1.
Restrictions applied by Ukraine on exports of certain wood products
to the European Union
Final Report of the Arbitration Panel
established pursuant to Article 307
of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, of the one part,
and the European Union and its Member States, of the other part
Lugano (Switzerland), 11 December 2020

2.
Final Report Ukraine – Wood Products
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CASES CITED IN THIS REPORT................................................................................... 6
SHORT TITLES USED IN THIS REPORT.....................................................................10
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT.................................................................12
SHORT TITLES OF FREQUENTLY CITED MEASURES AND OTHER
INSTRUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS REPORT ....................................................13
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................14
1.1. Complaint by the European Union............................................................................. 14
1.2. Arbitration Panel establishment and composition ...................................................... 14
1.3 Arbitration Panel proceedings.................................................................................... 15
1.3.1 General........................................................................................................................................15
1.3.2 Terms of reference.....................................................................................................................17
2. FACTUAL ASPECTS...............................................................................................19
2.1 General information provided by the European Union on forest protection in Ukraine
20
2.2 General information about Ukraine’s forests, as provided by the Respondent................. 21
2.3 The Products at issue ....................................................................................................... 26
2.3.1 “Rare and valuable” species......................................................................................................26
2.3.2 Unprocessed timber products ...................................................................................................28
2.4 The measures at issue....................................................................................................... 28
2.4.1 The “2005 export ban” ..............................................................................................................29
2.4.2 The “2015 temporary export ban”....................................................................................................29
2.5 Measures other than “measures at issue”......................................................................... 29
3. ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTIES..............................................................................30
3.1 European Union ......................................................................................................... 30
3.2 Ukraine ...................................................................................................................... 31
3.3 Additional arguments made during the Hearing ........................................................ 32
3.3.1 Ukraine................................................................................................................................................32
3.3.2 Comments by the European Union...................................................................................................33
4. FINDINGS..................................................................................................................33
4.1 Preliminary issues ...................................................................................................... 34
4.1.1 Whether the present dispute arises under Chapter 13 or Chapter 14 of the AA.................34
4.1.1.1 The Parties’ arguments........................................................................................................ 34
4.1.1.1.1 Ukraine............................................................................................................................. 34
4.1.1.1.2 The European Union....................................................................................................... 35
4.1.1.2 The Arbitration Panel’s findings......................................................................................... 37
4.1.1.2.1 On the timeliness of the jurisdictional objection.............................................................. 37
4.1.1.2.2 On the merit of the jurisdictional objection ..................................................................... 41
4.1.2 Applicability of Article 35 of the AA during the 10-year transitional period ...............................44
4.1.2.1 The Parties’ arguments........................................................................................................ 44
4.1.2.2 The Arbitration Panel’s findings......................................................................................... 45
4.1.3 The emergency situation in international relations affecting Ukraine..................................46

3.
3
4.1.3.1 The Parties’ arguments........................................................................................................ 46
4.1.3.2 The Arbitration Panel’s findings......................................................................................... 48
4.2 Whether the bans are incompatible with Article 35 of the AA.................................... 49
4.2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................49
4.2.1.1 Article 35 of the AA and Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994....................................................... 49
4.2.1.2 The Arbitration Panel’s sequence of analysis.......................................................................... 50
4.2.2 On the relationship between Article 35 of the AA and Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994......51
4.2.2.1 The Parties’ arguments........................................................................................................ 51
4.2.2.1.1 Whether the obligations under Article 35 of the AA are different from those under
Article XI of the GATT 1994............................................................................................................ 51
4.2.2.1.2 Actual effects....................................................................................................................... 52
4.2.2.2 The Arbitration Panel’s analysis......................................................................................... 53
4.2.2.2.1 Whether Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 is incorporated into Article 35 of the AA..... 53
4.2.2.2.2 Whether Article 35 of the AA and Article XI:1 of the GATT 1994 impose identical
obligations .......................................................................................................................................... 55
4.2.2.2.2.1 Requirement of an “actual effects” test..................................................................... 55
4.2.2.2.2.2 Whether Article 35 of the AA applies exclusively to goods “destined to the other
Party” ............................................................................................................................................. 58
4.2.2.3 The Arbitration Panel’s findings on the compatibility of the export bans with Article 35
of the AA 60
4.2.3 On the relation between Article 35 of the AA and Chapter 13 of the AA.............................61
4.2.3.1 The Parties’ arguments........................................................................................................ 61
4.2.3.1.1 Ukraine............................................................................................................................. 61
4.2.3.1.2 The European Union .......................................................................................................... 63
4.2.3.2 The Arbitration Panel’s analysis and finding .................................................................... 65
4.2.3.3 Conclusions on the relationship between Article 35 of the AA and Chapter 13 ............. 68
4.2.4 Overall finding on the compatibility of the bans with Article 35 of the AA .........................68
4.3 Whether the bans are justified under Article 36 of the AA and Article XX of the GATT
1994....................................................................................................................................... 68
4.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................68
4.3.2 Whether the 2005 export ban is justified by Article XX(b) of the GATT 1994....................69
4.3.2.1 “Provisional” justification by Article XX(b) of the GATT 1994............................................ 70
4.3.2.1.1 The Parties’ arguments ...................................................................................................... 70
4.3.2.1.1.1 Ukraine......................................................................................................................... 70
4.3.2.1.1.2 The EU.......................................................................................................................... 72
4.3.2.1.2 Whether the 2005 export ban is designed to protect plant life or health.................... 73
4.3.2.1.2.1 Applicable principles................................................................................................... 73
4.3.2.1.2.2 The Arbitration Panel’s analysis................................................................................ 74
Whether the claimed objective of the measures is a “plant life or health” objective within the
meaning of Article XX(b) of the GATT 1994................................................................................... 74
Whether the 2005 export ban is designed to protect plant life or health......................................... 76
4.3.2.1.3 Whether the 2005 export ban is necessary to protect plant life or health...................... 79
4.3.2.1.3.1 Applicable principles................................................................................................... 79
4.3.2.1.3.2 The Arbitration Panel’s analysis................................................................................ 80
The importance of the interests or values at stake .......................................................................... 81
Existence of a material contribution ............................................................................................... 81
The trade restrictiveness of the measure......................................................................................... 86
Existence of alternative measures ................................................................................................... 87
4.3.2.1.4 The Arbitration Panel’s finding ........................................................................................ 90
4.3.2.2 The requirements of the chapeau of Article XX of the GATT 1994 ................................ 90
4.3.2.2.1 Applicable principles.......................................................................................................... 90
4.2.2.2.2 The Arbitration Panel’s analysis.................................................................................... 92
4.3.2.2.3 The Arbitration Panel’s finding..................................................................................... 96

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Final Report Ukraine – Wood Products
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4.3.2.3 Overall finding on whether the 2005 export ban is justified by Article XX(b) of the GATT
1994 ......................................................................................................................................................... 96
4.3.3 Whether the 2015 temporary export ban is justified by Article XX(g) of the GATT 1994.96
4.3.3.1 The nature of the 2015 temporary export ban......................................................................... 97
4.3.3.2 “Provisional” justification under Article XX(g) of the GATT 1994 .................................... 100
4.3.3.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 100
4.3.3.2.2 Whether the measure relates to “the conservation of exhaustible natural resources”101
4.3.3.2.2.1 The Parties’ positions............................................................................................. 102
Ukraine.......................................................................................................................................... 102
The EU .......................................................................................................................................... 104
4.3.3.2.2.2 The Arbitration Panel’s analysis.............................................................................. 107
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 107
Applicable principles..................................................................................................................... 107
The conservation of exhaustible natural resources....................................................................... 109
4.3.3.2.3 Whether the measure is “made effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic
production or consumption”........................................................................................................... 111
4.3.3.2.3.1 The Parties’ positions................................................................................................ 111
Ukraine.......................................................................................................................................... 111
The EU .......................................................................................................................................... 112
4.3.3.2.3.2 The Arbitration Panel’s analysis.............................................................................. 114
Applicable principles..................................................................................................................... 114
Whether the measure is “made effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic production or
consumption”................................................................................................................................ 115
4.3.3.2.4 On the relevance of Chapter 13 for justifying the 2015 temporary export ban .......... 117
4.3.3.3 Overall finding on whether the 2015 temporary export ban is justified by Article XX(g) of
the GATT 1994..................................................................................................................................... 118
5. INTERIM REVIEW ..................................................................................................118
Section 1.2 Arbitration Panel establishment and composition..............................................................119
Section 1.3.1 Arbitration Panel proceedings –General ......................................................................119
Section 2 Factual Aspects..........................................................................................................................120
Section 2.2.1 Rare and valuable species (now Section 2.3.1)..................................................................120
Section 2.2.2 Unprocessed timber products (now Section 2.3.2) ...........................................................120
Section 4 Findings......................................................................................................................................120
Section 4.1.1.2.1 On the timeliness of the jurisdictional objection ........................................................120
Section 4.1.1.2.2 On the merit of the jurisdictional objection................................................................121
Section 4.1.2 Applicability of Article 35 AA during the 10-year transitional period...........................121
Section 4.1.3 The emergency situation in international relations affecting Ukraine...........................121
Section 4.2.2.2.2.2 Whether Article 35 AA applies exclusively to goods “destined to the other
Party” 122
Section 4.3.2.1 “Provisional” justification of the 2005 export ban under Article XX (b) of the GATT
1994 122
Section 4.3.2.1.2 Whether the 2005 export ban is designed to protect plant life or health..................122
Section 5 Clarifications requested by Ukraine........................................................................................123
Section 6.2 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................124
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................125
6.1 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................125
6.2 Recommendations .....................................................................................................126
ANNEX A - Working Procedures of the Arbitration Panel (with Timetable) ...................128
Working Procedures.............................................................................................................128
Final Amended Timetable for Arbitration Panel Proceedings ..............................................133

5.
5
Answers to Questions between the Parties............................................................................133
ANNEX B - List of Exhibits...........................................................................................134
ANNEX C - Executive Summaries .................................................................................140
Executive Summary of the European Union.........................................................................140
Executive Summary of Ukraine............................................................................................147

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CASES CITED IN THIS REPORT
Short Title Full Case Title and Citation
Argentina – Hides and
Leather
Panel Report, Argentina – Measures Affecting the Export of
Bovine Hides and the Import of Finished Leather, WT/DS155/R
and Corr.1, adopted 16 February 2001, DSR 2001:V, p. 1779
Australia – Salmon Appellate Body Report, Australia – Measures Affecting
Importation of Salmon, WT/DS18/AB/R, adopted 6 November
1998, DSR 1998:VIII, p. 3327
Brazil – Retreaded
Tyres
Appellate Body Report, Brazil – Measures Affecting Imports of
Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/AB/R, adopted 17 December
2007, DSR 2007:IV, p. 1527
Brazil – Taxation Panel Reports, Brazil – Certain Measures Concerning Taxation
and Charges, WT/DS472/R, Add.1 and Corr.1 / WT/DS497/R,
Add.1 and Corr.1, adopted 11 January 2019, as modified by
Appellate Body Reports WT/DS472/AB/R / WT/DS497/AB/R
Canada – Dairy Appellate Body Report, Canada – Measures Affecting the
Importation of Milk and the Exportation of Dairy Products,
WT/DS103/AB/R, WT/DS113/AB/R, and Corr.1, adopted 27
October 1999, DSR 1999:V, p. 2057
China – Publications
and Audiovisual
Products
Appellate Body Report, China – Measures Affecting Trading
Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and
Audiovisual Entertainment Products, WT/DS363/AB/R,
adopted 19 January 2010, DSR 2010:I, p. 3
China – Rare Earths Appellate Body Reports, China – Measures Related to the
Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten, and Molybdenum,
WT/DS431/AB/R / WT/DS432/AB/R / WT/DS433/AB/R,
adopted 29 August 2014, DSR 2014:III, p. 805
China – Rare Earths Panel Reports, China – Measures Related to the Exportation of
Rare Earths, Tungsten, and Molybdenum, WT/DS431/R and
Add.1 / WT/DS432/R and Add.1 / WT/DS433/R and Add.1,
adopted 29 August 2014, upheld by Appellate Body Reports
WT/DS431/AB/R / WT/DS432/AB/R / WT/DS433/AB/R,
DSR 2014:IV, p. 1127
China – Raw Materials Appellate Body Reports, China – Measures Related to the
Exportation of Various Raw Materials, WT/DS394/AB/R /
WT/DS395/AB/R / WT/DS398/AB/R, adopted 22 February
2012, DSR 2012:VII, p. 3295
China – Raw Materials Panel Reports, China – Measures Related to the Exportation of
Various Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R, Add.1 and Corr.1 /
WT/DS395/R, Add.1 and Corr.1 / WT/DS398/R, Add.1 and
Corr.1, adopted 22 February 2012, as modified by Appellate
Body Reports WT/DS394/AB/R / WT/DS395/AB/R /
WT/DS398/AB/R, DSR 2012:VII, p. 3501

7.
7
Short Title Full Case Title and Citation
Colombia – Ports of
Entry
Panel Report, Colombia – Indicative Prices and Restrictions on
Ports of Entry, WT/DS366/R and Corr.1, adopted 20 May 2009,
DSR 2009:VI, p. 2535
Colombia – Textiles Appellate Body Report, Colombia – Measures Relating to the
Importation of Textiles, Apparel and Footwear,
WT/DS461/AB/R and Add.1, adopted 22 June 2016, DSR
2016:III, p. 1131
Dominican Republic –
Import and Sale of
Cigarettes
Appellate Body Report, Dominican Republic – Measures
Affecting the Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes,
WT/DS302/AB/R, adopted 19 May 2005, DSR 2005:XV, p.
7367
EC – Asbestos Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Measures
Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products,
WT/DS135/AB/R, adopted 5 April 2001, DSR 2001:VII, p.
3243
EC – Fasteners (China) Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Definitive
Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners
from China, WT/DS397/AB/R, adopted 28 July 2011, DSR
2011:VII, p. 3995
EC – Seal Products Appellate Body Reports, European Communities – Measures
Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products,
WT/DS400/AB/R / WT/DS401/AB/R, adopted 18 June 2014,
DSR 2014:I, p. 7
EC and certain member
States – Large Civil
Aircraft
Appellate Body Report, European Communities and Certain
Member States – Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil
Aircraft, WT/DS316/AB/R, adopted 1 June 2011, DSR 2011:I,
p. 7
Guatemala – Cement I Appellate Body Report, Guatemala – Anti-Dumping
Investigation Regarding Portland Cement from Mexico,
WT/DS60/AB/R, adopted 25 November 1998, DSR 1998:IX, p.
3767
India – Quantitative
Restrictions
Panel Report, India – Quantitative Restrictions on Imports of
Agricultural, Textile and Industrial Products, WT/DS90/R,
adopted 22 September 1999, upheld by Appellate Body Report
WT/DS90/AB/R, DSR 1999:V, p. 1799
India – Solar Cells Appellate Body Report, India – Certain Measures Relating to
Solar Cells and Solar Modules, WT/DS456/AB/R and Add.1,
adopted 14 October 2016, DSR 2016:IV, p. 1827

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Short Title Full Case Title and Citation
India – Solar Cells Panel Report, India – Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells
and Solar Modules, WT/DS456/R and Add.1, adopted 14
October 2016, as modified by Appellate Body Report
WT/DS456/AB/R, DSR 2016:IV, p. 1941
Japan – Alcoholic
Beverages II
Appellate Body Report, Japan – Taxes on Alcoholic
Beverages, WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R,
WT/DS11/AB/R, adopted 1 November 1996, DSR 1996:I, p.
97
Japan – Apples Panel Report, Japan – Measures Affecting the Importation of
Apples, WT/DS245/R, adopted 10 December 2003, upheld by
Appellate Body Report WT/DS245/AB/R, DSR 2003:IX, p.
4481
Korea – Dairy Appellate Body Report, Korea – Definitive Safeguard Measure
on Imports of Certain Dairy Products, WT/DS98/AB/R,
adopted 12 January 2000, DSR 2000:I, p. 3
Korea – Various
Measures on Beef
Appellate Body Report, Korea – Measures Affecting Imports of
Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef, WT/DS161/AB/R,
WT/DS169/AB/R, adopted 10 January 2001, DSR 2001:I, p. 5
Mexico – Corn Syrup
(Article 21.5 – US)
Appellate Body Report, Mexico – Anti-Dumping Investigation
of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United States –
Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States,
WT/DS132/AB/RW, adopted 21 November 2001, DSR
2001:XIII, p. 6675
Russia – Traffic in
Transit
Panel Report, Russia – Measures Concerning Traffic in
Transit, WT/DS512/R and Add.1, adopted 26 April 2019
US — 1916 Act (EC) Appellate Body Report, United States – Anti-Dumping Act of
1916, WT/DS136/AB/R, WT/DS162/AB/R, adopted 26
September 2000, DSR 2000:X, p. 4793
US - FSC Appellate Body Report, United States – Tax Treatment for
"Foreign Sales Corporations", WT/DS108/AB/R, adopted 20
March 2000, DSR 2000:III, p. 1619
US – Gambling Appellate Body Report, United States – Measures Affecting the
Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services,
WT/DS285/AB/R, adopted 20 April 2005, DSR 2005:XII, p.
5663 (and Corr.1, DSR 2006:XII, p. 5475)
US – Gasoline Appellate Body Report, United States – Standards for
Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R,
adopted 20 May 1996, DSR 1996:I, p. 3

9.
9
Short Title Full Case Title and Citation
US – Gasoline Panel Report, United States – Standards for Reformulated and
Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/R, adopted 20 May 1996, as
modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS2/AB/R, DSR
1996:I, p. 29
US – Poultry (China) Panel Report, United States – Certain Measures Affecting
Imports of Poultry from China, WT/DS392/R, adopted 25
October 2010, DSR 2010:V, p. 1909
US – Shrimp Appellate Body Report, United States – Import Prohibition of
Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/AB/R,
adopted 6 November 1998, DSR 1998:VII, p. 2755
US — Wool Shirts and
Blouses
Appellate Body Report, United States - Measure Affecting
Imports of Woven Wool Shirts and Blouses from India.
WT/DS33/AB/R. adopted 23 May 1997, and Corr. 1, DSR
1997:1, p. 323

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SHORT TITLES USED IN THIS REPORT
European Union
EU’s Written
Submission
Written Submission by the European Union “To the Arbitration Panel
established pursuant to Article 306 of the Association Agreement
between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy and
their Member States and Ukraine in the dispute “Ukraine - Export
prohibitions on wood products”, 17 February 2020
EU’s Responses to
Ukraine’s Questions
Responses by the European Union to Ukraine’s Questions “To the
Arbitration Panel established pursuant to Article 306 of the
Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member
States of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part in the dispute
“Ukraine - Export prohibitions on wood products”, 4 June 2020
EU’s Responses to the
Arbitration Panel’s
Questions
Responses by the European Union to the First List of Questions to the
Parties from the Arbitration Panel “To the Arbitration Panel
established pursuant to Article 306 of the Association Agreement
between the European Union and its Member States of the one part,
and Ukraine, of the other part in the dispute “Ukraine - Export
prohibitions on wood products”, 15 May 2020
EU’s Opening
Statement
Opening Oral Statement of the European Union “To the Arbitration
Panel established pursuant to Article 306 of the Association
Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic
Energy and their Member States and Ukraine in the dispute “Ukraine -
Export prohibitions on wood products”, 22 September 2020
EU’s Closing Statement Closing Statement of the European Union “To the Arbitration Panel
established pursuant to Article 306 of the Association Agreement
between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy and
their Member States and Ukraine in the dispute “Ukraine - Export
prohibitions on wood products”, 23 September 2020
EU’s Responses at the
Hearings
Responses by the European Union to the questions of the Arbitration
Panel at the hearing “To the Arbitration Panel established pursuant to
Article 306 of the Association Agreement between the European
Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other
part in the dispute “Ukraine - Export prohibitions on wood products”, 7
October 2020
EU’s Executive
Summary
Integrated Executive Summary of the European Union “To the
Arbitration Panel established pursuant to Article 306 of the
Association Agreement between the European Union and the European
Atomic Energy and their Member States and Ukraine in the dispute
“Ukraine - Export prohibitions on wood products”, 7 October 2020
(Annex C)
EU’s Comments on the
Interim Report
Comments on the Interim Report by the European Union to the
Arbitration Panel established pursuant to Article 306 of the
Association Agreement between the European Union and the European
Atomic Energy and their Member States and Ukraine in the dispute
“Ukraine - Export prohibitions on wood products”, 27 November 2020
Ukraine
Ukraine’s Written
Submission
Written Submission of Ukraine “Ukraine – Measures related to Certain
Ukrainian Export Restrictions on Wood”, 11 March 2020

11.
11
Ukraine’s Answers to
the Arbitration Panel’s
Questions
Ukraine’s Answers to the First List of Questions to the Parties from the
Arbitration Panel “Ukraine – Measures related to Certain Ukrainian
Export Restrictions on Wood, 15 May 2020
Ukraine’s Opening
Statement
Opening Oral Statement of Ukraine “Ukraine – Measures related to
Certain Ukrainian Export Restrictions on Wood”, 22-23 September
2020
Ukraine’s Closing
Statement
Closing Statement of Ukraine “Ukraine – Measures related to Certain
Ukrainian Export Restrictions on Wood”, 22-23 September 2020
Ukraine’s Responses at
the Hearings
Ukraine’s Answers to the Arbitration Panel’s Questions Addressed at
the Hearings “Ukraine – Measures related to Certain Ukrainian Export
Restrictions on Wood”, 22-23 September 2020
Ukraine’s Executive
Summary
Ukraine’s Executive Summary of the Opening Statement of Ukraine
made during the Hearings “Ukraine – Measures related to Certain
Ukrainian Export Restrictions on Wood”, 22-23 September 2020
(Annex C)
Ukraine’s Request to
Review the Interim
Report
Request of Ukraine for the Arbitration Panel to Review Precise
Aspects of the Interim Report circulated on 13 November 2020,
“Ukraine – Measures related to Certain Ukrainian Export Restrictions
on Wood”, 27 November 2020

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ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT
Abbreviation Description
Agency Ukraine’s State Agency for Forest Resources
Association
Agreement
(AA)
Association Agreement between the European Union and their Member
States, of one part, and Ukraine, of the other part
DCFTA Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area
DSB Dispute Settlement Body
DSU
Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of
Disputes or Dispute Settlement Understanding (Annex 2 to the WTO
Agreement)
CJEU
Court of Justice of the European Union (formerly European Court of
Justice)
EU European Union
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FTA Free Trade Agreement
GATT 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
HS Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System
MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement
MFN Most-Favored Nation
ORDLO
Occupied territory of certain areas of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions
of Ukraine
OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
UAH Ukrainian hryvnia (National currency of Ukraine)
UKR Ukraine
UKTZED/UCG
FEA
Ukrainian Classification of Goods and Foreign Economic Activity
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
VCLT Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 23 May 1969
VRU Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Parliament of Ukraine)
WTO World Trade Organization

13.
13
SHORT TITLES OF FREQUENTLY CITED MEASURES AND OTHER
INSTRUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS REPORT
Abbreviation Definition
2005 export ban
Law of Ukraine No. 2860-IV of 8 September 2005, On Elements of the
State Regulation of Business Operators’ Activities Related to the Sale
and Export of Timber, Information from the Verkhovna Rada of
Ukraine, 2006, No. 2-3, p. 34
2015 temporary
export ban
Law of Ukraine No. 325-VIII of 9 April 2015, On Amendments to the
Law of Ukraine “On elements of the State Regulation of Business
Operators’ Activities Related to the Sale and Export of Timber”
Concerning the Temporary Export Ban for Unprocessed Timber,
Information from the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 2015, No 31, p. 291
2018
Amendment
Law of Ukraine No. 2531-VIII of 6 September 2018, On Amendments
to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the Preservation of Ukrainian
Forests and preventing the Illegal Export of Unprocessed Timber ,
Information from the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 2018, No. 42, p. 327
Law 2860-IV
Law of Ukraine No. 2860-IV, of 8 September 2005, On Elements of the
State Regulation of Business Operators’ Activities Related to the Sale
and Export of Timber, Information from the Verkhovna Rada of
Ukraine, 2006, No. 2-3, p. 34
Law 325-VIII
Law of Ukraine No. 325-VIII of 9 April 2015, On Amendments to the
Law of Ukraine on “Elements of the State Regulation of the Business
Operators’ Activities Related to the Sale and Export of Timber”
Concerning the Temporary Export Ban for Unprocessed Timber,
Information from the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 2015, No 31, p. 291
Law 2531-VIII
Law of Ukraine No. 2531-VIII of 6 September 2018 On Amendments
to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the Preservation of Ukrainian
Forests and preventing the Illegal Export of Unprocessed Timber,
Information from the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 2018, No. 42, p. 327
EUTR
Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 20 October 2010 laying down the obligations of operators
who place timber and timber products on the market, OJ L 295, 12
October 2010, pp. 23–34
Flood Directive
Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks,
OJ L 288, 6 November 2007, pp. 27–34

14.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Complaint by the European Union
1. On 15 January 2019, the European Union (“the complaining Party” in the AA or “the
Complainant” in this Report) requested consultations with Ukraine (“the Party complained
against” in the AA or “the Respondent” in this Report) pursuant to Article 305 of the AA
with respect to the measures and claims set out below.1
2. Consultations were held on 7 February 2019 with the aim of reaching a mutually agreed
solution. The consultations did not resolve the dispute.
1.2. Arbitration Panel establishment and composition
3. On 20 June 2019, the European Union requested the establishment of an arbitration panel
pursuant to Article 306 of the AA, and in accordance with the procedure for the composition
of the arbitration panel set out in Article 307 of the AA and the relevant provisions of the
Rules of Procedure for Dispute Settlement in Annex XXIV to the Association Agreement.2
4. By diplomatic note of 9 August 2019, the European Union proposed to Ukraine the
nomination of three members of the Arbitration Panel together with the terms for
remuneration and reimbursements necessary to comply with the formal requirements for
concluding the nomination process.3
On 20 August 2019, Ukraine accepted by diplomatic
note the proposal of the European Union.4
5. By this exchange of diplomatic notes both Parties agreed, in accordance with paragraph 41
of Annex XXIV to the Association Agreement, to use the English language for the dispute
settlement proceedings and, in accordance with paragraph 43 of the same Annex, to instruct
the members of the Arbitration Panel to deliver the interim report and the final ruling in that
language.
6. On 28 January 2020, the Parties exchanged diplomatic notes confirming for each Party the
completion of the Arbitration Panel selection procedure.5
The Parties confirmed that the
deadlines applicable under Chapter 14 of the Association Agreement, including the issuance
1
Note Verbale of 15 January 2019, No. 005/2019.
2
Note Verbale of 20 June 2019, No. ARES(2019)3929269.
3
Diplomatic Note of 9 August 2019, No. ARES(2019)5179780.
4
Diplomatic Note of 20 August 2019, No. 3111/31-200-1698.
5
Diplomatic Note of 28 January 2020, No. ARES(2020)520694 and Diplomatic Note of 28 January 2020, No.
3111/31-210/144.

15.
15
of the Interim Panel Report6
and the Arbitration Panel Ruling,7
would be counted as of 28
January 2020.8
7. The Parties also confirmed therein the establishment of the Arbitration Panel pursuant to
Article 307(6) of the AA as of 28 January 2020 with the following composition:
Chairperson: Mr Christian Häberli
Members: Mr Giorgio Sacerdoti
Mr Victor Muraviov
8. The Arbitrators were not supported by a Secretariat.9
Therefore, they made use of the
possibility to appoint personal assistants, as provided for in paragraph 4 of the Arbitration
Panel’s Working Procedures.10
The Arbitrators appointed two assistants who provided
substantial inputs, research, translation, and logistics support.
Assistants: Ms Ilaria Espa
Ms Nataliia Mushak
1.3 Arbitration Panel proceedings
1.3.1 General
9. On 29 January 2020, the organisational meeting of the Parties with the Arbitration Panel
was held in Brussels. The Working Procedures11
and the Timetable for the proceedings
were adopted pursuant to paragraph 8 of Annex XXIV to the Association Agreement.
10. On 4 February 2020, the European Union published on the website of the European
Commission a notice concerning the establishment of the Arbitration Panel, which indicated
that the deadline for amicus curiae submission was 27 February 2020.12
On 4 February
2020, Ukraine published a similar notice on the website of the Ministry for Development
of Economy, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine.13
One amicus curiae submission was
6
See Article 308(1) of the AA.
7
See Article 310(1) of the AA.
8
Diplomatic Note of 28 January 2020, No. ARES(2020)520694 and Diplomatic Note of 28 January 2020, No.
3111/31-210/144.
9
The Parties agreed that the arbitrators would be remunerated according to the WTO scale for a maximum of 44.5
days of work each, including assistant work, to be shared by each Party equally.
10
See below, Annex A.
11
See the Arbitration Panel’s Working Procedures in Annex A.
12
See https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=2109.
13
See https://www.me.gov.ua/Documents/Detail?lang=en-GB&id=60f5e990-629b-49cd-9a53-
ff97a9f22b21&title=AmicusCuriaeSubmissionInTheDisputeBetweenUkraineAndTheEuOnRestrictionsAppliedB
yUkraineOnExportsOfCertainWoodProducts.

16.
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16
received by the non-governmental organization “Ukrainian Association of the Club of
Rome” on 20 February 2020 in Ukrainian language. This submission was informally
translated into English by the Arbitration Panel and is part of the record. However, neither
of the Parties referred to it in their submissions.14
11. On 17 February 2020, the European Union filed its written submission (EU’s Written
Subsmission).
12. On 11 March 2020, Ukraine submitted its written submission (Ukraine’s Written
Submission).
13. In those documents, and throughout the proceedings, the Parties kept referring to the dispute
using different names: Ukraine – Export prohibitions on wood products (European Union)
and Ukraine – Measures Related to Certain Ukrainian Export Restrictions on Wood
(Ukraine). The Arbitration Panel has consistently used the name Restrictions applied by
Ukraine on export of certain wood products to the European Union, as referred to in the
Note Verbale of 20 June 2019.15
14. Following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic and the subsequent travel restrictions,
the Timetable had to be revised, pursuant to Rules 14 and 15 of Annex XXIV and to
paragraph 31 of the Working Procedures, a first time on 17 March 2020 and shortly
thereafter on 6 April 2020. The original dates of the Hearing (30-31 March 2020) were
thereby postponed, first to 19 May 2020, and then 16-17 June 2020. In parallel, the
deadlines for the submission of the Arbitration Panel’s questions to the Parties and the
Parties’ answers were also postponed. The Arbitration Panel sent questions to the Parties
on 27 April 2020 and the Parties answered on 15 May 2020. Partis exchanged questions on
20 May 2020, with answers made available on 4 June 2020. A list of issues that the Panel
suggested could be addressed by the Parties during the Hearing was sent to the Parties on
16 June 2020.
15. Due to the prolongation of travel restrictions as a result of the continuation of the pandemic
situation, the Timetable had to be further adjusted on 18 July 2020 and on 14 September
2020, respectively. The modifications mainly postponed the Hearing foreseen in paragraphs
21-31 of Annex XXIV to a time when it would be possible to hold them in person (22-23
September 2020).
16. Against the backdrop of a prolonged period of travel restrictions in the wake of the Covid-
19 pandemic and the prospect of significant further delays, however, the hearings had to be
14
See paragraphs 478-79 below.
15
See Note Verbale of 20 June 2019, No. ARES(2019)3929269.

17.
17
held in a virtual mode. This was not an easy decision to take. Especially the Respondent
deserves credit for accepting to hold an online hearing, whereas the hearing should have
taken place in Kyiv in accordance with Article 22 of the Rules of Procedure (Annex XXIV
to the AA).
17. Both Parties published the notice regarding dates and time of the Hearing on the relevant
websites of the European Commission and of the Ministry for Development of Economy,
Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine, respectively, pursuant to Article 318(2) of the AA and
the Rules of Procedure.
18. On 22 and 23 September 2020, the Arbitration Panel held the hearing with the Parties
virtually, via Webex. This implied considerable technical challenges. The Hearing could
not be open to the public, as it would have been difficult to arrange live public access to the
hearing without potentially compromising the server capacities and thus the technical
quality of the meeting. However, pursuant to Article 318(2) of the AA and the Rules of
Procedure, both Parties published their oral opening statement, oral closing statement,
responses to the Arbitration Panel’s questions at the Hearing, and the executive summary
on the relevant websites of the Parties.
19. After the oral opening statements, the Arbitrators and their assistants invited the Parties to
reply to a set of oral questions. Initial replies were provided by the Parties during the
hearing. On 7 October, both Parties submitted the final versions of their oral opening and
closing statements, together with their executive summaries and their written replies to the
oral questions of the Arbitration Panel.
20. The Parties did not ask questions to each other, but Ukraine raised a number of new
procedural issues. Those issues will be addressed in paragraphs 26-28 below and in Section
4.1.
21. On 13 November 2020 the Arbitration Panel issued its Interim Report. The issuance of the
final report was scheduled for either 11 December 2020 (without a review meeting) or 18
December 2020 (with a review meeting).
22. Since the Parties did not request a review meeting, the final report was is being issued on
11 December 2020.
1.3.2 Terms of reference
23. In its written submission, the Complainant requested the Arbitration Panel to rule on the
matter in accordance with the standard terms of reference set out in Article 306(3) of the

18.
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18
AA. This had been agreed by the Parties in their exchange of Notes of 9 and 20 August
2019 (see above, para. 4).16
Article 306(3) of the AA reads as follows:
Unless the Parties agree otherwise within five days of the establishment
of the panel the terms of reference of the arbitration panel shall be:
“to examine the matter referred to in the request for establishment of
the arbitration panel, to rule on the compatibility of the measure in
question with the provision of this Agreement referred to in Article 304
of this Agreement and to make a ruling in accordance with Article 310
of the Agreement.”
24. Accordingly, the European Union requested the Arbitration Panel to issue a ruling in
accordance with Article 310 of the AA to the effect that:
1) the 2005 export ban and the 2015 export ban are inconsistent with
Ukraine’s obligations under Article 35 of the Association Agreement
[under Title IV, Chapter 1 of the Association Agreement]; and
2) therefore, Ukraine is required to take any measure necessary to
comply with those obligations.17
25. During the Hearing, the Respondent raised a new point in its oral statement concerning “the
rules applicable to the subject matter of this case.”18
According to Ukraine, the European
Union erred in seizing the standard dispute settlement procedures under Chapter 14 of the
AA, instead of invoking the procedures set out in Chapter 13 [“Trade and Sustainable
Development”]. In addition, Ukraine contended that the Arbitration Panel “is not competent
to address the dispute brought before it by the European Union because this dispute is a
matter arising under Chapter 13 of the Association Agreement”19
and not under Chapter 14,
in conjunction with Article 35 of the AA.20
Accordingly, Ukraine submitted that the
European Union should have brought its claims “according to the procedures provided for
in Articles 300 and 301 of the Association Agreement.”21
It therefore requested the
Arbitration Panel to rule that:
1. Since the European Union did not bring its case before the
relevant body, in accordance with the Association Agreement relevant
provisions, its claim should be rejected as inadmissible, or rejected for
lack of jurisdiction of the Arbitration Panel;
2. should the Arbitration Panel consider that the matter pertains
to its jurisdiction under the Association Agreement, to reject the
European Union’s conclusions on the merits;
16
EU’s Written Submission, para. 10.
17
EU’s Written Submission, para. 60.
18
Ukraine’s Opening Statement, para. 67.
19
Ukraine’s Executive Summary, para. 3.
20
Ukraine’s Opening Statement, para. 93.
21
Ukraine’s Opening Statement, para. 96.

19.
19
or;
3. should the Arbitration Panel find that the European Union’s
claim is not devoid of merit, to clarify what measures would be required
to comply with the Association Agreement. 22
26. The EU objected to Ukraine’s arguments by raising two main counter-arguments. Firstly,
on the procedural side the EU considered Ukraine’s objection to jurisdiction as “manifestly
untimely”, because Ukraine has failed to raise the objection “seasonably and promptly” in
the proceedings in accordance with the principle of good faith and due process.23
Secondly,
from a substantive point of view, the EU considers Ukraine’s objection as being without
merit. In the EU’s view, its claims are based on Article 35 of the AA (which is found in
Title IV of the AA, “Trade and Trade-Related Matters”). Accordingly, the EU contends that
Article 304 of the AA, which is included in Chapter 14 on “Dispute settlement”, applies:
The provision of this Chapter apply in respect of any dispute concerning the
interpretation and application of the provisions of Title IV of this Agreement
except as otherwise expressly provided.
27. The EU further points out that neither Article 300(7) of the AA nor any other provision
excludes “expressly” disputes concerning the interpretation and application of Article 35 of
the AA from the scope of Chapter 14. According to the EU, the present dispute does not
involve a “matter” under Chapter 13 because the EU has not brought claims on the basis of
a provision included in Chapter 13 with regard to a “measure” within the scope of the same
Chapter.24
28. The findings of the Arbitration Panel in respect of these preliminary issues are in Section
4.1.
2. FACTUAL ASPECTS
29. This Section, first, takes note of the presentation of certain facts, by both Parties, in relation
to the protection of Ukrainian forests and their importance for this case (Sections 2.1 and
2.2). Secondly, the products at issue are presented in their context (Section 2.3). Section 2.4
then lists the measures at issue indicated in the claims made by the EU. Finally, Section 2.5
lists a number of measures brought forward by Ukraine that have possible relevance in the
present case, but are different from the “measures at issue” in Section 2.4. This somewhat
22
Ukraine’s Opening Statement, para. 132.
23
EU’s Responses at the Hearings, paras 3-5.
24
Ibidem, paras 19-20 with reference to Appellate Body Report, Guatemala-Cement I, para. 72.

20.
Final Report Ukraine – Wood Products
20
unusual upfront listing allows us to look at the arguments made by the Parties in a dynamic
context of ongoing and envisaged reforms (Section 3).
2.1 General information provided by the European Union on forest protection in Ukraine
30. The European Union recalls that, according to the Ukraine Forest Agency, over the last fifty
years Ukraine forests have increased by almost half and that Ukraine is the ninth country in
Europe according to forested area and the sixth in terms of forest stocks.25
Moreover,
according to the Agency, the stock of standing timber is increasing by an average of 35
million cubic meter annually26
and there is “a steady tendency to increase the area of forests
in the whole country.”27
31. Ukraine has clarified that more than 44% of Ukraine forested areas has been already
assessed and certified based on the international requirements towards forest management
and forest exploitation subject to the principles of sustainable development and that, in any
event, the lack of a certification does not indicate any problems28
. In this connection, the
European Union outlined that it supports Ukraine’s efforts to protect its forests and that it
has constantly encouraged Ukraine to strengthen those efforts, in particular by ensuring an
adequate enforcement of its forest management regime.29
32. The European Union emphasised that the present case is not about whether Ukraine is
entitled to adopt measures for protecting its forests, which is beyond question.30
The
European Union acknowledged the persistent challenges faced by Ukraine’s forestry sector,
including illicit felling activities and corruption.31
The European Union has stressed that it
fully cooperates with Ukraine in order to support Ukraine’s efforts to meet those challenges
and protect effectively its forests. It has provided in Annex EU-1 to its Responses to the
First List of Questions from the Panel an extensive overview of such past and ongoing
European Union cooperation and assistance measures.32
33. At same time, the European Union outlined that – in parallel with the 2015 Export Ban on
all unprocessed timber – Ukrainian exports of sawn wood picked up, thereby confirming
that the measure is essentially concerned with supporting Ukraine’s domestic wood
25
EU’s Written Submission, para. 11.
26
EU’s Written Submission, para. 14.
27
Public Annual Report of the State Forest Resources Agency of Ukraine, page 8.
28
Ukraine’s Answers to the Panel’s Questions, paras 73-75.
29
EU’s Closing Statement, para. 4.
30
EU’s Closing Statement, para. 3.
31
Ibidem, para. 4.
32
Ibidem, para. 4.

21.
21
processing industry, rather than protecting Ukrainian forests, or aiming at an overall
reduction of domestic felling or wood production. 33
2.2 General information about Ukraine’s forests, as provided by the Respondent
34. Forests are a national treasure of Ukraine. Depending on purposes and localisation,
Ukrainian forests perform a wide array of environmental and other functions that restrict
their commercial use (water management, protective, sanitary-hygienic, recreative and
others).34
35. The total area covered by forests in Ukraine is 10.4 million hectares, of which 9.4 million
hectares are stocked forests (15.9 % of the total area of Ukraine’s territory).35
The forest
area per capita in Ukraine is on average 14 times smaller compared to other Eastern
European countries. Ukraine takes only 34th place in Europe in parameters such as forest
area in relation to the total area.36
36. As a result of natural conditions and anthropogenic influences over a long period of time,
Ukrainian forests today are irregularly distributed over the country. More than half of the
country’s forests are human-made and need enhanced care. The average age of the forests
in Ukraine is more than 60 years, resulting in over-aging and in deterioration of their
sanitary status.37
37. The forests grow in three natural zones (zone of mixed forests, forest-steppe, steppe), in
Crimea and in the Carpathians mountains. While the optimal percentage of forest cover for
the country should constitute 20% of the total territory of Ukraine (presently 15.9 %), the
planned and the actual forest covers differ widely for the different zones: for Polissya
(Forest zone) it should amount to 32.0% of the total area of this zone (actually 26.8 %), for
Lisostep (Forest-steppe zone) it should be 18% (presently 13%), while for Step (Steppe
zone) it is presently 5.3% instead of 9.0%.38
38. The Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster contaminated around 3.5 million hectares of
forest. Today, 157 000 hectares of forest have a high level of radioactive contamination of
Caesium-137. Forest exploitation is limited there. The largest territories of contaminated
forest are situated in the Zhytomyr region (60%), Kyiv region (52.2%), and Rivne region
33
EU’s Opening Statement, para. 10; EU’s Responses to the Arbitration Panel’s Questions, para. 6, Exhibit EU-
18.
34
Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 26.
35
Public Annual Report (2019) of the State Forest Resources Agency of Ukraine (Exhibit UKR-01), p. 4.
36
Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 28.
37
Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 29
38
Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 32.

22.
Final Report Ukraine – Wood Products
22
(56.2 %). In Volyn, Chernihiv, Cherkasy, Vinnytsya and Sumy Regions 20% of forests are
contaminated. In the Red Forest, which is located within the 10km2
area surrounding the
Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant, the pines planted after the accident have grown without a
central leading stem, rendering them odd-looking dwarfs more like bushes than trees.39
Therefore, these forests are not exploited.40
39. In 2002, the State Programme “Forests of Ukraine” for 2002-2015 was adopted as one of
the basic plans for the forest management in Ukraine.41
The programme recognised that the
actual size of the woodland (15.6% of the total territory of Ukraine) was insufficient and
the woodland should be expanded by 2 to 2.5 million hectares in order to meet the above-
mentioned optimal coverage of 20%.42
40. In 2010, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the Law “On Main Principles of State
Environmental Policy of Ukraine for the Period until 2020.”43
According to this law, the
total woodland should expand by more than 2 million hectares of new forests in order to
meet the optimal coverage of 20%. This optimal woodland coverage would thus be reached
in 20 years.44
41. This law was replaced by the Law “On Main Principles of State Environmental Policy of
Ukraine for the Period of up to 2030.”45
42. The State Forest Resources Agency of Ukraine reported the same level of annual increment
for 2018 and 2019 (35 million cubic metres).46
The forest utilisation rate (i.e., the ratio of
the average annual felling relative to the average annual increment) was 63% in 2018 and
60% in 2019. Ukraine writes that, according to the European Environment Agency “a
felling-to-annual-increment ratio of approximately 70 % is recommended to ensure the
sustainable management of forests.”47
43. The State Forest Resources Agency of Ukraine also recalls that the average age of Ukrainian
forests is over 60 years and that this age is still increasing. This should be seen as an
39
Environmental Health Perspectives. A Tale of Two Forests. Addressing Postnuclear Radiation at Chornobyl and
Fukushima. Volume 121, Number 3, March 2013.
40
Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 33.
41
Resolution of the Cabinet Ministers of Ukraine “On approval of the State Program “Forests of Ukraine” for
2002-2015”, No. 581, 29.04.2002, Exhibit UKR-36; see Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 135, footnote 82,
paras, 274-276.
42
See footnote 82 to paragraph 135 of Ukraine’s Written Submission.
43 See
Law No. 2818-VI, 21 December 2010 (Exhibit UKR-19).
44
Ukraine’s Opening Statement, para. 10.
45
Law No. 2697-VIII, 28 February 2019.
46
EU’s Written Submission, para. 14; Public Annual Report (2019) of the State Forest Resources Agency of
Ukraine, Chapter I (p. 5), Exhibit UKR-01.
47
European Environment Agency, Forest: growing stock, increment and fellings, available at:
https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/forest-growing-stock-increment-and-fellings-3/assessment

23.
23
opportunity from an environmental point of view since, as the European Commission has
acknowledged that “newly planted forests cannot replace primary forests, which have high
carbon stocks, and are characterised by their great age, unique ecological features and the
established protection they provide to biodiversity.”48
However, protecting the biodiversity
of primary forests, and the carbon stocks they contain, also implies that harvests must be
strictly controlled, especially where their age leads to a deterioration of their sanitary
status.49
Depending on the type of forest, it could take decades for carbon stocks in harvested
areas to return to prior levels. An increase in the harvest is therefore equivalent to an
increase in carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere, which is the opposite of what
should be done in terms of protection of the environment.50
Hence, the quality and
sustainability of the stock of standing timber in Ukrainian forests remains a source of
concern.51
44. One of the main challenges are illegal logging and smuggling practices.52
In 2019, the total
volume of illegal logging was reported at 118 thousand cubic metres with the total damage
amounting to UAH 814.2m. The ineffectiveness of measures taken to ensure the proper
protection of forests is evidenced by the fact that in 2019 the State Forest Resources Agency
of Ukraine detected illegal logging of 6 446 cubic metres in the forests of Kharkiv Region,
with a total damage amounting to UAH 51.7m; of 1 333 cubic metres in the forests of
Kherson Region Administration with a total damage of UAH 16.9m; and of 1000 cubic
metres in the forests of Zhytomyr Region Administration with a total damage of UAH 5m.
45. The causes for illegal logging are, first and foremost, social: a low level of social and
economic development of rural regions (high unemployment rate among the population that
harvests timber to meet vital needs, low salaries, low investment activity etc.). The second
cause is economic: obtaining quick profits by individual citizens or organised groups that
harvest large size and valuable wood for further processing or commercial sale. The main
consumers of such timber are sawmills, operating beyond the law. Investigations into the
circumstances of illegal logging show that the main reasons for their increase are the
activities of technically well-equipped criminal groups, the low level of financial support
48
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and
Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Stepping up EU Action to Protect and Restore the World’s
Forests, COM/2019/352 final, 23.07.2019, p. 2.
49
Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 29; Public Annual Report (2019) of the State Forest Resources Agency of
Ukraine, Chapter I (p. 4) (Exhibit UKR-01).
50
Ukraine’s Opening Statement, para. 17.
51
Ukraine’s Opening Statement, para. 18.
52
Cf. 2019 Annual Report of the State Forest Resources Agency of Ukraine (in UA version), Exhibit UKR-01.

24.
Final Report Ukraine – Wood Products
24
of the population, which is forced to meet their basic needs in an illegal way, and the large
number of uncontrolled private sawmills, purchasing illegally harvested wood. To a large
extent, the spread of illegal logging in the southern and eastern regions of Ukraine is
facilitated by the lack of budgetary funding to finance the work of state forest protection
workers, which prompts them to leave their jobs and, as a result, large forest areas are left
unattended.53
46. With a view to increasing the effectiveness of work on the prevention of, and fight against,
illegal logging, the prevention of the theft of forest products and other violations of forest
legislation of Ukraine, the territorial bodies of the State Forest Resources Agency held joint
meetings with the representatives of the regional state administrations, territorial bodies of
the prosecutor's offices, police, the Security Service of Ukraine and the State Environmental
Inspectorate of Ukraine in order to develop, approve and carry out joint measures for the
protection of forests and carrying out systematic inspections of sawmills and other wood
processing enterprises to check the legality of timber purchases.54
Based on the result of
such meetings, the police officers became involved in joint raids conducted by mobile raid
groups established by enterprises belonging to the State Forest Resources Agency.55
47. For a country facing since 2014 an “emergency in its international relations”, Ukraine
considers that is difficult to focus efficiently on the fight against illegal logging and felling,
when the absolute priority is the recovery of territorial integrity, and access to sufficient
energy. Ukraine claims that it does as much as it can.56
This “emergency in international
relations” between Ukraine and the Russian Federation began in 2014 and has led inter alia
to the extermination of flora and fauna of the part of Ukraine where military actions are
conducted; a great part of the forests was destroyed.57
48. In support of its position, Ukraine notes that the “emergency in international relations” has
been recognised multiple times and analysed by the UN environment programme (UNEP):
“The forests in the Donetsk and Lugansk provinces of Donbas region
play a crucial role in the natural and man-made landscapes, by
preventing wind and water erosion and by ensuring the stability of water
supply bodies.
Besides creating a favourable environment for the local fauna and flora,
the region’s massive pine forests play a key social and economic role,
53
UKR-Exhibit 1, pp. 10-11, para. 2.2.1.
54
Instructions of Prime Minister of Ukraine O.V. Goncharuk No. 1419/1/1-20 dated 21 January 2020 (UKR-
Exhibit 1, p. 11, para. 2.2.1).
55
Ibidem.
56
Ukraine’s Answers to the Arbitration Panel’s Questions, paras 102-106.
57
UN News, “Human cost of Ukraine Conflict is growing, Security Council told” (referred to in Ukraine’s Written
Submission, para. 176).

25.
25
as they are often used for recreation, hunting, and mushrooms, berries,
and herbs picking.
According to an assessment carried out by UN Environment’s Science-
Policy Platform on Environment and Security, the conflict has affected,
damaged, or destroyed ecosystems within an area of at least 530,000
hectares, including 18 nature reserves covering an area of 80,000
hectares. Furthermore, 150,000 hectares of forests have been impacted,
with 12,500 forest fires blazing through the military operations zone
and adjacent areas.
In 2014 alone, the lack of forest protection and the fighting led to the
near irreversible destruction of 479 hectares of forests. The fighting has
had direct mechanical and chemical impacts on trees, including
shrapnel damage of barks, branches, tops, ground vegetation,
weakening or killing individual trees and entire plantations. The
military operations zone has also been contaminated by unexploded
ordnance whose elimination could take years or decades, based on the
experience of other countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia,
and Macedonia.58
49. Ukraine submits that the “emergency in international relations” that currently exists on its
territory affects a great number of spheres of daily life not only in the region but also in the
entire country. Due to the occupation of a considerable part of Ukraine the rest of the
country resorts to an increased consumption of wood products for the purpose inter alia of
heating. Moreover, not only significant parts of forests are located in the occupied territory
but this is also the case for some of the biggest coal mines and plants.59
50. Altogether 305 objects of the natural reserve fund are situated in the Donetsk and Lugansk
regions.60
More than half of such objects in the Donetsk region - in the Lugansk region,
about a third - are now located in the occupied territory. In particular, there are many nature
reserves in the region (Luhansky and Ukrainian Steppe), as well as the national natural parks
Svyati Hory and Meotida.61
These objects of the Ukrainian natural wealth have suffered
from a number of different factors. One of the greatest problems is the forest fires caused
by the explosions of ammunition or deliberate arson connected with warfare tactics. As a
result of fires caused by military action, the plantations along the collision line suffered the
most. Furthermore, damage to the territories by shelling was found in the national natural
58
Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 177 (referring to UN environment programme News and Stories, Ukraine’s
Donbas bears the brunt of toxic armed conflict, available at https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-
stories/story/ukraines-donbas-bears-brunt-toxic-armed-conflict).
59
Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 179.
60
Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 182.
61
The State Emergency Service of Ukraine: Ecological aspect of the reintegration of the occupied territories of
Donetsk and Lugansk regions, available at https://www.dsns.gov.ua/en/Ostanni-novini/82386.html (last accessed
6 November 2020).

26.
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park Svyati Hory, branches of the Ukrainian Steppe Kalmius and Kreydyana flora, the
regional landscape park Donetsky Kriaghgh and the Slavyansky Resort, the Lugansk
Natural Reserve, and the Belogorivsky and Perevalsky Reserves. The forest plantations in
the ORDLO also are affected by the cutting down of forest for military needs, e.g. building
dugout shelters and trenches.62
51. Ukraine notes that during the period of armed aggression by Russia in the territory of
ORDLO some natural landscapes were totally destroyed. Military action led to the pollution
of water, soil, air and to forest cutting. The impact on the natural resources is horrifying and
the expectations of experts are that the rehabilitation of these landscapes will take a
considerable period of time. Unfortunately, the lack of full control of Ukraine over the entire
territory, the lack of control bodies and the constant shelling do not allow for an objective
assessment of the damage caused to the natural environment during the period of hostilities.
Each and every day of the war, the natural wealth and resources of the occupied Donbass
territory, especially forestry, are further destroyed, the scale of the environmental
consequences increases exponentially, and their prevention or elimination becomes more
complicated.63
52. According to Ukraine, these data demonstrate both the ongoing efforts made by Ukraine to
improve the protection of its environment in a difficult context, and the need to achieve
better results.64
2.3 The Products at issue
53. In the present dispute, two main categories of products are at issue: raw timber and sawn
wood of ten specific wood species which are referred to in the relevant Ukrainian law as (i)
“rare and valuable species” and (ii) all “unprocessed timber”.
2.3.1 “Rare and valuable” species
54. The first category consists of timber and sawn wood of ten species listed in Article 1 of the
Law of Ukraine “On Elements of the State Regulation of Business Operators’ Activities
Related to the Sale and Export of Timber” of 08 September 2005, No. 2860-IV (hereinafter
Law 2860-IV) and referred to in that law as “rare and valuable”.65
62
Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 183.
63
Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 184.
64
Ukraine’s Opening Statement, para. 42.
65
(Exhibit UKR-02). See also the Law of Ukraine No. 2531-VIII of 6 September 2018, On Amendments to Certain
Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the Preservation of Ukrainian Forests and preventing the Illegal Export of
Unprocessed Timber, Information from the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 2018, No 42, p.327 (Exhibit EU-5).

27.
27
55. These ten species consist of six wood genera66
and four wood species.67
All of them fall
within the UKTZED Code 4403. According to Article 2 of Law 2860-IV, “sawn wood”
made from such “rare and valuable” species falls within the UKTZED Code 4407.
56. Ukraine regulates these products as part of its forestry resources and its biodiversity.68
Five
species are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine.69
Ukraine explains that “The Red Book of
Ukraine” is an official government document that contains the list of endangered species of
animals, plants and fungi on the territory of Ukraine. By listing the animals and plants of
Ukraine, which are on the verge of extinction and must therefore be protected, the Red Book
assists in their preservation and gradual recovery. The Red Book contains general
information about areas, the current state and causes of endangered species and the
possibilities for preserving valuable and rare wood species. At the same time, it does not set
time frames for determining the period during which plants will be assessed as
“endangered” and “valuable and rare.” However, the Red Book alone cannot protect the
listed species: there must be further action in this regard, and the 2005 law is one of them.70
57. Overall, the industrial exploitation of the species concerned is limited. A number of them
are cultivated especially in view of the production of fruits and nuts or other products from
66
The genera, including one sub-genus, include:
(1) “акація” / “acacia” / “Acacia Mill.”;
(2) “вишня” / “cherry tree” / “Prunus subg. Cerasus Mill.” (sub-genus);
(3) “груша” / “pear tree” / “Pyrus L.”;
(4) “горіх” / “walnut tree” / “Juglans L.”;
(5) “каштан” / “chestnut” / “Castanea Mill.”;
(6) “ялівець” / “juniper” / “Juniperus L.”
67
The wood species include:
(1) “берека” / “checker tree / beech” / “Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz”
(2) “тис ягідний” / “common yew” / “Taxus baccata L.”;
(3) “черешня” / “black cherry tree” / “Prunus avium L.”;
(4) “явір” / “acer” / “Acer pseudoplatanus L.”
68
This objective falls within the ambit of numerous international conventions to which Ukraine is a party, including
the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural
Habitat.
69
Checker trees (Sorbus torminalis (L.)), common yews (Taxus baccata (L.)) (see, the EU’s answer to Panel’s
Question No. 52, para. 163, referring to para. 57 to Ukraine’s Written Submission), some of the species of juniper
(Juniperus Excelsa m.Bieb and Juniperus Foetidissima Willd) and one species of cherry tree (Cerasus klokovii
Sobko). See the List of Plant and Mushroom Species that are included in the Red Book of Ukraine (Plant Life),
approved by Order of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of Ukraine “On Approval of the Lists of Plant and
Mushroom Species that are included to the Red Book of Ukraine (Plant Life) and Plant and Mushroom Species
that are excluded from the Red Book of Ukraine (Plant Life)” No. 312, 17 June 2009, items Nos. (in order of
appearance) 569, 38, 32, 33 and 563 (Exhibit UKR-53).
In paragraph 157 of its answer to Panel’s Question No. 52, the European Union submitted that “Ukraine has
confirmed that “Law No. 2860-IV prohibits the export of timber and sawn wood of […] junipers (Juniperus (L.)
or Juniperus communis (L.))…” (emphasis added).
70
Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 58, footnote 21.

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flowering and for landscaping. Article 70 of the Forest Code of Ukraine provides that
“valuable and rare wood” is to be preserved during felling operations.71
58. Some of the wood species concerned are also included in the International Union for
Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List
or Red Data List).72
This is the case of acacias, junipers, acers, walnut trees, cherry trees.
However, the EU argues that they are not included under a category that would suggest that
their existence is currently under serious threat at a global level.73
59. All ten “rare and valuable” species are covered by the “2005 export ban” described in
Section 2.4.1.
2.3.2 Unprocessed timber products
60. The second category of products at issue consists of unprocessed timber products
(UKTZED Code 4403), also found in Article 1 of Law 2860-IV.
61. The Parties consistently define “timber” as “[w]ood materials that are extracted by dividing
into parts felled trees and logs (along and across) further processing.”74
“Sawn wood” is
defined in Article 1 of Law 2860-IV as “[s]awn goods of a certain size and quality that have
at least two planar parallel layers.”75
62. Unprocessed timber products are covered by the “2015 temporary export ban” which will
be described in Section 2.4.2.
2.4 The measures at issue
63. The European Union identified two measures in its request for the establishment of the
Arbitration Panel in connection with its claims: the “2005 export ban” and the “2015
temporary export ban”.76
Since also Ukraine has used these terms, the Arbitration Panel
will use them as well for reasons of expediency.
71
Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 59.
72
As per the IUCN website, the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species
was established in 1964 and “has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the
global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species. The IUCN Red List is a critical indicator of the health
of the world’s biodiversity. Far more than a list of species and their status, it is a powerful tool to inform and
catalyse action for biodiversity conservation and policy change, critical to protecting the natural resources we need
to survive. It provides information about range, population size, habitat and ecology, use and/or trade, threats, and
conservation actions that will help inform necessary conservation decisions”. See https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (last
accessed 11 December 2020). On the IUCN Red List, see for instance the description for cherry trees at
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/172064/50673544 (last accessed 11 December 2020).
73
See EU’s Responses to the Arbitration Panel’s Questions, paras 161-162.
74
Cf. Exhibit EU-5.
75
Cf. Section IX, group 44, code 4407 of the Ukrainian Classification of Goods for Foreign Economic Activity
(584a-l8).
76
EU’s Written Submission, paras 23-27.

29.
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2.4.1 The “2005 export ban”
64. The Complainant asserts that Ukraine prohibits the exportation of both timber and sawn
wood of ten “rare and valuable” species since 2005 (the “2005 export ban”).
65. The EU indicates that the “2005 export ban” is reflected in Article 2 of Law 2860-IV, which
states:
Export of timber and sawn wood of valuable and rare wood species
beyond the customs territory of Ukraine is prohibited.
66. The EU also notes that the prohibition instituted by the “2005 export ban” is permanent. lt
has been applied since Law 2860-IV entered into force (13 December 2005) and is not
subject to any temporary limitation.
2.4.2 The “2015 temporary export ban”
67. The EU further asserts that Ukraine introduced a temporary prohibition, for a period of ten
years, on all exports of unprocessed timber since 2015 (the “2015 temporary export ban”).
In the case of wood species other than pine, the temporary prohibition applies from 1
November 2015. In the case of wood species of pine trees, it applies from 1 January 2017.
68. The EU indicates that the “2015 temporary export ban” is described in Article 2-1
of Law
No. 325-VIII:
1) temporarily, for a 10-year period, it is prohibited to export unprocessed
timber outside the customs territory of Ukraine [Harmonized System
Code 4403 of section IX, group 44];
2) for wood species other than pine – from November 1, 2015; and
3) for wood species of pine – from January 1, 2017.77
2.5 Measures other than “measures at issue”
69. In order to comprehend the context of these proceedings, it is useful to list a number of
other measures with possible relevance in the present case but different from the measures
at issue in Section 2.4. In the course of the proceedings, Ukraine referred to the following
measures as being part of its forestry policy:
1) Law of Ukraine No. 2531-VIII of 6 September 2018 “On
Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the
Preservation of Ukrainian Forests and preventing the Illegal Export
of Unprocessed Timber” No. 2531-VIII, dated 6 September 2018,
Information from the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 2018, No. 42, p.
77
Law of Ukraine No. 325-VIII of 9 April 2015, On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On Elements of the
State Regulation of Business Operators’ Activities Related to the Sale and Export of Timber” Concerning the
Temporary Export Ban for Unprocessed Timber”, Information from the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 2015, No.
31, p. 291 (Exhibit UKR-03).

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327);
2) Decree of the President of Ukraine “On Certain Measures for the
Conservation of Forests and the Rational Use of Forest Resources”
No. 511/2019, of 9 July 2019;
3) Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine “On Approval of
the Procedure for Monitoring Internal Consumption of Domestic
Raw Timber and Control of Excessive Domestic Consumption of
Domestic Unprocessed Timber” No. 1142, of 4 December 2019;
and
4) the draft law on amendments to the Forest Code for implementing
the National Forestry Inventory, adopted on 5 February 2020 in the
first reading the Parliament of Ukraine.78
70. Ukraine also recalls that in order to effectively prevent illegal logging in Ukraine, the
following measures have been taken:
1) Introduction of an electronic timber tracking system;.
2) Increased penalties for illegal logging and criminal liability for
illegal logging and illegal timber exports;
3) Transition to European standards as of January 1, 2019, which
makes it impossible to differentiate the allocation of quality
categories in Ukraine and the European Union;
4) Increased area of certified forests;
5) Improved public access to information on the legality of logging
and harvesting permits;
6) Possibility of verifying the legality of timber harvesting on the
official site of the administrator of the unified state electronic timber
tracking system of the State Forest Innovation and Analytical
Centre through the Forest in Smartphone system;
7) Online checking of timber legality by label number, waybill and
vehicle number.79
3. ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTIES
71. This Section summarises the arguments of each Party in accordance with paragraph 8 of the
Working Procedures adopted by the Arbitration Panel.80
3.1 European Union
72. The EU makes the following claims with respect to the two measures referred to in Section
2.4 above.
78
Ukraine’s Written Submission, para. 47.
79
Ukraine’s Answers to the Arbitration Panel’s Questions, para. 104.
80
See the Arbitration Panel’s Working Procedures in Annex A. Annex B contains the Executive Summaries of the
Parties.

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31
73. The 2005 export ban is a “prohibition” inconsistent with Article 35 of the AA.81
Moreover,
Ukraine “has not showed that it is designed and it is necessary to protect plant life or health”
in accordance with Article XX(b) of the GATT 1994 and therefore the measure cannot be
justified under Article 36 AA.82
74. The 2015 temporary export ban is also a “prohibition” inconsistent with Article 35 AA.83
Furthermore, Ukraine “has not demonstrated that it is part of its policy for the preservation
and sustainable exploitation of its forests, and that it contributes to the declared
conservationist objective” in accordance with Article XX(g) of the GATT 1994.84
Ukraine
could not demonstrate that “it is …even-handed because it imposed a complete ban on
export, while allowing for a very high and unprecedented level of domestic consumption”
in contrast to what is required pursuant to Article XX(g) of the GATT 1994.85
Therefore,
the measure cannot be justified under Article 36 of the AA.
75. The Complainant concludes that both measures cannot be justified under Article 290(1) of
the AA as a self-standing exception because “the ‘right to regulate’ recognised in Article
290(1) of the AA must be exercised in accordance with the requirements of other provisions
of the AA that give expression and operationalise the ‘right to regulate’, including the policy
exceptions mentioned in Article 36 of the AA”.86
The same holds true for any of the
provisions of Chapter 13 of the Association Agreement that Ukraine invoked as defences.87
76. Besides, this “right to regulate” is not at issue in this case.88
In any case, it is not an
unqualified right.89
77. The EU adds that should Ukraine contend that the bans are justified by Article XX of the
GATT 1994, the burden of proof would be on Ukraine.90
3.2 Ukraine
78. Ukraine contends that the measures at issue “are not inconsistent with Article 35 of the
Association Agreement per se.”91
The European Union was not able to prove that they have
81
EU’s Executive Summary, para. 6.
82
EU’s Executive Summary, para. 18.
83
Ibidem, para. 6.
84
Ibidem, para. 22.
85
Ibidem, para. 22.
86
EU’s Opening Statement, para. 196.
87
Ibidem, paras 183-195.
88
EU’s Responses to the Arbitration Panel’s Questions, para. 284.
89
EU’s Opening Statement, paras 64 ff.
90
EU’s Written Statement, paras 55-59.
91
Ukraine’s Executive Summary, para. 3.

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the “effect” of restricting exports of the products concerned “destined for the territory of the
other party” (that is, the European Union) as therein provided.92
79. Even if Article 35 of the AA is applicable, the 2005 export ban and the 2015 temporary
export ban are justified in accordance with Article 36 of the AA. The two measures are
justified by Article XX(b) and Article XX(g) of the GATT 1994, respectively.93
80. Indeed, the measures at issue “are a mere exercise of [Ukraine’s] right to regulate its own
level of environmental protection [as] recognized in… Article 290” of the AA.94
They must
be read in conjunction with Articles 294 and 296(2) in Chapter 13 of the Association
Agreement (“Trade and Sustainable Development).”95
3.3 Additional arguments made during the Hearing
3.3.1 Ukraine
81. During the Hearing, Ukraine raised additional arguments, which called into question the
admissibility of the European Union’s claims based on Article 35 of the AA.
82. In the first place, Ukraine argued that the Arbitration Panel lacks jurisdiction to address the
dispute brought before it by the European Union, because “this case is plainly a Chapter 13
of the Association Agreement case”96
and thus “must be resolved only according to the
procedures provided for in Articles 300 and 301 of the Association Agreement.”97
83. Ukraine remarks that Chapter 13 has its own consultation mechanism for handling
differences in addressing sustainability issues, “the procedures of which have not been
activated by the European Union.”98
The European Union has therefore erred in seizing the current
Arbitration Panel for addressing a matter arising under Chapter 13 of
the Association Agreement. As a consequence, the Arbitration Panel
cannot address this matter, because it has no jurisdiction, or because the
request for the establishment of an arbitration panel is inadmissible.99
84. Secondly, even if the EU’s claim is considered admissible, Article 35 of the AA is
inapplicable “in any arbitration proceedings until the end of the 10-year period agreed
92
Ukraine’s Opening Statement, paras 101-106.
93
Ukraine’s Executive Summary, para. 3.
94
Ukraine’s Opening Statement, para. 68.
95
Ibidem, paras 82-93.
96
Ukraine’s Executive Summary, para. 22 (emphasis not added).
97
Ukraine’s Opening Statement, para. 96.
98
Ukraine’s Executive Summary, para. 16.
99
Ibidem, para. 24.

33.
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between the Parties to progressively establish a free trade area, i.e. by the end of 2025.”100
This is laid down in Article 25 of the Association Agreement.101
85. Finally, Ukraine has asked the Arbitration Panel “to take into consideration”, in the present
case, “the specific circumstances, in particular the “emergency in international relations”
within the meaning of Article XXI(b) of GATT 1994 which began in 2014 between
Ukraine and the Russian Federation.102
According to Ukraine, this “emergency in
international relations […] has lead, inter alia, to the destruction of a great part of the
forests.”103
3.3.2 Comments by the European Union
86. During the Hearing and thereafter, in its responses to the oral questions of the Arbitration
Panel at the Hearing, the EU counter-argued that Ukraine’s jurisdictional objection is
“manifestly untimely and, in any event, ‘manifestly without merit’.”104
87. Ukraine’s objections would imply that “all measures ‘relating to trade in forest products’
and more generally all measures ‘relating’ to the protection of the environment would be
subject exclusively to the disciplines of Chapter 13, to the exclusion of any other provisions
of the AA.”105
88. In addition, Ukraine’s reading of Article 25 of the AA would run counter to Article
XXIV(8)(b) of the GATT 1994 and lead to “manifestly unreasonable … consequences.”106
Moreover, Article 35 of the AA clearly states that “Article XI of the GATT 1994 […] are
incorporated into, and made an integral part of, this Agreement.”107
89. The Arbitration Panel will address all these claims and additional arguments in its findings
in Section 4.1.
4. FINDINGS
90. Before considering the Complainant’s claims about the two export bans in their context, we
will address the “preliminary” issues arising from the Hearing (Section 4.1). We will then
examine whether the measures at issue are compatible with Article 35 of the AA, having
100
Ukraine’s Executive Summary, para. 3.
101
Ukraine’s Opening Statement, para. 54.
102
Ukraine’s Written Submission, paras 176-189.
103
Ibidem, para. 176.
104
EU’s Responses at the Hearings, para. 2.
105
Ibidem, para. 22.
106
Ibidem, paras 36-37 and para. 45.
107
Ibidem, para. 39.

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due regard to its relation with the provisions of Chapter 13 of the AA (Section 4.2). We will
finally turn to the analysis of whether the measures at issue are justified under Article 36
AA, should they be found incompatible with Article 35 of the AA (Section 4.3).
4.1 Preliminary issues
91. In the course of the Hearing, three issues have been raised by the Respondent:
1. That the dispute arises under Chapter 13 of the AA (Trade and Sustainable
Development, Articles 289-302) instead of under Chapter 14 (Dispute settlement, Articles
303 -326) (Sub-Section 4.1.1).
2. That Article 35 of the AA invoked by the EU is inapplicable during the 10-year
transitional period provided for in Article 25 of the AA (Sub-Section 4.1.2).
3. The emergency situation in international relations affecting Ukraine (Sub-
Section 4.1.3).
92. The Arbitration Panel now addresses each of these issues in turn.
4.1.1 Whether the present dispute arises under Chapter 13 or Chapter 14 of the AA
4.1.1.1 The Parties’ arguments
4.1.1.1.1 Ukraine
93. Ukraine, as recalled above, has postulated for the first time in its oral opening statement at
the Hearing of 23 September 2020, that this Arbitration Panel “cannot address” the matter
submitted to it by the EU because “the current dispute definitely relates to the trade in forest
products (unprocessed timber; timber and sawn wood from 10 valuable and rare species
listed in Article 1 of Law 2860-IV). It is therefore arising under Chapter 13 of the AA and
it must be resolved only according to the procedures provided for in Articles 300 and 301
of the Association Agreement.”108
94. According to Ukraine, “the European Union has therefore erred in seizing the current
Arbitration Panel, for addressing a matter arising under Chapter 13 of the Association
Agreement. Consequently, the Arbitration Panel cannot address this matter because it has
no jurisdiction or the request for the establishment of an arbitration panel is
inadmissible.”109
95. To support its argument Ukraine refers to Article 300(7) of the AA which is part of Chapter
13 and has as its title “Institutional and monitoring mechanism”:
108
Ukraine’s Opening Statement, para. 96.
109
Ibidem, para. 97.

35.
35
For any matter arising under this Chapter [on “Trade and sustainable
development”], the Parties shall only have recourse to the procedures
provided for in Articles 300 and 301 of this Agreement.
96. In turn, Articles 300 and 301 of the AA provide for consultations “regarding any matter
arising under this Chapter”, followed, if the matter is not satisfactorily resolved through
such governmental consultations, by referral of the matter to a Group of Experts entrusted
to present a report to the Parties. Thereupon “[t]he Parties shall make their best efforts to
accommodate advice or recommendations of the Group on the implementation of this
Chapter.”110
97. Ukraine further notes that “there is no rule in the Association Agreement, nor in the
Working Procedures, that prohibits a Party to raise a jurisdictional/admissibility issue at any
time during the procedure”.111
98. Finally, Ukraine also submits that the examination by the Arbitration Panel of the
jurisdictional objection raised by Ukraine in the present case would be consistent with WTO
jurisprudence and international practice.112
4.1.1.1.2 The European Union
99. The EU raises two objections to the above position of Ukraine. The first objection is
procedural and the second one is on the merits.
100. Procedurally, the EU submits that Ukraine’s objection to jurisdiction is “manifestly
untimely”, because Ukraine has failed to raise it “seasonably and promptly” in the
proceedings.113
In the EU’s view, previous DSB rulings clearly indicate that claims over
“procedural deficiencies” shall be brought in accordance with the principle of good faith
and due process.114
As Ukraine did not file this objection in a timely manner the
consequence is that Ukraine “may be deemed to have waived its right to have a panel
consider such objections.”115
101. On the substance, the EU considers that Ukraine’s objection to jurisdiction is without
merit.116
The EU stresses that its claims are based on Article 35 of the AA (which is found
110
Article 301(2) of the AA.
111
Ukraine’s Responses at the Hearings, para. 5.
112
Ukraine’s Responses at the Hearings, paras 6-15, citing, in addition to a number of ICJ and ICSDI cases, the
following WTO cases: Appellate Body Report, EC – Fasteners (China), para. 561; Appellate Body Report, United
States – Anti-Dumping Act of 1916, para. 54; Appellate Body Report, Mexico – Corn Syrup (Article 21.5 – US),
para. 36; and Appellate Body Report, EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft, para. 791.
113
EU’s Responses at the Hearings, paras 2 and 5.
114
EU’s Responses at the Hearings, paras 3-5.
115
Ibidem, para.4, with reference to Appellate Body Report, Mexico – HFCS, Article 21.5, paras 49-50.
116
EU’s Responses at the Hearings, paras 7-24.

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in Title IV AA, “Trade and Trade-Related Matters”), so that Article 304 of the AA, which
is included in Chapter 14 (“Dispute settlement”), applies.117
Article 304 of the AA states:
The provision of this Chapter apply in respect of any dispute concerning
the interpretation and application of the provisions of Title IV of this
Agreement except as otherwise expressly provided.
102. The EU further points out that neither Article 300(7) of the AA nor any other provision
expressly excludes disputes concerning the interpretation and application of Article 35 of
the AA from the scope of Chapter 14. Article 300(7) of the AA alludes to “matters arising
under Chapter 13”. In this respect, the EU contends that:
For a “matter” to “arise” under Chapter 13 within the meaning of
Article 300(7), it is not enough to show that a measure “relates” to
“trade in forest products” or the “protection of the environment”. Rather
a “measure arises” under Chapter 13 where the complaining party
brings a “claim” on the basis of a provision included in Chapter 13 with
regard to a “measure” within the scope of the same Chapter.118
103. The EU submits that it has not brought any claims on the basis of any provision included
in Chapter 13 so that Article 300(7) of the AA is not relevant in casu.119
104. Even if it were correct that, as Ukraine claims, the current dispute “definitely relates to
trade in forest products,” the subject matter of the dispute is that raised by the EU in its
request for the establishment of the Arbitration Panel pursuant to Article 306(3) of the
AA.120
In this respect, the EU recalls that the “matter” referred to the Arbitration Panel is
whether the measures at issue (the 2005 and 2015 export bans) are in breach of the
provision invoked by the EU, i.e. Article 35 of the AA.
105. The EU further points out that Ukraine’s jurisdictional objection is based on the
assumption that “all measures ‘relating to trade in forests’ and more generally all measures
‘relating’ to the protection of the environment would be subject exclusively to the
disciplines of Chapter 13, to the exclusion of any other provisions of the AA.”121
According
to the EU, however, the provisions of Chapter 13 “do not seek to replace the provisions of
other Chapters of Title IV, but rather to complement those provisions by imposing
additional obligations on the Parties with regard to the protection of the environment.”122
The EU does support Ukraine’s efforts to protect its forests, in particular by ensuring the
adequate enforcement of its forest management regime. The EU also acknowledges the
117
EU’s Responses at the Hearings, paras 10-13.
118
EU’s Responses at the Hearings, para. 20.
119
Ibidem, par. 19-20 with reference to Appellate Body Report, Guatemala-Cement I, para. 72.
120
EU’s Responses at the Hearings, paras 17-18.
121
EU’s Responses at the Hearings, para. 22.
122
Ibidem, para. 23.

37.
37
persistent challenges faced by Ukraine, including illicit felling activities and systemic
corruption.123
106. However, in this case the Parties disagree on whether the two disputed specific measures,
that is, the 2005 and the 2015 export bans can be regarded as adequate measures to achieve
the alleged objective of protecting Ukraine’s forests. The EU believes that “Ukraine’s
position that the measures at issue are not export prohibitions or restrictions incompatible
with Article 35 is untenable and disingenuous.”124
In conclusion “[t]he EU cannot accept
that measures whose essential objective is to protect a domestic industry be shielded from
scrutiny under the guise of environmental measures.”125
4.1.1.2 The Arbitration Panel’s findings
4.1.1.2.1 On the timeliness of the jurisdictional objection
107. The Arbitrators first note Ukraine’s acceptance, at the time of the establishment of the
Arbitration Panel, of its competence to examine the matter of the compatibility of Ukraine’s
restrictions with Article 35 of the AA as discussed hereunder.
108. In the Note Verbale of the EU of 20 June 2019 the EU requested “the establishment of an
arbitration panel pursuant to Article 306 of the Association Agreement”.126
The Note states
that “the request concerns restrictions applied by Ukraine on exports of certain wood
products to the European Union, specified in the following sentences”and goes on to state
that:
The export restriction applied by Ukraine appear to be incompatible
with Article 35 of the Association Agreement, which sets out a
prohibition of export restrictions and measures having an equivalent
effect.
109. The Note further states that consultations between the Parties “with regard to the measures
at issue with a view to reaching a mutually agreed solution of the matter” held in Kyiv on
7 February 2019 had unfortunately not resolved the matter. Therefore, the EU was
requesting the establishment of an arbitration panel to examine the matter, with the standard
terms of reference as set out in Article 306(3) AA, and according to the procedure for the
composition of the arbitration panel pursuant to Article 307 AA and the relevant provisions
123
EU’s Closing Statement, para. 4.
124
Ibidem, para.7.
125
Ibidem, para.15.
126
Note Verbale of 20 June 2019, No. ARES(2019)3929269.

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in the Rules of Procedure for Dispute Settlement in Annex XXIV to the Association
Agreement.
110. Ukraine confirmed the receipt of the request in its Note Verbale of 27 June 2019.127
111. In the subsequent Note Verbale of 9 August 2019 the EU confirmed the agreement
between the Parties reached pursuant to Article 307(2) of the AA on the composition of the
Arbitration Panel and stated, inter alia, that the terms of reference of the Arbitration Panel
shall be as set out in Article 306(3) of the AA:
to examine the matter referred to in the request for establishment of the
arbitration panel, to rule on the compatibility of the measure in question
with the provisions of this Agreement referred to in Article 304 of this
Agreement and to make a ruling in accordance with Article 310 of this
Agreement.
112. Ukraine answered by Note Verbale of 20 August 2019 referring to the Note Verbale of the
EU dated 9 August 2019:
concerning the arbitration procedure on temporary restrictions applied
by Ukraine on export of certain wood products to the European Union,
pursuant to Section 1 of Chapter 14 of Title IV of the Association
Agreement.128
113. In the same Note Verbale, Ukraine confirmed the agreement with the EU as to the
composition of the Arbitration Panel and other related procedural matters set out in the
Note Verbale of 9 August 2019 of the EU, and specifically that the terms of reference of
the Arbitration Panel would be those set out in Article 306(3) of the AA.
114. Second, the Arbitrators note that Ukraine’s position has remained unchanged during the
proceedings in its various submissions up until the Hearing of 22-23 September 2020, when
it raised the jurisdictional objection.
115. Specifically, in its (first) written submission of 11 March 2020, Ukraine did not object to
the subject matter of the dispute brought to arbitration by the EU, nor to the competence of
this Arbitration Panel to rule on it according to the terms of reference agreed by the Parties
and the procedure laid down in Section 1 of Chapter 14 of the AA (Articles 303 to 310 of
the AA). Rather, it opposed the EU claims on their merits. It argued in particular that the
measures at issue were adopted for environmental reasons and conservation purposes and
invoked the defences available pursuant to Article XX (b) and (g) of the GATT 1994, as
127
As mentioned in the EU Note Verbale of 9 August 2019, see above footnote 3.
128
See Verbal Note of 20 August 2020 No 3111/31-200-1698, p. 2.