amit report air car

1
Introduction
We know that our world is facing fuel crisis now. All kinds of
conventional source of fuels are on the verge of exhaustion. Gasoline
which has been the main source of fuel for the history of cars, is
becoming more and more expensive. These factors are leading car
manufacturers to develop cars fueled by alternative energies. An Air
Car is a car that can run on compressed air alone without the use of
conventional fuels used in present day automobiles. The car is
powered by an air engine. The air engine is an emission-free piston
engine using compressed air. The engines are similar to steam engines
as they use the expansion of externally supplied pressurized gas to
perform work against a piston.
For practical application to transportation, several technical
problems must be first addressed:
 As the pressurized air expands, it is cooled, which limits the
efficiency. This cooling reduces the amount of energy that can
be recovered by expansion, so practical engines apply ambient
heat to increase the expansion available.
 Conversely, the compression of the air by pumps (to pressurize
the tanks) will heat the air. If this heat is not recovered it
represents a further loss of energy and so reduces efficiency.
 Storage of air at high pressure requires strong containers, which
if not made of exotic materials will be heavy, reducing vehicle
efficiency, while exotic materials (such as carbon fibre
composites) tend to be expensive.
 Energy recovery in a vehicle during braking by compressing air
also generates heat, which must be conserved for efficiency.

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It should be noted that the air engine is not truly emission-free, since
the power to compress the air initially usually involves emissions at
the point of generation.
History:
Compressed air has been used since the 19th century to power mine
locomotives, and was previously the basis of naval torpedo
propulsion. Yet even two centuries before that Dennis Papin
apparently came up with the idea of using compressed air (1687).
In 1903, the Liquid Air Company located in London England
manufactured a number of compressed air and liquefied air cars. The
major problem with these cars and all compressed air cars is the lack
of torque produced by the "engines" and the cost of compressing the
air.
Recently several companies have started to develop compressed air
cars, although none have been released to the public, or have been
tested by third parties.
It cannot be claimed that compressed air as an energy and
locomotion vector is precisely recent technology. In fact at the end of
the 19th century the first approximations to what could one day
become a compressed air driven vehicle already existed, through the
arrival of the first pneumatic locomotives.
The first recorded compressed-air vehicle in France was built by the
Frenchmen Andraud and Tessie of Motay in 1838. A car ran on a test
track at Chaillot on the 9th July 1840, and worked well, but the idea
was not pursued further.
Also in 1896, Porter supplied ten compressed air motor cars for the
Eckington System in Washington, D.C. There was a tank on the front
of the engine and it was recharged at the station.

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Between 1890 and 1902 ten compressed air trams circulated in Bern,
Switzerland.
Charles B. Hodges will always be remembered as the true father of
the compressed air concept applied to cars, being the first person,
not only to invent a car driven by a compressed air engine but also to
have considerable commercial success with it.
After years of working on a system for driving an automobile by
means of compressed air Louis C. Kiser, a 77 year old from Decatur
USA has succeeded in converting his gasoline engine into an air
compressed system. Kiser removed the entire gasoline line, the
cylinder head, water-cooling system, and self-starter. A special
cylinder head is substituted and a compressed-air tank added in
place of the gasoline tank.
In 1926 Lee Barton Williams of Pittsburgh USA presented his
invention: an automobile which, he claims runs on air. The motor
starts on gasoline, but after it has reached a speed of ten miles an
hour the gasoline supply is shut off and the air starts to work. At the
first test his invention attained a speed of 62 miles an hour.
The first hybrid diesel and compressed air locomotive appeared in
1930, in Germany. The pressures brought to bear by the oil industry
in the transport sector were ever greater and the truth of the matter
is that they managed to block investigation in this field.

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In 1976 Ray Starbard from Vacaville, California developed a truck
that is able to drive on compressed air. He felt that he had invented
the power system of the future, a system that would greatly change
the automotive face of the world. ´It’s the car of the future, there’s
absolutely no doubt in my mind´
In 1979, Terry Miller decided that compressed air was the perfect
medium for storing energy. He developed Air Car One, which he built
for $ 1,500. Terry’s engines showed that it was feasible to
manufacture a car that could run on compressed air. He patented his
method in 1983.
Currently the tram association in Bern Switzerland (BTG) is
developing a locomotive according to the original plans. It is
expected to be ready in 2010.
At present various persons and companies are developing
compressed air motors applicable to transportation, apart from the
many companies that produce and commercialize compressed air
motors for industrial purposes.
Engine design:
It uses the expansion of compressed air to drive the pistons in a
modified piston engine. Efficiency of operation is gained through the
use of environmental heat at normal temperature to warm the
otherwise cold expanded air from the storage tank. This non-adiabatic
expansion has the potential to greatly increase the efficiency of the
machine. The only exhaust gas is cold air (−15 °C), which may also be
used for air conditioning in a car. The source for air is a pressurized
glass or carbon-fiber tank holding air at around 3,000 lbf/in² (20 MPa).
Air is delivered to the engine via a rather conventional injection
system. Unique crank design within the engine increases the time

5
during which the air charge is warmed from ambient sources and a
two stage process allows improved heat transfer rates.
The Armando Regusci's version of the air engine has several
advantages over the original Guy Nègre's one. In the initial Guy
Nègre's air engine, one piston compresses air from the atmosphere,
holding it on a small container that feeds the high pressure air tanks
with a small amount of air. Then that portion of the air is sent to the
second piston where it works. During compression for heating it up,
there is a loss of energy due to the fact that it cannot receive energy
from the atmosphere as the atmosphere is less warm than it. Also, it
has to expand as it has the crank. The Guy Nègre's air engine works
with constant torque, and the only way to change the torque to the
wheels is to use a pulley transmission of constant variation, losing
efficiency. In the Regusci's version, the transmission system is direct
to the wheel, and has variable torque from zero to the maximum with
all the efficiency. When vehicle is stopped, Guy Nègre's engine has to
be on and working, losing energy, while the Regusci's version has not.
In July 2004,Guy Nègre abandoned his original design, and showed
later a new design where he stated to have it invented back in year
2001, but his new design is identical to the Armando Regusci's air
engine which was patented back in 1989 (Uruguay) with the patent
number 22976, and back in 1990 (Argentina). In those same patents,
it is mentioned the use of electrical motors to compress air in the
tanks.
Working:
Air powered cars run on compressed air instead of gasoline. Since the
car is working on air there is no pollution. A two cylinder, compressed
air engine, powers the car. The engine can run either on compressed
air alone or act as an internal combustion engine. Compressed air is

6
stored in fiber or glass fiber tanks at a pressure of 4351 pounds per
square inch. The air is fed through an air injector to the engine and
flows into a small chamber, which expands the air. The air pushing
down on the piston moves the crankshaft, which gives the vehicle
power.
This car is also working on a hybrid version of their engine that can run
on traditional fuel in combination with air. The change of energy source
is controlled electronically. When the car is moving at speeds below
60kph, it runs on air. At higher speeds, it runs on a fuel such as gasoline
diesel or natural gas.
Process:-
1. The first piston takes in ambient air and compresses it to
approximately 300 psi and in the compression chamber during the
first cycle of the engine.

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2. When the piston pause, a small amount of compressed air from
the tanks is released into the expansion chamber to create a low
pressured, low temperature volume of about 140psi.
3. Shortly before the valve to the exhaust cylinder is opened, a
high-speed shutter connects the compression and expansion
chambers. The sudden pressure and temperature difference
between the low chambers creates pressure waves in the
expansion chamber, thereby producing work in the exhaust
chamber that drives the piston to power the engine.
The air tanks for storing the compressed air are localized
underneath the vehicle. They are constructed of reinforced carbon
fiber with a thermoplastic liner. Each tank can hold 3,180 ft3
of air at
a pressure of up to 4,300 psi. When connected to a special
compressor station, the tanks can be recharged within 3-4 minutes.
They can also be recharged using the on-board compressor 3-4 hours
after connecting to a standard power outlet.
Basic principle of cat engine:
It uses an innovative system to control the movement of the 2nd
generation pistons and one single crankshaft. The pistons work in
two stages - one motor stage and one intermediate stage of
compression/expansion. The engine has 4 two-stage pistons, i.e.
8compression and/or expansion chambers. They have two functions:
to compress ambient air and refill the storage tanks; and to make
successive expansions (reheating air with ambient thermal energy)

8
there by approaching isothermal expansion. Figure 3 shows the
compressed air engine.
Two technologies have been developed to meet different needs:
: - Single energy compressed air engines; and
: - Dual energy compressed air plus fuel engines.
The single energy engines will be available in both Minicats and City
cats. These engines have been conceived for city use, where the
maximum speed is 50 km/h and where MDI believes polluting will
soon be prohibited.
The dual energy engine, on the other hand, has been conceived as
much for the city as the open road and will be available in all MDI
vehicles. The engines will work exclusively with compressed air while
it is running under 50 km/h in urban areas. But when the car is used
outside urban areas at speeds over 50km/h, the engines will switch
to fuel mode. The engine will be able to use gasoline, gas oil, bio-
diesel, gas, liquidized gas, ecological fuel, alcohol, etc. Both engines
will be available with2, 4 and 6 cylinders, when the air tanks are
empty the driver will be able to switch to fuel mode, thanks to the
car’s on board computer.
Vehicle parts:
Articulated con-rod
The MDI con-rod system allows the piston to be held at Top Dead
Centre for 70% of the cycle. This way, enough time is given to create
the pressure in the cylinder. The torque is also better so the force
exerted on the crankshaft is less substantial than in a classic system.

9
Fig 6. Articulated con-rod
Gear box
Gear changes are automatic, powered by an electronic system
developed by MDI. A computer which controls the speed of the car is
effectively continuously changing gears. The latest of many previous
versions, this gearbox achieves the objective of seamless changes
and minimal energy consumption.
Moto-alternator
The moto-alternator connects the engine to the gearbox. It has many
functions:
 It supports the CAT´s motor to allow the tanks to be refilled.
 As an alternator it produces brake power.
 It starts the vehicle and provides extra power when necessary.
Distribution and valves
To ensure smooth running and to optimize energy efficiency, the
engines use a simple electromagnetic distribution system which
controls the flow of air into the engine. This system runs on very little
energy and alters neither the valve phase nor its rise.

10
Fig 7. Distribution valve
Compressed air tanks
Compressed air tanks are one of the major part of this cars. These
tanks hold 90 cubic meters of air compressed to 300 bars. It is similar
to the tanks used to carry the liquid gas used by buses for public
transport. The tanks enjoy the same technology developed to
contain natural gas. They are designed and officially approved to
carry an explosive product: methane gas.
In the case of a major accident, where the tanks are ruptured,
they would not explode since they are not metal. Instead they would
crack, as they are made of carbon fiber. An elongated crack would
appear in the tank, without exploding, and the air would simply
escape, producing a loud but harmless noise. Of course, since this
technology is licensed to transport an inflammable and explosive gas
(Natural gas), it is perfectly capable inoffensive and non-flammable
air.

11
It is fitting, therefore, that MDI has reached an agreement with the
European leader in aerospace technology air bus industries for the
manufacture of the compressed air storage tanks. With a remote
supervision arrangement, Airbus Industries oversees the making of
the storage tanks at each MDI factory. The coiled carbon fibre
technology used in the construction of the tanks is complex and
requires a substantial quality control process which the multinational
company, home of the Airbus aircraft, will provide for our vehicles.
Brake power recovery
The MDI vehicles will be equipped with a range of modern
systems. For example, one mechanism stops the engine when the car
is stationary (at traffic lights, junctions etc). Another interesting
feature is the pneumatic system which recovers about 13% of the
power used.
The body
The MDI car body is built with fibre and injected foam, as are
most of the cars on the market today. This technology has two main
advantages: cost and weight. Nowadays the use of sheet steel for car
bodies is only because of cost - it is cheaper to serially produce sheet
steel bodies than fibre ones. However, fibre is safer (it doesn’t cut like
steel), is easier to repair (it is glued), doesn’t rust etc. MDI is currently

12
looking into using hemp fibre to replace fibre-glass, and natural
varnishes, to produce 100% non-contaminating bodywork.
The Air Filter
The MDI engine works with both air taken from the atmosphere
and air pre-compressed in tanks. Air is compressed by the on-board
compressor or at service stations equipped with a high-pressure
compressor. Before compression, the air must be filtered to get rid of
any impurities that could damage the engine. Carbon filters are used
to eliminate dirt, dust, humidity and other particles, which
unfortunately, are found in the air in our cities.
This represents a true revolution in automobiles - it is the first
time that a car has produced minus pollution, i.e. it eliminates and
reduces existing pollution rather than emitting dirt and harmful gases.
The exhaust pipe on the MDI cars produces clean air, which is cold on

13
exit (between -15º and 0º) and is harmless to human life. With this
system the air that comes out of the car is cleaner than the air that
went in.
The chassis
Based on its experience in aeronautics, MDI has put together highly
resistant, yet light, chassis, aluminium rods glued together. Using
rods enables us to build a more shock-resistant chassis than regular
chasses. Additionally, the rods are glued in the same way as aircraft,
allowing quick assembly and a more secure join than with welding.
This system helps to reduce manufacture time.

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Electrical system
Guy Nègre, inventor of the MDI Air Car, acquired the patent for
an interesting invention for installing electrics in a vehicle. Using a
radio transmission system, each electrical component receives signals
with a microcontroller. Thus only one cable is needed for the whole
car. So, instead of wiring each component (headlights, dashboard
lights, lights inside the car, etc), one cable connects all electrical parts
in the car. The most obvious advantages are the ease of installation
and repair and the removal of the approximately 22 kg of wires no
longer necessary. What’s more, the entire system becomes an anti-
theft alarm as soon as the key is removed from the car.
Refilling of air
Three modes of fuelling tank:
 Air Stations
 Domestic electric plug
 Dual-energy mode
1. The air can be filled at our home by using Air Compressor, but it
requires 3 to 4 hrs.
2. And the air can be filled in Air Stations and it requires just 2 to 3
minutes.

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Models:
a) Family
A spacious car with seats which can face different directions. The
vehicle´s design is based on the needs of a typical family.
Characteristics: Airbag, air conditioning, 6 seats.
Dimensions: 3.84m, 1.72m, 1.75m
Weight: 750 kg
Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Mileage: 200 - 300 km
Max load: 500 Kg
Recharge
time:
4 hours (Mains connector)
Recharge
time:
3 minutes (Air station)
b) Van
Designed for daily use in industrial, urban or rural environments,
whose primary drivers would be tradesmen, farmers and delivery
drivers.

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Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, ABS, 2 seats, 1.5 m3.
Weight: 750 kg
Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Maximum
load:
500 Kg
Recharging
time:
Recharging
time:
c) Taxi
Inspired by the London Taxi, with numerous ergonomic and comfort
advantages for the passenger as well as for the driver.

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Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, 6 seats.
Weight: 750 kg
Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Maximum
load:
500 Kg
Recharging
time:
Recharging
time:
d) Pick-Up
The "pleasure" car: designed for excursions, outdoor sports or water
sports. Also suitable for tradesmen and small businesses.
Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, 2 seats.

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Weight: 750 kg
Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Maximum
load:
500 Kg
Recharging
time:
Recharging
time:
e) Mini Cat’s
The smallest and most innovative: three seats, minimal dimensions
with the boot of a saloon: a great challenge for such a small car which
runs on compressed air. The Minicat is the city car of the future.
Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, ABS, 3 seats, 1.5 m3.
Weight: 750 kg

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Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Maximum
load:
270 Kg
Recharging
time:
Recharging
time:
Developers& manufacturers:
Various companies are investing in the research, development and
deployment of compressed air cars. Overoptimistic reports of
impending production date back to at least May 1999. For instance,
the MDI Air Car made its public debut in South Africa in 2002, and
was predicted to be in production “within six months” in
January2004. As of January 2009, the Air Car never went into
production in South Africa. Most of the cars under development also
rely on using similar technology to low-energy vehicles in order to
increase the range and performance of their cars.
APUC-: APUC (Association de Promotion des Usages de la Quasi
turbine) has made the APUC Air Car, a car powered by a
Quasiturbine.
MDI-: MDI (Motor Development International) has proposed a
range of vehicles made up of Air Pod, OneFlowAir, CityFlowAir. One
of the main innovations of this company is its implementation of its
“active chamber”, which is a compartment which heats the air
(through the use of fuel) in order to double the energy output. This
‘innovation’ was first used in torpedoes in 1904.

20
Tata Motors-: As of January 2009 Tata Motors of India had
planned to launch a car with an MDI compressed air engine in 2011.
In December 2009 Tata’s vice president of engineering systems
confirmed that the limited range and low engine temperatures were
causing problems. Tata motors announced in May 2012 that they
have assessed the design passing phase 1, the “proof of the technical
concept” towards full production for the Indian Market. Tata has
moved onto phase 2, “completing detailed development of the
compressed air engine into specific vehicle and stationary
applications.”
Air Car Factories SA-: Air Car Factories SA is proposing to develop
and built a compressed air engine. This Spanish based company was
founded by Miguel Celades. Currently there is a bitter dispute
between MDI, another firm called Luis which developed compressed-
air vehicles, and Mr. Celades, who was once associated with that
firm.
Like all above more developer & manufacturer are Energine
Corporation, Kernelys, Engineair, Honda, Peugeot/Citroen etc.
Air cars in india:
Tata Motorshassigned an agreement with Motor Development
Internationalof Franceto develop a car that runson compressed air,
thus making it very economicaltorun and almost totally pollution free.
Although thereis no officialword on when the car will be commercially
manufactured for India, re-ports say that it will be sooner thanlater. The
car – Mini CAT - could cost around Rs 350,000 inIndia and would have
a rangeof around 300 km betweenrefuels. The cost of a refill would be
about Rs 90. In the single energymode MDI carsconsume around Rs 45
every 100km. Figure6 shows the proposed air car for India. The smallest
and most innovative(three seats, minimaldimensionswith theboot of a
saloon), it is a great challengefor such a small car which runs on
compressed air. The Mini CAT is the citycar of the future.

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Other developmentsin compressedair car technology:
Currently some new technologiesregarding compressed air carshave
emerged. A Republic of Korean companyhas created a pneumatic hybrid
electric vehiclecar engine that runs on electricityand compressed air.
The engine, which powersa pneumatic-hybridelectric vehicle(PHEV),
works alongside an electric motor to createthepower source. The system
eliminatestheneed for fuel, making the PHEV pollution-free. The
system is con-trolled by an ECU in the car, which controls both power
packsi.e. the compressed-air engineand electric motor. Thecompressed
air drives the pistons, which turnthe vehicle’s wheels. The air is
compressed, using a small motor, powered by a 48-volt battery, which
powers both the air compressor and the electric motor. Once
compressed, the air is stored in a tank. The compressed air isused when
the car needs a lot of energy, such as for starting up and acceleration.
The electric motor comesto life once the car hasgained normal cruising
speed. The PHEV system could reduce thecost of vehicle productionby
about 20 per cent, becausethere is no need for a cooling system, fuel
tank, spark plugs or silencers.
Safety features of the air car:
The CATS air tanks store90m3 ofair at 300 barsof pressure (four tanks
have a capacityof 90 litres, and they store90m3 of air at a pressureof

22
300 bars),just liketanksalready used to carryliquefied gaseson some
urbanbuses. That meansthat the tanksare prepared and certified to
carryan explosive product: methanegas. In the caseof an accident with
air tankbreakage, therewould be no explosionor shattering becausethe
tanksare not metallic but madeof glassfiber. The tankswould crack
longitudinally, and the air would escape, causing a strong buzzing sound
with no dangerousfactor. It is clear that if thistechnologyhas been
tested and prepared tocarryan inflammableand explosive gas, it can
also be used to carryair. In order to avoid the so-called ‘rocket effect’(air
escaping through oneof the tank’s extremitiescausinga pressureleak
that could move the car), MDI madea small but important changeinthe
design. Where the valve on the bus tanksare placed on one of the
extremities, MDIhas placed the valve in the middleof thetank reducing
the ‘rocket effect’ to a minimum (Figure5).
Advantages:
Advantages of vehicles powered by compressed air:

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 The costs involved to compress the air to be used in a vehicle are
inferior to the costs involved with a normal combustion engine.
 Air is abundant, economical, transportable, storable and, most
importantly, non-polluting.
 The technology involved with compressed air reduces the
productioncosts of vehicles with 20% becauseit is not necessaryto
assemblea refrigerationsystem, a fueltank, sparkplugsor silencers.
 Air itself is not flammable.
 The mechanical design of the motor is simple and robust
 It does not suffer from corrosiondamageresulting from thebattery.
 Less manufacturing and maintenance costs.
 The tanks used in an air compressed motor can be discarded or
recycled with less contamination than batteries.
 The tanks used in a compressed air motor have a longer lifespan in
comparison with batteries, which, after a while suffer from a
reduction in performance.
 Refuelling canbedoneat homeusing anair compressor or atservice
stations. The energy required for compressing air is produced at
large centralized plants, making it less costly and more effective to
manage carbon emissions than from individual vehicles.
 Reduced vehicle weight is the principle efficiency factor of
compressed-air cars. Furthermore, they are mechanically more
rudimentarythantraditionalvehiclesasmanyconventionalpartsof
theenginemaybeomitted. Someplansincludemotorsbuiltintothe
hubs of each wheel, thereby removing the necessity of a
transmission, driveaxlesand differentials. A four passenger vehicle
weighing less than 800 lbs. is a reasonable design goal.

24
 One manufacturer promises a range of 200 miles by the end of the
year at a cost of € 1.50 per fill-up.
 Compressed air engines reduce the cost of vehicle production by
about 20%, becausethereisnoneed tobuild a cooling system, spark
plugs, transmission, axles, starter motor, or mufflers.
 Most compressed air enginesdonot need a transmission, onlya flow
control.
 The rate of self-discharge is very low opposed to batteries that
deplete their chargeslowly over time. Therefore, the vehicle may be
left unused for longer periods of time than electric cars.
 Lower initial cost than battery electric vehicles when mass
produced. One estimate is €3,000 less.
 Compressed air is not subject to fuel tax.
 Expansionofthe compressed air lowersintemperature; thismaybe
exploited for use as air conditioning.
 Compressed-air vehicles emit no pollutants.
 Possibilitytorefill air tank at home (using domestic power socket).
 Lighter vehicles would result in less wear on roads.
 The price of fuelling air powered vehicles may be significantly
cheaper than current fuels. Some estimates project only $3.00 for
the cost of electricity for filling a tank.
Disadvantages:

25
Just like the modern car and most household appliances, the principle
disadvantageisthat of indirect energyuse. Energyisused tocompressair,
which - in turn - provides the energy to run the motor. Any indirect step
in energy usage results in loss. For conventional combustion motor cars,
the energy is lost when oil is converted to usable fuel - including drilling,
refinement, labor and storage. For compressed-air cars, energy is lost
when electrical energy is converted to compressed air.
Further disadvantages:
 According to thermodynamics,when air is expanded in the engine,
it cools via adiabatic cooling and thereby loses pressure, reducing
the amount of power passed the engine at lower temperatures.
Furthermore, it isdifficult tomaintainor restorethetemperatureof
the compressed or compressing air using a heat exchanger due to
the high rate of flow. The ideal isothermic energy capacity of the
tank will therefore not be realized. Low temperatures may also
encourage the engine to ice up.
 Refuelling the compressed air container using a home or low-end
conventional air compressor may take as long as 4 hours. Service
stations may have specialized equipment that may take only 3
minutes.
 Early tests have demonstrated the limited storage capacity of the
tanks; the only published test of a vehicle running on compressed
air alone was limited to a range of 7.22 km.
Conclusion:

26
The technology of compressed air vehicles is not new. In fact, it has been
around for years. Compressed air technologyallows for engines that are
both non-polluting and economical. After ten years of research and
development, thecompressed air vehicle will be introduced worldwide.
Unlike electric or hydrogen powered vehicles, com-pressed air vehicles
are not expensiveand do not have a limited driving range. Compressed
air vehicles are affordableand have a performanceratethat stands up to
current standards. Tosummit up, they arenon-expensive carsthat do
not pollute and areeasy to get around in cities. The emissionbenefitsof
introducing thiszeroemissiontechnology areobvious. At thesame time
the well to wheels efficiencyof these vehicles need to be improved.
Thisis a revolutionaryengine designwhich is not only eco-friendly,
pollution free, but also very economical. Thisaddressesboth the
Problemsof fuel crises and pollution. However excessiveresearch is
needed to completely prove the technologyfor both itscommercialand
technicalviability.
References:
 GANESAN, V. “Computer Simulationof SparkIgnitionEngine
Processes” Universitypress, 1996.

27
 GANESAN, V. “Computer Simulationof Compressionignition
Engine Processes” Universitypress, 2002.
 HEYWOOD, J.B., “InternalCombustionEngineFundamentals”;
McGraw-HillBook Company, SA, 1988.
 GUEY NYGER, MDI “The Compressed air Engine” Barcelona,
Spain, 2002.
 GUEY NYGER, MDI “the Articulated ConRod”, Barcelona, Spain,
2002
 SAE 1999-01-0623, Schechter.M., “New Cyclesfor Automobile
engines.”
 Internet website, www.theaircar. Com.
 Internet website, www.peswiki.com
 Internet website, www.toodoc.com

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