1. Chemistry!

2. Do Now:
• Look at your periodic table, what one
word to the symbols for these three
words spell?
• Calcium
• Neodymium
• Y>rium

3. What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of
maCer
__________and it’s
__________.
reacDvity
But what is maCer
anyway?

4. Matter is…
mass
Anything that has ______
and takes up
___________________.
Space (volume)
In other words it’s stuff.
Not Energy! But Stuff!

5. Matter is…
Stuff that’s made of Dny
atoms
parDcles called ______!

6. Matter Exists in 4 forms:
• SOLID
Most important
• LIQUID on Earth, we will
• GAS focus on these.
• PLASMA: an ionized charged gas.
Most common in the universe.

7. Four States of Matter:

8. Gas
• ParDcles have _______
large
spaces between them.
Gases are mostly empty
space.

9. Gas: (continued)
Move freely
• ParDcles can ___________
in all direcDons
Expand to fill
• ParDcles _______________
their containers
Highest
• _________ energy

10. Liquids!
• ParDcles are in contact but
they are ____________ as
Not as close
in solids.

11. Liquid: (continued)
Slip and slide
• ParDcles can ___________
Past one another, changing
their posiDons.
Take the shape of
• Liquids _______________
their containers

12. Solid
Tightly Packed
• ParDcles are ____________
in an orderly arrangement

13. Solid (Continued)
Vibrate
• ParDcles __________ but
____________ move freely.
do not
definite
• Solids have a ______
shape
Lowest Energy
• ________________

14. Changes in State (Phase)
• MaCer can change from
one form into another by
either changes in _______
Pressure
or changes in
Temperature
___________.

15. You must be
able to Phase Changes
describe all
phase changes!
Do they
require
addiDon or
release of
heat?

16. Phase Changes of Water

17. HeaDng Curve
Each Substance undergoes phase
changes at different temperatures!

18. Important Fact!
does not
The temperature _______
change during a phase
change. This is indicated
by a __________ (flat)
horizontal
line on a heaDng curve.

19. Part Two: Atomic Structure

20. Chemistry Review!
1. An ELEMENT is:
A simple ______
pure
substance made from
one type of atom that
can’t be further broken
down.

21. Chemistry Review!
2. An ATOM is:
the smallest part of an
element
_______ that retains the
properDes of the element.

22. Chemistry Review!
3. A COMPOUND is:
elements
two or more _______
chemically
joined ____________.

23. Chemistry Review!
4. A MOLECULE is:
the smallest part of a
_________ that retains
compound
the properDes of the
compound.

24. Chemistry Review!
5. A Chemical Bond is:
connecDon
the ____________
(joining) of atoms.

25. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
a. The center of an atom
is called the ________.
nucleus
b. Two ParDcles in the
nucleus are the ______
protons
neutrons
and the _______

26. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!

27. Must Know facts about
Atoms!!!
c. The protons
have a
posiDve
________
charge and the
neutrons have
___ charge.
no

28. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
d. Tiny _________ orbit the
electrons
nucleus in specific regions
called ___________ or
energy levels
_______. These parDcles
Orbitals
negaDve
have a ________ charge.

29. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
e. _____ electrons fit in the
Two
first energy level, _______
eight
in the second, and _______
eight
in the third.

30. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
f. The number of protons in
an atom is called the
_____________.
Atomic Number
Atomic Number
Symbol

31. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
g. The number of protons
and neutrons added
together is called the
_____________.
Atomic Mass

32. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
h. Atoms without an overall
neutral
charge are called _______.
i. Atoms with an overall
charge are called ______.
ions

33. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
j. Atoms of the same
element with different
numbers of neutrons (and
different atomic masses)
isotopes
are called _____________.

34. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
Atomic Number Atomic Mass
Symbol

35. Do Now:
• Put Homework in the box!
• Sit quietly in your seats and
wait for Ms. Gaga’s
Performance… you must be
very very quiet or she will
not perform!

36. Must know Facts about
Atoms!!!
Simple Carbon Atom
4e‐
2e‐ +

37. A Visual Representation
NoDce that the same elements can
combine in a variety of ways to form
new, unique substances that have
different chemical properDes!

38. THOUGHT QUESTION:
Are there more compounds
or elements in the world?
Explain.
There are more compounds.

39. Structure of the Atom
ATOMIC NUMBER
The atomic number
determines the
__________ of the
IdenDty
element.

40. Structure of the Atom
In a NEUTRAL atom
with no charge, the
electrons ________ the
equal
protons.

41. Structure of the Atom
Use your notes to label
the diagram!

42. Structure of the Atom
The center of the atom
is called the _______
Nucleus
It is a cluster of
________ & ________
Protons Neutrons
(+ charge) (0 charge)

43. Structure of the Atom
If you add the number
of protons and the
number of neutrons
you get the
Atomic Mass
_____________

44. Structure of the Atom
The number of _______
neutrons
can be obtained by
subtracDng the proton
number from the atomic
mass.

45. Structure of the Atom
The rings represent
different regions around
the nucleus called energy
levels, shells or
Orbitals
_____________

46. Structure of the Atom
Let’s read the explanaDon
paragraph at the boCom
of the page!

47. Do Now: Focused Free Write
Today is Twin day…. Explain how even
though you are wearing the same
clothes, that I can sDll tell you apart.
Relate this concept to what you
know about chemistry. Hint: use
words such as “compound”
“element” “isotope” “properDes”

48. Diagram of an Atom
Use this page to review
vocabulary and to
complete the Atomic
Structure AcDvity on the
next page!

49. The Periodic Table

50. Look at this page:

51. Elements and the
Periodic Table:
1. PERIODIC TABLE: a chart
which organizes elements
by their _________.
Atomic #

52. Elements and the
Periodic Table:
2. METALLOIDS: elements
that are located along the
________. They have
staircase
properDes of ________
both
metals and non‐metals.

53. Elements & the Periodic Table:
3. A NON‐METAL: an element
right
located to the _____ of the
staircase elements which is
dull briCle
usually ____, ________ and a
______ conductor or energy.
poor
________________
(or they are a gas)

54. Elements & the Periodic Table:
4. A METAL: is located to the
len
______ of the staircase.
Metals are usually _______
shiny
conductors
and good _________ of
energy.

55. Elements & the Periodic Table:
4. Metals (conDnued)
ducDle
a. They are _______, which
means they can be drawn
wires
into thin ______.
b. They are ________, which
malleable
means they can be
hammered into thin sheets.

56. Elements & the Periodic Table:
5. NOBLE GASES: belong in
18 inert
group ___ . They are _______,
which means they ________
DO NOT
react with any other elements.
They’re SNOBS!!!

57. Do Now: Debate
Why does ice float in water?
This is confusing because solid are usually
denser than liquids… think about this!!! Isn’t
water wacky!!! What do you think?

58. Elements & the Periodic Table:
Use your periodic table to complete the
informaDon in the chart.

59. Part Three: Chemical Reactions

60. Why do Atoms form Chemical
Bonds?
To get a “full” Valence shell
of electrons

61. Valence Electrons
Electrons located in the
outermost energy level of a
given atom

62. Sodium (Na)
8e‐
2e‐
11
P=___
N=___
12 1e‐
Valence
Electrons

63. Chlorine (Cl)
8e‐
2e‐
17
P=___
N=___
18 7e‐
Valence
Electrons

64. Valence Electrons
Atoms need to have FULL
valence shells or they
will react with other
substances!

65. Valence Electrons
How many valence
electrons are in one
sodium atom? ______ 1
Is it full? _____
No
Will sodium react?_____
Yes

66. Valence Electrons
How many valence
electrons are in one
chlorine atom? ______
7
Is it full? _____
No
Will sodium react?_____
Yes

67. Valence Electrons
Sodium will donate (give
away) it’s one valence
electron to chlorine. This
way both atoms will
have their out shell
filled!

68. Valence Electrons
When this happens, sodium
will become a +1 ION and
chlorine will become a ‐1
ION. Since opposite charges
aCract, sodium and
chlorine will form an…

70. Ion:
A charged atom (either
because electrons are
lost or gained!)

71. Ionic Bond:
The force of aCracDon
between oppositely
charged ions

72. However,
Some atoms do not
transfer or donate their
electrons. Instead, the
share their electrons!
this is called…

74. Covalent Bond:
A chemical bond
formed by the sharing
of one or more
electrons

75. One oxygen atom will
form covalent bonds
with two hydrogen
atoms to form one
molecule of water.
Lets draw it!

76. Oxygen (8)
6e‐
2e‐
8
P=___
N=___
8
Valence
Electrons

77. Hydrogen (1)
1e‐
1
P=___
N=___
0
Valence
Electrons

78. Complete the THOUGHT QUESTION on
the bottom or your page:
Helium and Neon never
form compounds? Explain
why. (Hint: you may need
to draw the atoms)
They have a full valence shell.

79. Important Fact:
When atoms form
chemical bonds, the
properDes of the
elements
__________!
change

80. Important Fact:
For example, sodium is
highly reacDve metal
and chlorine is a
greenish gas. However,
when they chemically
form crystalline salt!

81. Chemical Reactions Notes
Chemical ReacDon:
When _____ are ____
bonds made
or ______to form new
broken
___________
substances

82. Turn the page!
Lets look at this
cartoon which models
different kinds of
chemical reacDons.

83. Clues that would indicate
a chemical reaction:
1. A SPONTANEOUS ________
color
change. I’m not talking about
painDng a house! It’s a change
that happens on its own like a
apple that turns brown in the
air

84. Clues that would indicate
a chemical reaction:
2. A SPONTANEOUS producDon
Light
of energy such as _______ or
Heat
____. If you mix two substances
without Adding or Removing
heat and you noDce a temp
change or light. Bingo!!!

85. Clues that would indicate
a chemical reaction:
3. The producDon of a
Precipitate
____________! This is when
you mix two liquids and get the
formaDon of a solid substance.
This is seldom in everyday life!

86. Clues that would indicate
a chemical reaction:
4. The formaDon of a _____.
Gas
Bubbles and fizzing indicate the
formaDon of new substance.
Bubbles during boiling do not
count! Phase changes are
physical changes!

87. Do now: What do call these two
atoms? (hint compare the nucleus)
Isotopes!!
Protons Neutrons

88. Label the following: posiDve ion,
negaDve ion, neutral atom
NegaQve
Ion,
because
there are
more
Electrons
electrons
than
protons!
Protons Neutrons

89. Label the following: posiDve ion,
negaDve ion, neutral atom
PosiQve
Ion,
because
there are
more
Electrons
protons
than
electrons!
Protons Neutrons

90. Label the following: posiDve ion,
negaDve ion, neutral atom
Neutral
Atom,
because the
electrons
equal the
Electrons
protons!
Protons Neutrons

91. Writing Chemical
Equations:
A CHEMICAL EQUATION is a
Short‐ hand
______________ way of
showing showing what’s
happening during a chemical
reacDon.

92. Writing Chemical
Equations:
ScienDst are busy!!! They can’t
write out everything! Its just
like how you text message your
friends… TTYL… LOL… J/K…
Please read the box…

93. Do Now!
• Keep Homework on your desk…
• Complete Part One of the Do
Now DiCo!
• It is very warm in here today…
please be quiet so that it cools
down in here!

94. Helpful Terms:
starDng
1. REACTANT: a __________
material. Reactants are wriCen
BEFORE the arrow

95. Helpful Terms:
ending
2. PRODUCT: an ________
material. Products are wriCen
aner the arrow.

96. Helpful Terms:
3. COEFFICIENT: A number
in front of
placed __________ an atom or
molecule to show the amount
of each atom or molecule.
( Doesn’t jump the plus sign)

97. Helpful Terms:
4. SUBSCRIPT: A small number
right
placed in the lower______ of a
chemical symbol to show the
number of atoms of the
element. It only applies to the
element to the len of it!

98. Helpful Terms:
5. A BALANCED EQUATION:
When wriDng a chemical
equaDon the number of atoms
on the reactant side MUST
equal
_____ the number on the
product side? Why?

99. Law of Conservation of
Mass: (same for mass)
Can’t be made
Mass/ NRG ____________
Mass/ NRG ______________
Can’t be destroyed
Mass/ Energy can only
__________
Change form!!!

100. Law of Conservation of
Mass: (same for mass)
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H20
C=1 C=1
H=4 = H=4
O=4 O=4
The equaDon demonstrates the
law of conservaDon of mass.

101. Classwork!!!
Determine the number of
atoms in the following chemical
formulas.

102. Do Now:
Answer do now quesDons
on the catalyst review
demo…

103. Reaction Rates
What factors affect how quickly or
slowly a reaction takes place?
Factor #1 _____________________
Temperature
Surface Area
Factor #2 _____________________
ConcentraDon
Factor #3 _____________________
Catalysts / Inhibitors
Factor #4 _____________________

104. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
1. TEMPERATURE is a measure of
the average kineDc energy of the
parDcles in a substance. The higher
the temperature, the faster the
parDcles move.

105. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
1. TEMPERATURE: The greater the
greater
temperature the _________ the
reacDon Dme.
slow fast
reacDon rate
temperature

106. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
2. SURFACE AREA: is the amount of
an object that is exposed to the
environment. The smaller the
parDcles in a sample the greater the
surface area

107. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
2. Surface Area: The greater the
greater
surface area the _________ the
reacDon Dme.
slow fast
reacDon rate
Surface area

108. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
3. CONCENTRATION: refers to the
amount of solute dissolved in a
solvent. The more stuff dissolved in
a given volume of solvent the more
concentrated the soluDon

109. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
3. ConcentraDon: The greater the
faster
concentraDon the _________ the
reacDon Dme.
slow fast
reacDon rate
ConcentraDon

110. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
4. The ADDITION OF A CATALYST:
Catalysts are substances that
increase
___________ a reacDon rate.
Watch the hydrogen peroxide
demonstraDon to show how
yeast acts as a catalyst.

111. Reaction Rates
How do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
4. The ADDITION OF A INHIBITOR:
An inhibitor will decrease a
reacDon rate!

112. Do Now: Free Write!
Is it possible to produce (make
heat) with out adding something
that is already hot (like the sun,
or the oven) … If so, how?
Lab Today!!! Please read direcDons
quietly, and have you homework
out on your desk!

113. Lab today
Chemical ReacQons! Lets read
the direcQons together!
Don’t forget to wear your
goggles at all Qmes!

114. Do Now: Tell me what you think!
Let’s take a quick break from chemistry…
Instead check out my awesome new lava
lamp!!!! Make some observaDons… Why
are the colors separated? Why do they
move? Can you figure out the science
behind the funky lamp? Write your answer
down on a clean sheet of paper!

115. Mixtures Review!!!

116. Mixtures Review!!!
1. MIXTURE:
When two or more substances
are joined (combined) physically
not chemically

117. Mixtures Review!!!
2. State two ways that mixtures
are different from
compounds.
a) The substances in a mixture
_____________________
Retain their properDes

118. Mixtures Review!!!
2. State two ways that mixtures
are different from compounds.
separated
b) Mixtures can be _________ by
physical means such as:
filtering evaporaDon
________, ___________,
magnet
________ and
__________________.
Density differences

119. Mixtures Review!!!
3. What are the two types of
mixtures?
a) Heterogeneous:
A soluDon that looks
different throughout.
Example: Chef Salad

120. Mixtures Review!!!
3. What are the two types of
mixtures?
a) Homogeneous:
A soluDon that looks same
throughout. Example: a
glass of lemonade

121. Mixtures Review!!!
4. Dissolving: The process in
which parDcles spread
evenly
_______ in a mixture.

122. Mixtures Review!!!
5. SoluQon: a ____________ mixture
homogeneous
in which one substance called a
______ is _____________ in
solute dissolved
another substance called a
solvent Water
______. _______ is onen called
the _________ solvent because it
universal
can dissolve many things

123. Mixtures Review!!!
6. Dilute: A soluDon with a
small
_______ amount of solute
7. Concentrated: A soluDon with
large
a ______ amount of solute

124. Mixtures Review!!!
8. Unsaturated: a soluDon that
less
contains ____ solute than it
can hold at a given
temperature.
9. Saturated: a soluDon that
all
contains ____ the solute it can
hold at a given temperature.

125. Mixtures Review!!!
10. Supersaturated: A
_________ soluDon that
saturated
more
contains _____ solute than
it normally does at room
temperature.

126. Factors that affect solubility!
a. TEMPERATURE:
Higher temperatures 
Higher Solubility

127. Factors that affect solubility!
b. SURFACE AREA:
Greater surface area
 Higher solubility

128. Factors that affect solubility!
c. STIRRING:
SDrring will increase the
reacDon rate.

129. Factors that affect solubility!
d. PRESSURE:
An increase in pressure
can increase the amount
of gas that can dissolve in
a liquid

130. Do Now: Use this Cartoon to make a Acid Vs Bases Chart

131. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
1. INDICATOR:
A substance that detects
the presence of an acid
or a base

132. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
Common Indicators to detect the
presence of an acid or base:
pH paper (numerical scale)
a._______________________

133. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
Common Indicators to detect the
presence of an acid or base:
Litmus paper (red/blue color change)
b. ______________________

134. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
Common Indicators to detect the
presence of an acid or base:
c. _________
The juice of
Red Cabbage
______________

136. Characteristics of Acids and Bases:
Acids Bases
Hydrogen (H+)
Donates ______________ Hydroxide ion (OH‐)
Donates _______________
to a soluDon to a soluDon
sour
May taste ____ bi]er
May taste ________
pH paper (numerical scale)
red
Turns Litmus ____ blue
Turns Litmus _________
below
Has a pH value _______ 7 above
Has a pH value _________ 7
Red
The juice of Red Cabbage
Turns Cabbage juice _____ Turns cabbage juice
_____________
Green/blue
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Usually feels _______
Slippery

138. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
2. pH Scale:
a. A scale used for
measuring the
strength
_________ of an
acid or a base.
b. It is a numeric
scale from
_____________
0‐14

139. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
2. pH Scale:
c. Any value less than
7
___ represents an
acid
_____. The lower
the value, the
________ the
stronger
acid.

140. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
2. pH Scale:
7
d. Any value more than __
base
represents a ______. The
higher the number, the
_________ the base.
stronger

141. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
2. pH Scale:
e. A substance
with a
value of 7
is called
neutral
_______.

142. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions

143. Acids and Bases:
Two Types of Solutions
3. NeutralizaDon ReacDon:
The reacDon of an acid and a base
to produce two neutral
products:
Salt water
_________ and _________
(BASE) (ACID) (SALT) (WATER)
NaOH + HCL  NaCl + H2O