is to using a rating system for
every equipment type. For example, a risk-rating
system might rate defibrillators as considered
high risk, general-purpose infusion pumps as
medium risk, electronic thermometers as low
risk, and otoscopes as no significant risk. This
system could be setup using Microsoft Excel or
Access program for a managers or technicians
quick reference.

58. Risk Management (contd)
 User error, equipment abuse, no
problem/fault found occurrences
must be tracked to assist risk
management personnel in
determining whether additional
clinical staff training must be
performed.

59. Hospital safety Program
 Safety includes a range of hazards
including mishaps, injuries on the job, and
patient care hazards.
 The most common safety mishaps are
"needle-sticks" (staff accidentally stick
themselves with a needle) or patient
injury during care.
 Ensure all staff and patients are safe
within the facility.
 It’s everyone’s responsibility!

60. FUNDAMENTALS
 Medical equipment is subject to
damage and wear.
 Regular maintenance and
evaluation are necessary to assure
that equipment delivers the
expected performance within
specified parameters.

61. Equipment Maintenance
 Preventive Maintenance (PM) – Medical
equipment is subject to effective periodic
maintenance
 Service Contracts/Warranty – Manufacturers or a
third party may cover specific ME under contract.
This equipment is repaired and maintained by the
 outside source. Upon receipt of their
documentation, hospital reviews it and, if
acceptable, enters it into the equipment
management program history

62. Maintenance
 Repairs - Clinical Engineering
staff perform in-house repairs .
 Manufacturers and other
outside vendors conduct
repairs of specific contracted
devices

63. Scheduled Maintenance
 Hospital defines intervals for inspecting, testing,
and maintaining appropriate equipment on the
inventory (that is, those pieces of equipment on
the inventory benefiting from scheduled
activities to minimize the clinical and physical
risks) that are based upon criteria such as
manufacturers’ recommendations, risk levels,
and current hospital
experience.
 All equipment included in the program is
inspected and tested prior to its initial use and at
set intervals, commonly referred to as preventive
maintenance