1. 14th Century Europe
The Apocalypse???
Or the start of a whole new world?
Proto Renaissance????
2. Bad times in Europe during late
Gothic period
Black Death… what was the impact of the black
plague?
Famine?
Black Plague intro
3. Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
• 100 Years War France &
England; instability in
Germany
• Great Schism in Catholic
church w/rival popes
• Famine & plague wiped out
almost half the population
of Europe
4. With a few exceptions, although the
Rayonnant gothic style continued in
the early part of the century,
architecture on a large scale
eventually halted.
WHY????
Germany did a Church of the Holy
Cross with a beautiful Gothic style.
However, the impact of the “Four
Horsemen” was huge.
5. Yet the arts gradually began to
flourish….
• Middle class got stronger; more literate &
better educated, wanted art & books
• Growing HUMANISM and individualism
• Orientation toward humanity - Dante in
literature, Petrarch, studied classical
literature from Greece & Rome
• Artisan guilds arose
6. Rottgen Pieta, or Vesperbild
Wood, 14th century (late Gothic Germany)
Expressivism, suffering and emotion
Possibly influence by tragedies in Europe;
plague, famine, wars.
34” high
Pieces like this would influence German
expressivism for centuries
7. Woman mourning a dead child,
Kathe Kollwitz, German
Expressionist, WW II era
8. Madonna & Child (Painting), Bernardo Daddi
Tempera & gold on wood panel
1346 (late Gothic, 14th century Florence,Italy)
Tabernacle, Andrea Orcagna
Marble, mosaic, gold, lapis lazuli
Size: n/a
Probably begun 1355, completed 1359
Replacement painting for miracle image of Madonna
and Child. Florence - Orcagna member of
stone/woodworkers guild
Architectural sculpture to honor Daddi’s painting
Church as Orsanmichele, power & patronage in
Florentine Republic
Pilgrimages to this artwork, estates left to this
artwork
Place to distribute alms (food, money) to the poor
flashcard
9. Virgin & Child Enthroned, Cimabue
1280 (late Gothic Italy - Florence)
Tempera & gold on wood panel
*Painting shows transformation of
Byzantine style
Set precedent (at 12 ft tall) for
monumental altarpieces
Byzantine proportions; highlighted
drapery with gold.
Space: viewer suspended in front of
image
Space: forms delicatedly modeled in
light and shade
More naturalistic figures!!!!!!
flashcard
Laid groundwork for Renaissance and
Giotto…… know this….
11. Virgin & Child Enthroned, Giotto
•Tempera & gold on wood panel
•11 feet high, 1305, late Gothic Italy
•Most likely painted for church in Florence
•Groundbreaking spatial consistency…
more realistic modeling of figures and
perspective, more natural position of Mary
and baby Jesus
•“Giotto outshone the fame of Cimabue,
as a great light outshines a lesser” Vasari
•Vasari also said that Giotto put an end to
the “crude” maniera grecia (Byzantine
traditions of painting)
•Giotto excelled in narrative painting and
bringing in humanism into his artwork
•Major part of Florentine school of painting
12. Arena Chapel, frescos by Giotto di
Bondone
Fresco secco: dry pigments applied
after plaster is set (Dry)
Fresco buono: pigments applied
while pigment is wet.. Must work
quickly before it dries. Artists worked
in sections in order to do this; could
add details with fresco secco later.
Some pigments unstable in buono
form, so had to be done last in secco
form.
13.
14. This period is sometimes called the Proto-Renaissance, or just the late Gothic.
Why?
Let’s take another look at Giotto in more detail….
http://smarthistory.org/proto-renaissance.html
15. Lamentation, Giotto from Arena Chapel, Padua… 61/2 ft by 6 ft section…
Off center composition to emphasize Mary mourning Jesus’ death; diagonal ride from
bare tree w/angels in background
Direct, emotional impact of art (Franciscan monks?) - Florentine school of painting
16. Maesta (Virgin & Child in Majesty), Duccio, Siena Cathedral, 1308-11.
Foremost Siennese painter in Late Gothic period.
Part of huge panel 14’ high; over predella with life of Jesus
Naturalistic, courtly style, brilliant palette of colors
flashcard
17.
18.
19. Florence Cathedral, 1296-1350, designed
By artists & artisans, not buliders
Brunelleschi’s dome, bell tower by Giotto
Pisano, and Talenti
20. Life of John the Baptist,
Andrea Pisano
Gilded bronze door, Baptistry of San
Giovanni, Florence, 1330-36.
Each panel tells story of Life of John
the Baptist.
Continues Gothic revival of large scale
bronze relief sculptures.
Florence cathedral (Duomo) designed
by sculptors and painters.
21.
22. Allegory of Good Government in the City, Lorenzetti, 1338, Siennese school
Powerful vision of orderly society, realistic perspective, Security plus gallows,
Also did painting of life in the country
23. Book of Hours of Jeanne d’Evreux, grisaille and color on vellum, small book 1325.
Monochromatic painting technique (B&W mostly), narrative cycles of Life of Christ,
Joys & Sorrows of Virgin, space is like Sienese; by Jean Pucelle
24. Virgin and Child, 1339
Silver gilt & enamel
Example of “Beautiful” late Gothic style
Artist is unknown
What influences do you see in Mary’s
position and the drapery??????
THIS IS SETTING THE STAGE FOR
THE RENAISSANCE.
Belonged to Jeanne d’Evreux, given to
Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, now in
Louvre, Paris
25. Saint Luke Master Theodoric
Artists began to be known, to
sign their work, and to have
histories.
Artists were part of guilds
which gave apprenticeship,
training, and the ability to do
large jobs such as Giotto’s
frescoes.
This artist developed more
of the Beautiful style
Artists now part of middle
class; more literatcy, more
interest in arts & sciences as
well as religion of course.
26. Beautiful Virgin and Child
Artist unknown
1390
Probably from Church of
Augustinian Canons, Stemberk
Notes de l'éditeur
Artist: Heinrich and Peter Parler
Title: Church of the Holy Cross, interior
Medium: n/a
Size: n/a
Date: Begun in 1317 by Heinrich Parler; choir by Peter Paler begun in 1351; vaulting completed 16th century
Source/ Museum: Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
Artist: n/a
Title: Vesperbild
Medium: Wood
Size: Height 34 ½ “ ( 88.4 cm)
Date: c. 1330
Source/ Museum: From Middle Rhine region, Germany. Landesmuseum, Bonn
Artist: n/a
Title: Vesperbild
Medium: Wood
Size: Height 34 ½ “ ( 88.4 cm)
Date: c. 1330
Source/ Museum: From Middle Rhine region, Germany. Landesmuseum, Bonn
Artist: Bernardo Daddi
Title: Madonna and Child
Medium: Tempera and gold on wood panel
Size: n/a
Date: 1346-7
Source/ Museum: Orsanmichele, Florence
Artist: Cimabue
Title: Virgin and Child Enthroned
Medium: Tempera and gold on wood panel
Size: 12'17” x 7'4” (3.53 x 2.2 m)
Date: c. 1280
Source/ Museum: Most likely painted for the high altar of the Church of Santa Trinita, Florence / Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
Artist: Cimabue
Title: Virgin and Child Enthroned
Medium: Tempera and gold on wood panel
Size: 12'17” x 7'4” (3.53 x 2.2 m)
Date: c. 1280
Source/ Museum: Most likely painted for the high altar of the Church of Santa Trinita, Florence / Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
Artist: Giotto di Bondone
Title: Virgin and Child Enthroned
Medium: Tempera and gold on wood panel
Size: 10 '8” x 6' 8 ¼ “ (3.53 x 2.05 m)
Date: 1305-10
Source/ Museum: Most likely painted for the high altar of the Church of the Ognissanti (All Saints), Florence / Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
Artist: Giotto di Bondone
Title: Marriage at Cana, Raising of Lazarus, Resurrection, and Lamentation
Medium: Frescoes
Size: Each scene approx. 6' 5” x 6' (2 x 1.85 m)
Date: 1305-6
Source/ Museum: North wall of Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel, Padua
Artist: Giotto di Bondone
Title: Lamentation
Medium: Fresco
Size: 6' 5” x 6' (2 x 1.85 m)
Date: 1305-6
Source/ Museum: Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel, Padua
Artist: Duccio di Buoninsegna
Title: Virgin and Child in Majesty
Medium: Tempera and gold on wood panel
Size: 7' x 13' 6” ( 2.13 x 3.96 m)
Date: 1308-11
Source/ Museum: Central Panel from Maestà Altarpiece Siena Cathedral. Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Siena
Artist: n/a
Title: Plan of front of the Maestà Altarpiece
Medium: n/a
Size: n/a
Date: n/a
Source/ Museum: n/a
Artist: Arnolfo di Cambio, Francesco Talenti, Andrea Orcagna, and others. Drum and dome by Brunelleschi, bell tower (Campanile) by Giotto, Andrea Pisano, and Francesco Talenti
Title: Florence Cathedral (Duomo)
Medium: n/a
Size: n/a
Date: 1296-1378; 1420-36; c. 1334-50
Source/ Museum: Florence, Italy
Artist: Andrea Pisano
Title: Life of John The Baptist
Medium: Gilded bronze
Size: Each panel 19 ¼ x 17” (48 x 43 cm)
Date: South doors, Baptistry of San Giovanni, Florence, 1330-36. Frame, Ghiberti workshop, mid-15th century
Source/ Museum: Florence, Italy
Artist: Ambrogio Lorenzetti
Title: Fresco series of the Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico
Medium: n/a
Size: Length of long wall about 46' (14 m)
Date: 1338-40
Source/ Museum: Siena city hall, Siena, Italy
Artist: Ambrogio Lorenzetti
Title: Allegory of Good Government in the City
Medium: n/a
Size: Length of long wall about 46' (14 m)
Date: 1338-40
Source/ Museum: Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy
Artist: Jean Pucelle
Title: Pages with Betrayal and Arrest of Christ, Folio 15v. (Left), and Annunciation, Folio 16r. (Right), Book of Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux
Medium: Grisaille and color on vellum
Size: Each page 3 ½ x 2 ¼ “ (8.9 x 6.2 cm)
Date: c. 1325-38
Source/ Museum: Paris / The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The Cloisters Collection 1954 (54.1.2)
Artist: n/a
Title: Virgin and Child
Medium: Silver gilt and enamel
Size: Height 27 ⅛” ( 69 cm)
Date: c. 1339
Source/ Museum: Given by Jeanne d'Evreux to the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, France / Musée du Louvre, Paris
Artist: Master Theodoric
Title: Saint Luke
Medium: Paint and gold on panel
Size: 45 ¼ x 37” (115 x 94 cm)
Date: 1360-64
Source/ Museum: Holy Cross Chapel, Karlstejn Castle, near Prague
Artist: n/a
Title: “Beautiful” Virgin and Child
Medium: Limestone with original paint and gilding
Size: Height 33 ⅛” (84 cm)
Date: c. 1390
Source/ Museum: Probably from the Church of Augustinian Canons, Sternberk