PMP Key-exam-concepts-QA-QC-VS-VS

By: Anand Bobade; PMP, SCEA, MCP, CIW (nmbobade@gmail.com)
PMP:
Key Exam Concepts Series
Crystal Clear understanding of key PMP concepts are
essential to pass the PMP exam. These slide will help you to:
• Visually learn key concepts
• Get deep understand with real world examples
• Sample Questions
Quality
Assurance
Quality
Control
Validate
Scope
Control
Scope

Definitions
Quality Assurance:
• The process of auditing quality requirements & results from
quality control measurements to ensure appropriate quality
standards & operational definitions are used.
Quality Control:
• It is the process of monitoring and recording results of executing
the quality activities to assess performance and recommend
necessary changes.
Validate Scope:
• Formalizing acceptance of the completed project deliverables
Control Scope:
• Monitoring the status of the project & product scope and
managing changes to the scope baseline.

What is Quality Assurance?
Quality
Assurance
The process of auditing quality requirements & results from
quality control measurements to ensure appropriate quality
standards & operational definitions are used.
It facilitates the improvement of quality processes.
What is Quality?
Quality is “fitness to use and conform to
requirements”
• Quality requirements
• Results from Quality Control MeasuresAuditing
• Quality Standards
• Operational Definitions
Ensure
usage of
QA assures quality of the product. It makes sure that any process
developed to produce a product is such that resultant product is defect
free & conforms to requirements.

Prime objective is to prevent defects in
deliverables in the planning process.
It is a process based approach.
It is a proactive process, and it starts at the
very beginning of the project
Emphasise on understanding requirements &
expectations, & then develop plan to meet it.
Quality audit is an example.
Other examples are training, process
definition, selection of tools, etc.
What is Quality Assurance?
Quality
Assurance

What is Quality Control?
Quality
Control
Monitoring & recording results of executing quality activities
to assess performance & recommend necessary changes.
Monitoring & Record
Execution of quality
activities
Assess performance
Recommend necessary
changes
The objective is to ensure deliverables are defect free &
acceptable as per quality requirements.
If the deliverables are not found as per the requirements, a
suitable corrective action will be taken.

What is Quality Control?
Quality
Control
It is a reactive approach and helps you find
defects in deliverables.
It is a product based approach.
It is concerned with operational activities &
techniques that are used to fulfill quality
requirements.
It start once the project work has begun &
includes activities which ensure a high
quality product.
Inspection and product testing are a few
examples of quality control tools

Relationship between QC & QA
Quality
Control
Quality
Assurance
Sampling Inspection Quality Audit Process Analysis
Quality Control
measurements
Integrated Change Control
checklist
Deliverables

Relationship between QC & QA
QA & QC processes are dependent on each other.
The QC process receives input from the QA process, and in turn gives its feedback to
the QA process so that the QA could validate the operational process.
E.g., If the project team finds any defect during the project execution, they will
correct the error and the feedback will be sent to the quality assurance team.
The quality assurance people will investigate the cause of this error and they will take
a corrective and/or preventive action in the process so that this error should never
happen again in the future.
And once the process is updated, the quality control team will follow the process
defined by the quality assurance team so that the defect does not recur again.
In nutshell, QA process takes input from the QC process, and the QC process takes
input from the QA process.

Difference between QC & QA
Quality Assurance
The goal is to develop a process
so that defects do not arise
during production
Plan to avoid the defect in the
first place.
It is all about prevention,
It is a proactive process
It is a process based approach
It involves processes managing
quality,
Quality audit is an example.
Quality control
It identifies the defects after the
product is produced but is not
yet released or is still in the
production phase.
Try to find defects and correct it.
It is all about the detection.
It is a reactive process.
It is a product based approach.
It is used to verify the quality of
the product.
Inspection and testing are
examples.

What is Validate Scope?
Validate
Scope
Formalizing acceptance of completed project deliverables
Deliverables Verification Acceptance
The validate scope process is performed with the client at the end
of the project to validate that the product is complete or not.
It ensures all requirements are met, and that the product is ready
to be accepted by the client.

Validate Scope example
You buy a flat & it is ready for handover?
What you do before signing handover papers?
You inspect Flooring, walls for cracks, Doors, Toilet fixtures,
Kitchen, built-in cupboards, electricity fittings etc.
What are you doing? You are validating everything before
formally signing handover documents.

Validate Scope example
Validate Scope
It belongs to the project scope management knowledge area
It is performed during monitoring and controlling.
Both the quality control and validate scope processes are
performed during the monitoring and controlling.
In this example, Quality control is done by Constructions
companies Quality testing team before scope verification by buyer.
Note that, it is not necessary that the validate scope process
should always be performed at the end of the project.
It can also be happen with the perform quality control process but
not before perform quality.

Relationship between Quality Control & Validate Scope
Quality
Control
Sampling Inspection Inspection Group Decision
making
Verified
Deliverables
Integrated Change Control
checklist
Deliverables
Validate
Scope
Accepted
deliverables
Req. documents
Req. Traceability
matrix

Difference between Quality control & Validate scope
Quality Control
Objective is to make sure the product is
defect free, and fulfils all its requirements.
Performed internally by the PM with the
quality management team
Checks whether the product is produced in
the right way
Ensure that product is ready for delivery
Usually performed at the end of the phase
Validate scope
The purpose is to get formal acceptance of
the product from the client.
Performed by the client with the project
manager.
It is concerned with producing the right
product.
Gets the formal acceptance from the client
after delivering the product.
Performed at the end of the project.

What is Control Scope?
Control
Scope
Monitoring the status of the project & product scope and
managing changes to the scope baseline.
Monitoring
status of
Project
Monitor
product
scope
Manage
changes to
scope baseline
It allows the scope baseline to be maintained
throughout the project.

What is Control Scope?
Control
Scope
Change is inevitable; therefore some type of change control
process is mandatory for every project
Controlling project scope ensures all requested changes &
recommended corrective or preventive actions are processed
through the Perform Integrated Change Control process
Control Scope is also used to manage the actual changes
when they occur and is integrated with the other control
processes.

Control Scope Process
Work
Performance
Data
Requirements
documents
Control
Scope
Variance analysis
Requirements
Traceability
Matrix
Executing PG ->
Direct and Manage
Project work
Monitor & Control Project
work
Perform Integrated
Change Control
Monitoring &
Controlling PG
No direct Relationship with
validate scope or Quality
Control or Quality assurance

Sample Question-1
1. Quality is very important to your company. Each project has a quality statement
that is consistent with the organization’s vision and mission. Both internal and
external quality assurance are provided on all projects to
A. Ensure confidence that the project will satisfy relevant quality standards
B. Monitor specific project results to note whether they comply with relevant quality
standards
C. Identify ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory results
D. Use inspection to keep errors out of the process

Sample Question -2
2. Quality assurance promotes quality improvement. A “breakthrough” is the
accomplishment of any improvement that takes the organization to unprecedented
levels of performance by attacking—
A. Special causes of variation
B. Common causes of variation
C. Inspection over prevention
D. Specific tolerances

Sample Question -3
3. Project quality management was once thought to include only inspection or quality
control. In recent years, the concept of project quality management has broadened.
Which statement is NOT representative of the new definition of quality management?
A. Quality is designed into the product or service, not inspected into it.
B. Quality is the concern of the quality assurance staff
C. Customers require a documented and, in some cases, registered quality assurance
system.
D. National and international standards and guidelines for quality assurance systems
are available

Sample Question -4
4. You recognize the importance of quality control on your project. However, you also
know that quality control has costs associated with it and that the project has a
limited budget. One way to reduce the cost of quality control is to—
A. Work to ensure that the overall quality program is ISO compliant
B. Use statistical sampling
C. Conduct inspections throughout the process
D. Use trend analysis

Sample Question -5
5. Because your project is slated to last five years, you believe rolling wave planning is
appropriate. It provides information about the work to be done—
A. Throughout all project phases
B. For successful completion of the current project phase
C. For successful completion of the current and subsequent project phases
D. In the next project phase

Sample Question answers -1
1. a. Ensure confidence that the project will satisfy
relevant quality standards
– Quality assurance increases project effectiveness and
efficiency and provides added benefits to project
stakeholders. It includes all the planned and systematic
quality activities to ensure that the project uses all the
processes to meet requirements. Quality assurance should
be performed throughout the project. [Executing]
2. b. Common causes of variation
– Quality improvement includes action taken to increase
project effectiveness and efficiency in order to provide added
benefits to stakeholders. A breakthrough attacks chronic
losses, or in Deming’s terminology, common causes of
variation.

3. b. Quality is the concern of the quality assurance
staff.
– Quality concerns all levels of management and staff. Its
success requires participation from all members of the
project team with management providing the needed
resources to succeed. [Planning, Executing, and
Monitoring and Controlling]
4. b. Use statistical sampling
– Statistical sampling uses part of a population to draw
conclusions about the total population. It is a well-
proven technique that can significantly reduce the cost
of quality control. [Monitoring and Controlling]+

5. c. For successful completion of the current and
subsequent project phases
– Rolling wave planning provides progressive detailing of
the work to be accomplished throughout the life of the
project, indicating that planning and documentation are
iterative and ongoing processes. [Planning]

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