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合成锂藻土Laponite/聚乙二醇分
 散液的振荡剪切流变学研究

     博士学位论文答辩
      答辩人:孙尉翔
      导师:童真 教授
     材料科学与工程学院
        2011. 12. 5
论文内容结构
第一章 绪论
• 合成锂藻土Laponite分散液介绍
• 振荡剪切流变学介绍
第二章 大幅振荡剪切实验条件的建立
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性研究
结论
致谢




                              2
绪论——Laponite分散液的凝胶化




                      3
绪论——Laponite分散液的凝胶化




             -2
            10
NaCl (mM)




             -3
            10
                                     Gel
                                                    Glass

                  Phase
             -4
            10    Separation                                Nematic
                  0            1           2           3              4
                                   Laponite (wt%)
绪论——Laponite分散液的凝胶化




                      5
绪论——Laponite/PEG分散液




                      6
绪论——Laponite凝胶体系的触变性
触变性(thixotropy)

1. 时间依赖性
2. 可逆性




                       7
绪论——Laponite凝胶体系的应用
 日用化工           食品        成膜剂




        油井水泥浆        涂料
                                9
绪论——Laponite凝胶体系的应用



          研究目的
    通过振荡剪切流变学方法研究
    Laponite/PEG分散液的触变性




                          10
绪论——振荡剪切流变学介绍




                LAOS
SAOS




                       11
绪论——振荡剪切流变学介绍




                12
绪论——LAOS的定量分析方法
1. Fourier变换法
                σ1




                     σ3
                          σ5 σ 7




                                   13
绪论——LAOS的定量分析方法
     1. Fourier变换法




             K, Hyun et al. J. Rheol.
             2007, 51, 1319-1342




K, Hyun et al. Macromolecules           14
2009, 42, 411-422
绪论——LAOS的定量分析方法
1. Fourier变换法
2. Lissajous曲线法




                  15
材料与方法
• 材料
 – Laponite XLG (Rockwood)
 – NaCl(广州化学试剂厂)
 – PEG-35k(Uni-Chem, Mw = 35000, PDI = 1.1)
 – 超纯水(Millipore Milli-Q)
• Laponite分散液配比
 – Laponite: 2.0 wt%
 – NaCl: 3.0 ~ 5.0 mM
 – PEG-35k: 0.063 ~ 1.0 wt%
• 仪器:TA ARES应变控制型流变仪



                                              16
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
——SAOS实验流程




    预剪切               实验观测时间tw

 200 s-1, 200 s


                  t




                                 17
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
——凝胶化过程的普适性            c = 4.5 mM                                                                                   s

                3                                           3                                    3
               10                                          10                                   10                       G'
                    cp = 0.1 wt%                                cp = 0.25 wt%                        cp = 0.4 wt%        G''

                2                                           2                                    2
               10                                          10                                   10
G', G'' (Pa)




                                            G', G'' (Pa)




                                                                                 G', G'' (Pa)
                1                                           1                                    1
               10                                          10                                   10


                0                                           0                                    0
               10     1            2    3
                                                           10     1        2     3
                                                                                                10    1         2         3
                    10        10       10                       10       10     10                   10       10        10
                3
                           tw (s)                           3
                                                                      tw (s)                     3
                                                                                                           tw (s)
               10                                          10                                   10
                    cp = 0.63 wt%                               cp = 0.8 wt%                         cp = 1.0 wt%

                2                                           2                                    2
               10                                          10                                   10
G', G'' (Pa)




                                            G', G'' (Pa)




                                                                                 G', G'' (Pa)
                1                                           1                                    1
               10                                          10                                   10


                0                                           0                                    0
               10     1            2    3
                                                           10     1        2     3
                                                                                                10    1         2         3
                    10        10       10                       10       10     10                   10       10        10
                                                                                                                              20
                           tw (s)                                     tw (s)                               tw (s)
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
——凝胶化过程的普适性
                                          data                         cs = 4.5 mM
                               40
                                          model fit

                 2
                10        tp   20
                                                                           G'
                               0
                               0.0          0.5             1.0
                                          cp (wt%)
 G', G'' (Pa)




                 1
                10

                                                                          G''


                 0
                10
                      -1              0                 1          2        3
                     10              10               10          10      10
                                                      tw (s)/tp                      21
Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
——凝胶化过程的普适性
(a) 102                           cs = 3.0 mM                                  (b) 102                 cs = 4.0 mM
                                                                          G'                                                                               G'
G', G'' (Pa)




                                                                               G', G'' (Pa)
                    1
               10                                                     G''                     10
                                                                                                   1


                                                                                                                                                       G''

                    0
               10                                                                                  0
                                                                                              10

                              -1            0         1          2        3                              -1              0           1        2        3
                        10             10        10         10       10                                10           10          10       10       10
                                                tw (s)/tp                                                                    tw (s)/tp
(c) 102                           cs = 5.0 mM                                  (d) 150                        cs:
                                                                     G'                                       3.0 mM
                                                                                              100             4.0 mM
G', G'' (Pa)




                                                                               tp                             4.5 mM
               10
                    1
                                                                                                              5.0 mM
                                                                                              50
                                                                     G''


                    0                                                                          0
               10            -1             0      1             2        3
                        10             10        10         10       10                         0.0                           0.5                  1.0
                                                tw (s)/tp                                                                    cp (wt%)                           22
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
——凝胶化过程的普适性
                                1




                  2
                 10        ts                                                G'

                                0
                                     3         4        5
                                          cs (mM)
  G', G'' (Pa)




                  1
                 10
                                                                             G''



                  0
                 10



                       -2            -1    0        1       2       3    4         5    6
                      10            10    10       10    10     10      10        10   10

                                                    tw/(tpts) (s)                           23
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
——胶体聚集理论

     • 扩散置限聚集(kD)



     • 反应置限聚集(k)
       – 粒子间存在相互作用势垒U(h)




                           24
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
——胶体聚集理论

        范德华作用势:UvdW
        双电层作用势:Udl cs
        位阻作用势:Usteric cp
        总作用势:U=UvdW+Udl+Usteric




                                  25
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
——表面电势分布
                   Poisson-Boltzmann方程



    -700e

            +50e




                                         26
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
——表面电势分布
                   Poisson-Boltzmann方程



    -700e

            +50e




                                         27
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
——理论计算与实验结果比较
   150       cs
             3.0 mM
             4.0 mM
   100       4.5 mM
             5.0 mM
             model fit
  tp




    50



       0
       0.0                0.5       1.0
                         cp (wt%)
                                          28
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
——凝胶化过程的普适性
• Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化过程具有普适性,
  添加NaCl或PEG对凝胶化过程分别有加速或推迟作用。
• 问题
 – 只在一个频率下测试,不能全面反映样品结构
 – 样品结构随时间变化,频率扫描不能反映样品在同一时刻的结构




                                  29
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
               ——时间分辨粘弹谱
                         cs = 5.0 mM
                         cp = 0.63 wt%
                2
               10
                                         Increasing 
                                                        G'
G', G'' (Pa)




                1
               10


                                                        G''


                0
               10
                     1                              2
                    10                            10
                                               tw (s)         30
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
    ——时间分辨粘弹谱
                               cp:
           1.0                0.63 wt%
                              0.8 wt%
                              1.0 wt%
max (s)




           0.5




           0.0
                 0   50              100   150

                          tw (s)                 31
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
               ——时间分辨粘弹谱
                         cs = 5.0 mM
                         cp = 0.63 wt%
                2
               10
                                                                  G'
G', G'' (Pa)




                1
               10
                                                                                                      tw:
                                                                       L2S5P35k0.8                    800 s
                                                                 G''                                  500 s
                                                                                                      100 s
                                                                                                      30 s
                0
               10                                                 1
                                                                 10
                     1                       2    G', G'' (Pa)
                    10                     10
                                         tw (s)


                                                                  0
                                                                 10




                                                                        0                   1
                                                                       10                 10

                                                                                      (rad/s)   32
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
               ——时间分辨粘弹谱
                                                      3
                                                     10

                                                      2                                 cp = 0.8 wt%
G', G'' (Pa)




                                                     10

                                                                                                            G'


                                                 
                                                      1
                                                     10
                                             2
                                            10        0
                                                     10
                                                               2              3
                                                              10         10

                  (rad/s)                                     tw (s)                                       G''
                             G', G'' (Pa)


                                             1
                                            10


                                                                              Frequency – gelling time
                                                                              superposition
                                             0
                                            10



                                                          0        1      2          3         4          5
                                                     10       10        10         10        10        10

                                                                         (rad/s)                       33
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
                    ——时间分辨粘弹谱
                         cp = 0.1 wt%                                                        10
                                                                                                  2   cp = 0.25 wt%                                                           cp = 0.4 wt%
G', G'' (Pa)




                                                                              G', G'' (Pa)




                                                                                                                                                         G', G'' (Pa)
                -2                                                                            -3                                                                         -2
               10            0           1           2            3
                                                                                             10        0            1         2            3         4
                                                                                                                                                                        10     0      1       2    3
                        10           10          10          10                                       10        10           10       10            10                        10    10       10   10

                                      (rad/s)                                                                  (rad/s)                                                           (rad/s)
               10
                    2    cp = 0.63 wt%                                                            2
                                                                                                      cp = 0.8 wt%
                                                                                             10
                    1
               10
                                                                                                  1
                    0
                                                                                             10
               10
G', G'' (Pa)




                                                                              G', G'' (Pa)




                                                                                                  0
                -1
               10                                                                            10

                -2
               10                                                                             -1
                                                                                             10
                -3
               10                                                                             -2
                                                                                             10
                -4
               10
                                                                                              -3
                        -1       0   1       2   3       4    5       6   7
                                                                                             10            0    1        2        3    4        5
                    10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10                                                        10       10       10    10      10       10

                                      (rad/s)                                                                  (rad/s)                                                                             34
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
    ——时间分辨粘弹谱

     5
    10   cp:
               0.1 wt%         0.63 wt%                                    cp
                                                                          0.63 wt%
     4
    10
               0.25 wt%        0.8 wt%                    1.0
                                                                          0.8 wt%
               0.4 wt%         1.0 wt%                                    1.0 wt%

     3




                                               max (s)
    10
                                                          0.5



     2





    10
                                                          0.0
                                                                0   50            100        150
     1
    10                                                                   tw (s)

     0
    10

                           2               3
                          10              10

                               tw (s)                                                   35
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
——时间分辨粘弹谱
                    2
               10
                                                                 G'

                    1
               10
                                                                G''
G', G'' (Pa)




                    0                           -1
               10                              10

                                          '
                                                -3
                                               10

                                                -5
                -1                             10
               10                                     -1
                                                     10                10
                                                                           0
                                                           cp (wt%)
                        -5    -3     -1         1            3         5
                    10       10    10          10          10         10

                                   ' (rad/s)                                36
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
    ——时间分辨粘弹谱
                                                            Fit curve of the indicated function
                                    2
                                10


                                                                             1.07
                                    0
                                                                         ~ tw





                                10




                       '
                                  -2
                               10
      tw (s)
                               10
                                  -4                 ~ exp(tw/2.8)

                                  -6
                               10
                                                 0      1            2              3
                                                10    10           10            10
                                                       tw (s)/tp




               Phys. Rev. E 73 (2006) 021401.                                            37
第三章 Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化
——本章小结
• 不同NaCl或PEG浓度的Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化过
   程具有普适性
• 可用胶体聚集理论进行描述
• 普适的凝胶化过程经过两步:
1. 指数性增长
2. 线性增长




                                      38
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
研究——LAOS实验流程(1)


    预剪切               等待800s   实验观测时间tw




 200 s-1, 200 s


                  t




                                          39
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
研究——延迟屈服现象
          0:
                         cp = 0.4 wt%
           18%
           15%
           14%
           13%
           12%
           10%   2
            8% 10
   G'1 (Pa)




            5%




                     1                  2
                 10                10
                               tw (s)
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
研究——直接屈服现象
                        cp = 1.0 wt%       7%
                                                 6%
                                                 5.5%
              80                                 5%
                                                 3%
                                                 1%
                                            9%
   G'1 (Pa)




              60
                                            11%



                                            12%
                                            14%
              40
                    1                  2
                   10             10
                              tw (s)
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
     研究——屈服流动的非线性粘弹性
                      cp = 0.4 wt%
                      0 = 14%                           0.2
                                      G'1
                  2
                 10
G'1, G''1 (Pa)




                                      G''1

                                                  n=3    0.1




                                                               In/1
                  1
                 10

                                                   n=5
                                                               n=7
                                                         0.0
                         1                    2
                      10                    10
                                     tw (s)
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
         研究——屈服流动的非线性粘弹性
              cp = 0.25 wt%            0 = 14%                                cp = 0.4 wt%
       0.15                                       0.15
                                            15%
                                           13% 延迟屈服                                                      0 = 14%
       0.10                                                         0.10
I3/1




                                                             I3/1
                                                                                                             13%
       0.05                              12%                        0.05                                     12%
                                         10%                                                               10%
       0.00                                8%                       0.00
                                                                                1                   2
               1
              10              10
                                2
                                          5%                                   10              10       5% & 8%
                       tw (s)                                                          tw (s)


               cp = 0.8 wt%                                           cp = 1.0 wt%
                                                             0.15
       0.15
                                              直接屈服
                                                             0.10
       0.10
                                                      I3/1

                                        0 = 11%                                                           0 = 14%
I3/1




                                             10%                                                               12%
                                            9%               0.05
       0.05                                    7%                                                            11%
                                                 6%                                                          9%
                                               5.5%
                                            5%
                                               1%            0.00
       0.00                                   3%                           1                    2
                   1               2
              10              10                                      10                   10              5% & 7%
                       tw (s)                                                         tw (s)
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
         研究——屈服流动的非线性粘弹性
              cp = 0.25 wt%         0 = 14%                                cp = 0.4 wt%
       0.15                                    0.15
                                         15%
                                        13% 延迟屈服                                                      0 = 14%
       0.10                                                      0.10
I3/1




                                                          I3/1
                                                                                                          13%
       0.05              PEG浓度较低:延迟屈服
                                12%  0.05                                                                 12%
                                10%
       0.00
                         PEG浓度较高:直接屈服
                                  8% 0.00
                                                                                                        10%

                       t ——凝胶结构完善程度不同
                                                                             1                   2
               1
              10            10
                                2
                                 5%                                         10              10       5% & 8%
                          (s)                                                       tw (s)
                       w



               cp = 0.8 wt%                                        cp = 1.0 wt%
                                                          0.15
       0.15
                                           直接屈服
                                                          0.10
       0.10
                                                   I3/1

                                     0 = 11%                                                           0 = 14%
I3/1




                                          10%                                                               12%
                                         9%               0.05
       0.05                                 7%                                                            11%
                                              6%                                                          9%
                                            5.5%
                                         5%
                                            1%            0.00
       0.00                                3%                           1                    2
                   1            2
              10              10                                   10                   10              5% & 7%
                       tw (s)                                                      tw (s)
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
研究——LAOS实验流程(2)


    预剪切               等待800s   实验观测时间tw




 200 s-1, 200 s


                  t
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
研究——LAOS下的结构演化
                      cp = 0.4 wt%    0:
                                       10%
             2                            5%
            10
                                            8%
                                          12%
                                        14%
                                        15%
 G'1 (Pa)




                                        16%
                                        17%
                                        18%
                                        20%
                                        22%
                                        25%



             1
            10
                  1               2      3
                 10          10        10

                         tw (s)
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
研究——LAOS下的结构演化
                                                 cp = 0.4 wt%
                          0 = 5%                                          0 = 16%




                                                     G1', G1'' (Pa)
G1', G1'' (Pa)




                 1                                                    1
          10                                                     10




                      1                      2                             1                   2
                     10                10                                 10              10
                                    tw (s)                                0 = 20%    tw (s)
                     0 = 18%
G1', G1'' (Pa)




                                                    G1', G1'' (Pa)


                 1                                                    1
          10                                                     10




                      1                      2                             1                   2
                     10                10                                 10              10
                                    tw (s)                                            tw (s)
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
研究——LAOS下的结构演化
(a)                                 cp = 0.4 wt%
                   100                                                0.20
                              G'1
                   80
                                                          n=3
                   60
                                                                      0.15
  G'1, G''1 (Pa)




                   40

                                      G''1                            0.10




                                                                             In/1
                   20
                                                    n=5               0.05

                                                     n=7
                                                                      0.00
                          1                     2
                         10                  10                 n=9
                                       tw (s)
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
      研究——LAOS下的结构演化
    200 s
    200 s
            -1   800 s                  tw
                                                                      0 = 15%

                                                                                                     未经静置
                                                                                                     静 置 800 s
                                                                                 G'1





                                                                  2
                                                              10
                                             t
                          tw = 0


                                                 G'1, G''1 (Pa)
                 -1
             200 s
             200 s                 tw
                                                                                 G''1
                                                                  1
                                                              10

                                                                        1                        2
                                                                      10                    10





                                             t                                          tw (s)
                 tw = 0
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
研究——物理图像
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
 研究——触变性本构方程




结构动力学模型
          平衡态本构方程




          结构动力学方程


                    γ(t)   Runge-Kutta方法   σ(t)
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
研究——触变性本构方程
                                G'1         cp = 0.25 wt%
                                                                Experiment
                       2
                  10                                            Model


                       1
                  10
 G'1, G''1 (Pa)




                                G''1

                       0
                  10


                   -1
                  10


                   -2
                  10
                            -1          0         1         2     3
                           10          10        10     10      10
                                               0 (%)
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
研究——触变性本构方程
(b)                                              Experiment
              20         cp = 0.25 wt%           Model fit



              10
  (t) (Pa)




               0



              -10



              -20
                    36   37            38   39

                              tw (s)
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
研究——触变性本构方程           Experiment
                   cp = 0.25 wt%           Model


         -1
                                    I3/1
        10


                                           I5/1
 In/1




         -2
        10                                   I7/1




               1                2
              10               10
                      0 (%)
第四章 Laponite/PEG凝胶的非线性粘弹性
研究——本章小结
• 不同PEG浓度的Laponite/PEG凝胶,结构完善程度不同;
  在LAOS下,PEG浓度较低的样品显示延迟屈服;PEG浓
  度较高的样品显示直接屈服
• Laponite/PEG分散液在LAOS下先凝胶化后屈服
• 提出的结构动力学方程能够定性描述LAOS实验结果
结论
• SAOS研究结果
 – Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化过程具有普适性,可通过粒子间相互
   作用势垒-胶体聚集理论进行定量描述。
 – Laponite/PEG分散液的凝胶化呈两步。第一步松弛时间随时间呈指
   数增长;第二步则呈线性增长
• LAOS研究结果
 – Laponite/PEG凝胶在LAOS下,PEG浓度较高样品显示延迟屈服。
 – Laponite/PEG分散液在LAOS下的结构演化,呈先凝胶化、后屈服
   的现象
 – 采用触变性流体的结构动力学模型,可定性描述Laponite/PEG分散
   液凝胶的非线性粘弹性行为
致谢
• 感谢童真教授的释心指导!
• 感谢王朝阳老师、曾钫老师、任碧野老师和刘平老师对我
  的帮助
• 感谢课题组的同学对我工作的支持
• 感谢国家自然科学基金(21074040)对本研究工作的资
  助。
欢迎提问!

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