Fire occur in 2019 in the Amazon rain forest , its causes and impacts.

1. A
Presentation
on
Amazon Rain Forest Fire
Presented By Submitted to
Anand Kishore Azad K.Durga
M.Tech 1st year
EECE Dept.

2. Amazon Rain Forest
• The Amazon Biome spans approximately 6.7 million square
kilometers, which is twice the size of India. The basin is shared by
eight countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia,
Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname), as well as the overseas territory
of French Guiana. Approximately 60% of the Amazon Basin is
located within Brazil.
• Amazon rainforest, the world's largest rain forest is at the risk of
getting burned out completely. The rainforest, which contributes
almost 20 percent of the earth’s oxygen.
• The rainforest is home to 40 percent of the worlds tropical forest
and holds 20 percent of the worlds freshwater supply. It is also
home to 10 percent of the world’s species and 40,000 plant species
and around 3000 varieties of edible fruits.
• Further, the Amazon rainforest is also the natural habitat of 430
species of mammals and millions of insect species.

4. Cause of Fire
• While the Amazon rainforest is typically wet and humid, July and
August the onset of the dry season are the region's driest months.
• According to environmentalists, 99 percent of the forest fires are a
result of human actions, either on purpose or by accident. Farmers
and ranchers use fire generally to clear the land for further
utilization. This year's fires also fit perfectly into the established
seasonal agricultural pattern. This time is the most suitable to burn
because the vegetation is dry.
• Whilst most fires in the Amazon are started by humans, this is not
always the case. The three main causes of forest fires are:
– Dry environment
– Lightning strikes
– Volcanic eruptions

5. • Human-driven deforestation of the Amazon is used to clear land for
agriculture, livestock, and mining, and for its lumber. Most forest is
typically cleared using slash-and-burn processes; huge amounts of biomass
are removed by first pulling down the trees in the Amazon using bulldozers
and giant tractors during the wet season (November through June),
followed by torching the tree trunks several months later in the dry season
(July through October).[
• Fires are most common in July though August. In some cases, workers
performing the burn are unskilled, and may inadvertently allow these fires
to spread. While most countries in the Amazon do have laws and
environmental enforcement against deforestation, these are not well
enforced, and much of the slash-and-burn activity is done illegally.
• Deforestation leads to a large number of observed fires across the Amazon
during the dry season, usually tracked by satellite data. While it is possible
for naturally-occurring wildfires to occur in the Amazon, the chances are
far less likely to occur, compared to those in California or in Australia.
Even with global warming, spontaneous fires in the Amazon cannot come
from warm weather alone, but warm weather is capable of exacerbating the
fires once started as there will be drier biomass available for the fire to
spread.
Continued.

6. Impact of Amazon Rainforest Fire
• According to scientists, the Amazon rainforest fire could
deliver a huge blow to the global fight against climate change.
• The fire will not only result in a major loss of trees and
biodiversity but also release excess CO2 into the atmosphere.
• The forest fires also release pollutants including particulate
matter and toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides and non-methane organic compounds into the
atmosphere
• Amazon rainforest, considered to be as the planet’s lungs as it
contributes about 20 percent of the earth’s oxygen, is vital to
slow down global warming. The rainforest is currently home
to uncountable species of fauna and flora.

7. • The 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires season saw a year-to-year surge in
fires occurring in the Amazon rainforest and Amazon
biome within Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru during that year's
Amazonian tropical dry season .
• Fires normally occur around the dry season as slash-and-burn methods are
used to clear the forest to make way for agriculture, livestock, logging, and
mining, leading to deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. Such activity is
generally illegal within these nations, but enforcement of environmental
protection can be lax.
• The increased rates of fire counts in 2019 led to international concern about
the fate of the Amazon rainforest, which is the world's largest
terrestrial carbon dioxide sink and plays a significant role in mitigating
global warming.
• As of August 29, 2019, INPE reported more than 80,000 fires across all of
Brazil, a 77% year-to-year increase for the same tracking period, with more
than 40,000 in the Brazil's Legal Amazon (Amazônia Legal or BLA), which
contains 60% of the Amazon. Similar year-to-year increases in fires were
subsequently reported in Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru, with the 2019 fire
counts within each nation of over 19,000, 11,000 and 6,700, respectively,
as of August 29, 2019.It is estimated that over 906 thousand hectares
(2.24×106 acres; 9,060 km2; 3,500 sq mi) of forest within the Amazon
biome has been lost to fires in 2019.
Increasing Rate of fire.

8. Who is affected by forest fires?
• Whilst the Amazon rainforest is far removed from most people, it contains
the highest biodiversity of anywhere in the world, and is home to
around 30% of the world’s known species, as well as to 390 billion
trees (more than 50 times the number of humans on Earth) belonging to
over 16,000 different species. By the 2010 IBGE census, 817,000
Brazilians classified themselves as indigenous.
• Due to the plethora of species, the preponderance of trees, and the large
numbers of indigenous people living predominantly within remote regions
of the Amazon, these groups have the most to lose from land-use changes
related to deforestation, urbanization, and forest fires.
• The rivers of the Amazon basin accounts for 15–16% of the world’s total
river discharge into the oceans. The Amazon River flows for more than
6,600 km, and with its hundreds of tributaries and streams contains the
largest number of freshwater fish species in the world.
• “There is no doubt that this rise in fire activity is associated with a sharp
rise in deforestation,”

9. What's the connection to climate
change
• In a release on Aug. 22, Greenpeace said ,As the number of fires
increase, greenhouse gas emissions do too. This makes the planet's
overall temperature rise, the organization said. As the temperature
increases, extreme weather events like major droughts happen more
often.
• "In addition to increasing emissions, deforestation contributes
directly to a change in rainfall patterns in the affected region,
extending the length of the dry season, further affecting forests,
biodiversity, agriculture and human health," Greenpeace said in the
release.
• On Aug. 23, NASA released an AIRS Map showing the carbon
monoxide associated with the fires in Brazil between Aug. 8 and
Aug. 22. The animated map shows a carbon monoxide plume bloom
in the northwest Amazon region, move south and east, and then
toward San Paolo.

10. NASA released an AIRS Map showing the carbon monoxide

11. How are the fires being fought ?
• After weeks of international and internal pressure,
Bolsonaro deployed the military to help battle the fires on
August 24, sending 44,000 troops to six
states. Reuters reported the next day that warplanes were
dousing flames.
• “It’s a complex operation. We have a lot of challenges,” Paulo
Barroso tells The Verge. Barroso is the chairman of the
national forest fire management committee of the National
League of Military Firefighters Corps in Brazil.
• He has spent three decades fighting fires in Mato Grosso, one
of the regions most affected by the ongoing fires. According to
Barroso, more than 10,400 firefighters are spread thin across
5.5 million square kilometers in the Amazon

12. System need for fought
• Barroso contends that they need more equipment and infrastructure
to adequately battle the flames. There are 778 municipalities
throughout the Amazon, but according to Barroso, only 110 of those
have fire departments. Barroso says “We don’t have an adequate
structure to prevent, to control, and to fight the forest fires,”.
• He wants to establish a forest fire protection system in the Amazon
that brings together government entities, indigenous peoples, local
communities, the military, large companies, NGOs, and education
and research centers. “We have to integrate everybody,” Barroso
says, adding, “we need money to do this, we have to receive a great
investment.”
• Barroso and other experts agree that it’s important to look ahead to
prevent fires like we’re seeing now. After all, August is just the
beginning of Brazil’s largely manmade fire season, when slashing-
and-burning in the country peaks and coincides with drier weather.