7. First coined in 2009 by Kevin Ashton, RFID
pioneer and cofounder of the Auto-ID Center at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Internet of Things
8. “Network of physical objects with embedded
electronics, software, connectivity, and people to
enable connectivity to exchange data, for
intelligent applications and services„
Internet of Things
10. A bit of story in 2003
around IoT connectivity
11. My final year project
in 2003 was kind of
IoT
Design and Implementation of Home Lighting
Control System and Home Monitoring System
using Mobile Phone over Internet
12. Circa 2003, original archive
Lamps
Web Cam
Modem for
SMS & GPRS
Home
Server*
GPRS GPRS
My final project
Architecture
“The Thing”
*Obviously it’s not based on single-board computer (SBC).
SBC is non-existent commercially back then
13. GPRS
2.5G, 40 - 80 kbps in theory
Mobile app Home Server app
Achieved 12 secs/frame
NOT 12 frame/secs (fps) :)
My final project
Video streaming feature
Circa 2003, original archive
J2ME app, on Nokia 3650 J2SE-based
14. That’s what I had in 2003
for wide area IoT connectivity
15. CONNECTIVITY
is one of the biggest challenges to
creating a true IoT
…yet, it always fascinates me!
21. Proudly coder for
19 years
ASM, QBasic, Pascal, c, C++,
Java, PHP, Bash, C#, Visual
Basic, HTML, JavaScript,
Python, Objective-C, Swift
.NET, Qt/QML, Java ME/EE/SE, Android
SDK, iOS SDK, Node.js
ARM MBED, ESP8266, ESP-IDF, Arduino
22. Cellular IoT (CIoT)
connectivity we NOW have
Fast, efficient
Up to 10 Mbps for 4G LTE
Ubiquitous coverage
Reliable & secure
Not designed for IoT in mind
High power consumption
Relatively expensive: modules,
data plan
Provisioning, manageability
Advantages Considerations
23. Cellular IoT (CIoT)
connectivity we WILL have
EC-GSM-IoT
LTE-M / eMTC
NB-IoT
Low data throughput
Low power
Low device & deployment cost
Extended coverage
Technologies Common Traits
24. 3
Evolution of IoT Connectivity in 3GPP/GSMA
5 MHz200 kHz 1.4 MHz 5/10/15/20 MHz
Other
influences
GSM LTE Cat-1+
Delay
Tolerant
Access
Cat-0
Cat-M1
Cat-NB1EC-GSM
UMTS
GSM is the original wide-area M2M
wireless connectivity technology. EC-GSM
enhances it to keep it competitive.
UMTS did not see any significant push
towards a low-power variant.
LTE-M (Cat-M1) is a concession to the
low-power/low-throughput device within
mainstream LTE.
NB-IoT (Cat-NB1), a new RAN technology,
is the official LPWAN contestant from the
3GPP/GSMA stable
Evolution of IoT Connectivity
in 3GPP/GSMA
26. Communication Technologies - Overview
Mbps
Kbps
bps
10 m 100 m 1 km 10 km
Baud rate
Range
Wi-Fi / BT
Short Range LPWAN
ST Confidential
Cellular
-M
-NB-IOT
5G
850/1900 MHz
900/1800 MHz
Sub-GHz
2.4 GHz
WIFI/BT
Short Range LPWAN
Cellular
IoT Connectivity: Range vs Speed
27. tend to be less complex than mesh networks as
the endpoints can be connected directly to a
gateway or base station, rather than relying on a
relay system to transmit messages.
cellular technologies and WiFi tend to offer high
throughput rates, while new low power wide area
(LPWA) technologies and Bluetooth are low
energy technologies (see graphic).
Low power wide area options Proprietary LPWA technologies in
Cellular
Range
Battery Life
LONG
SHORT LONG
Local network
(WiFi, ZigBee, Z-Wave)
Personal network
(Bluetooth)
Low-Power Wide-Area Network
(LPWAN: Sigfox, LoRa, Dash7)
Source: Alexander Vanwynsberghe, Blog article 'Long-range radios will change how the Internet of Things communicates'
Source: Alexander Vanwynsberghe, Blog article 'Long-range radios will change how the Internet of Things communicates'
IoT Connectivity: Range vs Power
28. What is LPWA
Low Power, Wide Area Networks
Low data throughput = High
sensitivity = Long range
Relatively low cost
Multiple Access = One-to-Many
Architecture
Using licensed or unlicensed
spectrum
33. Cost
Modules, deployment, operational cost
Usage Model / Licensing
SIGFOX – Required to utilize their public network
LoRa – Proprietary physical layer but open MAC
Regional Regulatory
Allowed frequency for ISM band
In Europe, duty-cycle is 1% for end-devices
Upstream/Downstream
SIGFOX – nearly entirely upstream
LoRaWAN – has 3 classes supporting different balances of upstream & downstream
Hardware & Network Availability
Is it available NOW?
LPWA: Selection Factors
36. Wireless modulation technology
Physical (PHY) layer for long range
communications
Operates in the license-free ISM bands all
around the world
• 433, 868, 915 Mhz
• Regulated (power, duty-cycle, bandwidth) E.g: EU:
0.1% or 1% per sub-band duty-cycle limitation (per
hour)
Sensitivity: -142 dBm
Link budget (EU): 156 dB
What is LoRa
37. ISM Regulation ISM worldwide regulation 7
Output Power vs Duty Cycle
Countries Frequency band review Max. output power
EU 868 MHz 14 dBm
USA 915 MHz 20 dBm
Korea 900 MHz
14 dBm
Japan 920 MHz
Malaysia 862 to 875 MHz
20 dBm
Philippines 868 MHz
Vietnam 920 to 925 MHz
India 865 to 867 MHz
Singapore 922 MHz
Thailand 920 to 925 MHz
Indonesia 922 MHz
ANZ 915 to 928 MHz
Taiwan 920 to 925 MHz
China 470 to 510 MHz 17 dBm
919 to 923MHz
38. Communications protocol & architecture
utilizing the LoRa physical layer
Data rates are from 300bps to 5.5kbps
Has 2 high-speed channels at 11kbps and 50kbps
(using FSK modulation)
It supports
• secure bi-directional communication,
• mobility
What is LoRaWAN
41. (Planned) thousand of assets to track
Deployed in country-side: no cellular
coverage, hard to reach once
deployed
Battery should last at least 3 years
Trigger alert if asset is in-move and
track its movement
Requirement
42. Low power MCU: Microchip/Atmel ATSAMD21
Sufficient clock, flash, RAM, peripherals
Interrupt: RTC, external -> useful for wake-up
Brain
Sensor
IMU sensor: gyroscope, accelerometer.
Will wake up MCU upon significant movement
Obviously, need GPS module to track location
Battery
Lithium-thionyl chloride cells (Li-SoCl2) to
reduce self-discharging rate
19Ah enough for 3+ years
Solution: Hardware-side
43. Most deployment areas are not covered by
any cellular services
Cellular
Wi-Fi
Nearby “civilization” is 5 km away.
Not having clean LoS to use directional antenna
Power consumption consideration
LPWA
Can be an option, but which one? Should be:
Private network
Easy and low-cost enough to implement NOW
Options: Connectivity
44. 3 - 5km LoRaWAN
Gateway
Network
Server
Application
Server
Cellular
(3G/4G)
Backend
Tracker
Node
Solution: Architecture
Makestro
Cloud
On-site
45. System only wake up upon: timer interrupt and external
interrupt (significant motion & displacement)
During sleeping:
Turn off unneeded MCU peripherals
Turn off/make sleep GPS and radio
Keep IMU sensor alive with the lowest update frequency
Only transmit data:
By timer (depends on OTA configuration)
Upon alert/interrupt
Circuit design optimisation: reduce components, pull-ups, etc
Low power technique
60. A movement to “democratize”
knowledge, hardware kit, and software
to help makers to start making in
hardware.
Disclosure: it’s initiated and supported by DycodeX, but it’s Community!