study resource

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LANG111:ComprehensionandCommunicationSkillsin
English
StudyResource
ReceivedfromProf.MukundGund
Unit1.Education
Allan David Bloom (September14,1930 – October7,1992)was an
American philosopher, classicist,and academician.Hesubsequentlytaught
at CornellUniversity,the UniversityofToronto, YaleUniversity, ÉcoleNormale
Supérieure ofParis,andthe UniversityofChicago.Bloom championedthe
idea of GreatBooks education and became famous forhis criticism of
contemporaryAmerican highereducation,withhisviewsbeingexpressedin
hisbestselling1987book, TheClosingoftheAmericanMind. Characterized
as a conservative in the popularmedia, Bloom denied thathe was a
conservative,andassertedthatwhathesoughttodefendwasthe'theoretical
life'. The Closing of the American Mind is a 1987 book by the
philosopher AllanBloom,inwhichtheauthorarguedthat"highereducation
hasfailed democracy andimpoverishedthesoulsoftoday'sstudents."He
focused especially upon the "openness" of relativism as
leading paradoxically tothegreat"closing"referencedinthebook'stitle.In
Bloom's view,"openness"and absolute understanding undermine critical
thinking andeliminatethe"pointofview"thatdefinescultures.Bloom'sbook
becameanunexpectedbestseller,eventuallysellingclosetohalfamillion
copiesinhardback,butdrewdividedreactionsfromreviewers.
Bloom critiquesthecontemporaryAmericanuniversityandhowheseesitas
failingitsstudents,criticizingmodernmovementsinphilosophyandthe
humanities. Philosophy professors involved in ordinary language
analysis or logicalpositivism disregardimportant"humanizing"ethicaland
politicalissuesandfailtopiquetheinterestofstudents. Literatureprofessors
involved in deconstructionism promote irrationalism and skepticism of
standardsoftruthandtherebydissolvethemoralimperativeswhichare
communicatedthroughgenuinephilosophyandwhichelevateandbroaden
theintellectsofthosewhoengagewiththeseimperatives. Toagreatextent,
Bloom'scriticism revolvesaroundhisbeliefthatthe"greatbooks"of Western
thought havebeendevaluedasasourceofwisdom.Bloom'scritiqueextends
beyondtheuniversitytospeaktothegeneralcrisisinAmericansociety.He
drawsanalogiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandthe WeimarRepublic.The
modernliberalphilosophy,hesays,enshrinedinthe Enlightenment thought
of JohnLocke—thatajustsocietycouldbebaseduponself-interestalone,
coupledbytheemergenceofrelativism inAmericanthought—hadledtothis
crisis.
Bloom'scritiqueofcontemporary socialmovements atplayinuniversitiesor
societyatlargeisderivedfromhisclassicalandphilosophicalorientation.For
Bloom,thefailureofcontemporary liberaleducation leadstothesterilesocial
andsexualhabitsofmodernstudents,andtotheirinabilitytofashionalifefor

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themselvesbeyondthemundaneofferingstoutedassuccess.Bloom argues
thatcommercialpursuitshadbecomemorehighlyvaluedthanlove,the
philosophicquestfortruth,orthecivilizedpursuitsofhonorandglory.
Analysis
WhatdoesAllanBloommeanwhenhesaysthattheAmericanmindisclosing?
Hispointisthat,in the late twentieth century,studentshave difficulty
grapplingwithcomplexideas.Studentsarenotbeingtaughttoaskhard
questionsabouttheconceptstheirculturecherishesandinculcates.The
notion ofequality,forexample,has become,in Bloom’s view,virtually
meaningless.Whowouldnowdareopposetheprincipleofequality?Yetthe
easyacceptanceoftheterm hasresultedinanunwillingnesstoexamine
differences.Whyisit,forexample,thatinBloom’sexperiencewhitestudents
quicklyacknowledgetherightsofblackstudentsandyetthereisverylittle
contactorunderstanding between the races? Why do blacks tend to
associateonlywithoneanother?Why,Bloom asks,istheresolittlereal
integrationonAmericancampusesattheverytimetheideaofintegrationhas
triumphed?Theanswer,heargues,isthatuniversitieshavefudgedawhole
rangeofissuesinvolvingequality.Inordertopromote“equalopportunity,”
universitieshaverationalizeddifferentadmissionsstandardsforwhitesand
blacks.Theirony,asBloom seesit,isthattherecanbenoequalitysolongas
blackandwhitestudentsarenotadmittedunderthesamerules.Preferential
treatment,inotherwords,givesthelietotheveryconceptofequalitythat
institutionsofhighereducationprofesstouphold.
Bloom believesthatwhatistruefortheconceptofequalityisalsotruefor
everyothermajorvalueoftheculture.Americanegatestheworthofideasby
simplifyingthem.Ultimately,thisreductiveuseofideasdestroystheabilityto
think.IntheUnitedStates,itisenoughtothinklikeothers,tofeelcomfortable
withideassolongasotherssharethem.WhenAmericansdisagree,theytake
arelativisticviewpoint:Peopleareallowedtohavetheirownopinions,and
oneopinionisasgoodasanother.Bloom baseshisobservationsonhis
experienceintheclassroom andonthecollegecampus.Veryrarelydoeshe
seepeoplestandupforthetruthoftheirideas,atruththatholdsirrespective
oftheirrace,class,orculturalvalues.
Bloom asks:How isitthatcomplexideashavesolittlecloutinAmerican
culture?Whyisitthatsofew professorsandstudentscanarguewithany
sophisticationabouttheirideas?Bloom’sreplyisthatAmericansdonottake
ideasseriouslyasideas.IfhefrequentlyturnstoPlatoforsupport,itis
becauseBloomseesinthisphilosopheranabsolutedevotiontothediscovery
oftrueideas,ideasthatwilllastforalltime,ideasthathaveasanction
supersedinganyparticularculturetowhichtheymightbeapplied.
1. Whatismeantby‘CleanSlates’?Doyouthinkyouareone?
Europeansgrew uplearningaboutcultureandtradition.Bloom statesthat
theycametoauniversitynottobecomeimmersedinworldcultureof
traditions,butrather"tospecialize."Americans,incontrast,broughtalmost
nothing to the university.They did notspend theirprimary education

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immersingoneselfinclassicalliterature,culture,ortradition.Theyarrivedata
universityasblankslatesorcleanslateseagertolearnabouttheworld.
(Personalresponse)Idon’tthinkthatIam acleanslateasschooleducation
haspreparedmetoreceivehighereducationatUniversitylevel.Ithasgiven
abilitytounderstandandquestioning.Schooleducationhaspreparedmeto
workonbiggerproblems.Itmightnothavepreparedmeincommunication
skillsbutIamcapabletounderstandnewconcepts.
2.AreyoulikeEuropeanstudentsorAmericanstudentsinthe1950’s?
IamlikeEuropeanstudentsinthe1950’s.
3.Whatarethebooksthathaveinfluencedyourthinkingandoutlook?
Nameatleastthreeorfourimportantones.
Therearevariousbookswhichhaveinfluencedmythinkingandoutlook.The
bookshavetaughtmehowtobehavewithothers.Thebooksinspiredmeto
takedifficulttasksandsucceedinthem.Thebookstaughtmetodotime
management.Thebookshavegivenmeawayoflife.
Books-YouCanWinbyShivkhera,KingLearbyShakespeare,EatThatFrom
byBrianTracy,WingsofFirebyDr.APJKalam,TheSecretofLeadershipby
PrakashIyer
4.Youaregoingtobeleftaloneonanislandonwhichtherearenopeople.You
areallowedtotakethreethingswithyou.Whatarethethreethingsyouwould
liketotake?
Iwouldmakeamentalnoteofimportantthingsforsurvival-and-recreation,
likeplaceswhereIcouldfindsomefruits,vegetables,orothersourcesof
vegetationsuitableforeating;sourcesoffreshwater,drywoodsforfire,etc.
Iwouldfinalize3things.Theyare:
1.AbookofAgriculturepractices
2.seeds
3.Anaxe
5.Whatismeanby‘naturalsavages’?
Naturalsavagesmeansdescribingananimalas savage thatitistruetoits
wild,ferociousnature,butifyoudescribeapersonortheactionsofaperson
as savage,it means "cruel"or"brutal."
6.WhatisbettertocometotheUniversitywithalensthroughwhichyoucan
seeeverything,ortocomeasanaturalsavage?Givereasonsforyouranswer.
ItisbettertocometotheuniversitywithalensthroughwhichIcansee
everythingbecauseitwillpreparemetounderstandandrespond.Itwill
preparemetoaskappropriatequestions.Itwillpreparemeforthemarket.At
theUniversity,teachingandlearningwillbedifferent.Hence,alenswouldbe
agatewayfornewthings.
7.InthecontextofeducationinIndia,doyouthinkschooleducationhasfully
preparedyoutoreceiveuniversityeducation?Inwhatspecificwayshasit
helpedyou?Inwhatareashasitfailedyou?
InthecontextofeducationinIndia,Idon’tthinkthatschooleducationhas

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fullypreparedmetoreceiveuniversityeducation.Intermsofpercentage
around70%schooleducationhaspreparedme.Thebasicsofmostofthe
subjectswereclearedatschoollevelhenceithelpedtounderstandrelatively
biggerconceptsatuniversitylevel.Igotinclinationtowardsscienceprojects
duringschool.Ithelpedmetoparticipateinsimilarkindofactivitiesat
universitylevel.Iparticipatedinelocutioncompetitionduringschool.Ithelped
metobecomeagroupleader.Schooleducationhasfailedindeveloping
reasoningskillsandquestioningskillsinme.
8. Whatareyouexpectationswhenyoucometotheuniversity?
Canyouspecifyatleastfiveimportantones?
Universitycan beabig jump from high school,and formanyitisan
overwhelmingchange.Theclose-knitrelationshipstudentsmayhavehadwith
subjectteachersatschool;thosemanyrolemodels,whoappearedtofocus
onyoureducationalcareeralone,arereplacedbyaprofessorswhoyoumight
seefrequentlyinasemesterunlessyoumaketheefforttoseekthem out
yourself.
Whilethesethingsarenotinherentlynegativeinnature,theycanleadto
studentsfeelingisolatedoncampus.Lecturersandseminarleadersdon’t
comelookingforyou.Theyaremostlikelytobefartoobusybecausemany
lecturers engage in research alongside theirteaching.They willmake
themselves available to you during their academic hours,but the
responsibilitytoseekhelpisyours.
Myexpectationsfromtheuniversityare
1. Classroomshavinglimitedstudents
2. StrongEmphasisonpracticalTests
3. TheNeedforCriticalThinkingSkills
4. Practicalexposureforbecomingentrepreneurs
5. Fieldvisits/excursions
6. Livedemonstrations
7. Teachingwithaudio/visualaids
8. Lessemphasisontheoryandmoreweightagetopracticals
9. Inwhatwaysdoestheoldergenerationfindfaultwiththe
youngergeneration?
AnnLandershassaidthatItisnotwhatyoudoforyourchildren,butwhatyou
havetaughtthem doforthemselves,thatwillmakethem successfulhuman
beings.
Theoldergenerationalwaysthinksthattheyoungergenerationis;
 Discontentwithwheretheyare,wantingtogofurther,faster
 Lookingforanopportunitytoleadnowandgetexperience
 EagertochangetheworldwithnewideasanddosomethingBIG
 Aggressiveindecisionmaking
 Addicttotechnology
 Notreadytolistenelderlyadvices
 Donotliketoplayoutdoorsports
 Addiction
 Depression


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10.Inwhatwayswillyoufindfaultwiththeoldergeneration?
 Notreadytochangewithtechnology
 Veryrigidandorthodox
 Alwaystalkaboutsavingmoneyforfutureanddon’tenjoy
present
 Veryemotional
 Many parents willdo anything to avoid having theirkids
experienceevenmilddiscomfort,anxiety,ordisappointment—
“anythinglessthanpleasant,”asheputsit—withtheresultthat
when,asadults,theyexperiencethenormalfrustrationsoflife,
theythinksomethingmustbeterriblywrong.
 Oldergenerationshouldthinktopreparethechildrenforthe
road,nottheroadforchildren.
 Oldergenerationischildcentered.
 Livingvicariouslythroughchildren. Oldergenerationtakegreat
pridein theirchildren.When theysucceed,itmakesthem
happierthanifthey’ddoneitthemselves.
 KeeponJudgingwithothers
11. Whydoyouthinkthestudentsinourcollegesanduniversities
arerestless?Giveatleastfivereasons
Today,withmorethan170universitiesand6,000affiliatedcolleges,
thenumberofuniversitiesinIndiaofferingundergraduateandgraduate
degreeshasgrown,and continuestodoso.Ourstudentsincollegesand
universitieshavebecomerestlessbecause
1. Therenosufficientjobopportunitiesinthemarket.
2. Thesyllabusincollegesanduniversitiesdonotmeetthe
requirementofindustry.Hence,industriesthinkthatthegraduates
areuseless.Inspiteofhavingadegreestudentsdonotgetajob.
3. Interfereofpoliticalpartiesincollegesanduniversitiesand
fundingstudentsforelectionsandotherissues.
4. Thestateandcentralgovernmentdonotfillthevacantposts
regularly.Hence,buddinggraduatesdonotgettheopportunity.
5. Sleepdisordersandacademicperformance.Thereareso
manystudentwhofailinMathematicsandEngineeringMechanics
andarenotabletocompletetheirdegree.
12. Inwhatwayscanacollegeoruniversityhelpyougetgoodjob?
Nameatleastfive
1. Adegree
2. Collegeplacements
3. CollegeIndustrialtrainingsandlinkages.
4. Brandofcollegeoruniversity
5. Canlearntechniquesofinterviewandpracticeaptitudetests
informalconditions.

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13. ProfessorBloom says thatin the field ofeducation in
Americatherearesomevexingquestionsthatcryoutforanswers.Can
youidentifysomevexingquestionsinthefieldofeducationinIndiathat
cryoutforanswers.
Vexed-anissuethatismuch debated and discussed.Thefollowing
vexingquestionsinthefieldofeducationinIndiathatcryoutforanswers.
1.DoesIndianEducationSystempromote‘RatRace’?
2.DoesIndianEducationsystemfollowCriticalAnalysis?
3.AretheTeachersTrainedandEfficient?
4.IsIndianEducationsystemIrrelevanttoJob-Market?
5.IsIndianEducationSystemmissingInnovation&Creation?
6.Whythestudentsarehappyingettingahighlypaidsalaryjoband
lacksambitiontobecomeentrepreneur?
7.IseducationsystemcreatingonlyBabu’s
8.WhyIndianEducationSystemcannotendsocialdisparity?
14.Thefollowingthinkersandwritershavebeenmentionedintheeasy.Doyouknow
thecountriesandcenturiestheylivedin?canyounametheirfamousworks?
1. Homer-
HomeristhenameascribedbytheancientGreekstotheauthorof
theIliadandtheOdyssey,twoepicpoemswhicharethecentral
worksofancientGreekliterature.TheGreekpoetHomerwasborn
sometime between the 12th and 8th centuries BC,possibly
somewhereonthecoastofAsiaMinor.Heisfamousfortheepic
poems TheIliad and TheOdyssey,whichhavehadanenormous
effectonWesternculture,butverylittleisknownabouttheiralleged
author.
Homerisamystery.TheGreekepicpoetcreditedwiththeenduring
epictalesof TheIliad and TheOdyssey isanenigmainsofaras
actualfactsofhislifego.Somescholarsbelievehim tobeoneman;
othersthinktheseiconicstorieswerecreatedbyagroup.Avariation
onthegroupideastemsfrom thefactthatstorytellingwasanoral
traditionandHomercompiledthestories,thenrecitedthem to
memory.
Homer’sstyle,whoeverhewas,fallsmoreinthecategoryofminstrel
poetorballadeer,asopposedtoacultivatedpoetwhoistheproduct
ofaferventliterarymoment,suchasaVirgiloraShakespeare.The
storieshaverepetitiveelements,almostlikeachorusorrefrain,
whichsuggestsamusicalelement.However,Homer’sworksare
designatedasepicratherthanlyricpoetry,whichwasoriginally
recitedwithlyreinhand,muchinthesameveinasspoken-word
performances.
2.Virgil-
Publius Vergilius Maro traditionaldates October15,70 BC –
September21,19BC),usuallycalled Virgil or Vergil inEnglish,was
an ancientRoman poetofthe Augustanperiod.Hewrotethreeof
the most famous poems in Latin literature,
the Eclogues (or Bucolics),the Georgics,and the epic Aeneid.A

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numberofminorpoems,collectedinthe AppendixVergiliana,are
sometimesattributedtohim
Virgilis traditionallyranked as one ofRome's greatestpoets.
His Aeneid hasbeenconsideredthe nationalepic ofancientRome
sincethetimeofitscomposition.Virgil'sworkhashadwideand
deep influenceon Westernliterature,mostnotably Dante's Divine
Comedy, in which Virgil appears as Dante's guide
through Hell and Purgatory.
3.Dante-
DurantedegliAlighieri called Dante (Italian: 1265–1321),wasa
major Italian poetofthe Late Middle Ages.His Divine Comedy,
originally called Comedìa (modern Italian: Commedia) and later
christened Divina by Boccaccio,iswidelyconsideredthegreatest
literaryworkcomposedinthe Italianlanguage andamasterpiece
of worldliterature. Ithasbeenreferredtoasthegreatestpoem of
theMiddleAges.InthelateMiddleAges,theoverwhelmingmajority
ofpoetrywaswritteninLatin,andthereforeaccessibleonlyto
affluentand educated audiences.Asaresult,Danteplayed an
instrumentalrole in establishing the nationallanguage ofItaly.
Dante's significance also extends pasthis home country;his
depictionsof Hell, Purgatory,and Heaven haveprovidedinspiration
foralargebodyof Westernart,andarecitedasaninfluenceonthe
works of John Milton, Geoffrey Chaucer and Alfred Tennyson,
amongmanyothers.Dantehasbeencalled"theFatheroftheItalian
language"andoneofthegreatestpoetsofworldliterature.
4.Shakespeare-
William Shakespeare 26April1564(baptised) –23April1616)was
an English poet, playwright,and actor,widely regarded as the
greatestwriterinthe Englishlanguage andtheworld'spre-eminent
dramatist. HeisoftencalledEngland's nationalpoet,andthe"Bard
ofAvon". His extantworks,including collaborations,consistof
approximately 38plays, 154sonnets,twolong narrativepoems,and
afew otherverses,someofuncertainauthorship.Hisplayshave
beentranslatedintoeverymajor livinglanguage andareperformed
moreoftenthanthoseofanyotherplaywright.Shakespearewas
bornandbroughtupin Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.Atthe
ageof18,hemarried AnneHathaway.Shakespeareproducedmost
ofhisknownworkbetween1589and1613.Hisearlyplayswere
primarily comedies and histories,whichareregardedassomeofthe
best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote
mainly tragedies untilabout 1608,including Hamlet, Othello, King
Lear,and Macbeth,consideredsomeofthefinestworksinthe
Englishlanguage.Inhislastphase,hewrote tragicomedies,also
knownas romances,andcollaboratedwithotherplaywrights.
5.Descartes-
René Descartes Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form:
"Cartesian" 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a

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French philosopher, mathematician,and scientist.Dubbedthefather
of modern western philosophy,much of subsequent Western
philosophy isaresponsetohiswritings, whicharestudiedcloselyto
thisday.AnativeoftheKingdom ofFrance,hespentabout20years
(1629–49)ofhislifeinthe DutchRepublic afterservingforawhilein
the DutchStatesArmy of MauriceofNassau, PrinceofOrange and
the Stadtholder ofthe UnitedProvinces.Heisgenerallyconsidered
oneofthemostnotableintellectualrepresentativesofthe Dutch
GoldenAge.Descartes's MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy continues
tobeastandardtextatmostuniversityphilosophydepartments.
Descartes's influence in mathematics is equally apparent;
the Cartesiancoordinatesystem (see below)wasnamedafterhim.
He is credited as the fatherof analyticalgeometry,the bridge
betweenalgebraandgeometry,usedinthediscoveryof infinitesimal
calculus and analysis.Descarteswasalsooneofthekeyfiguresin
the scientificrevolution.Descartesrefusedtoaccepttheauthorityof
previousphilosophers.Hefrequentlysethisviewsapartfrom those
ofhis predecessors.Many elements ofhis philosophy have
precedentsinlate Aristotelianism,the revivedStoicism ofthe16th
century,orin earlierphilosophers like Augustine.In his natural
philosophy,hedifferedfrom the schools ontwomajorpoints:first,
herejectedthesplittingof corporealsubstance intomatterandform;
second,herejectedanyappealto finalends,divineornatural,in
explainingnaturalphenomena. Inhistheology,heinsistsonthe
absolute freedom ofGod's actofcreation.Descartes laid the
foundationfor17th-centurycontinental rationalism,lateradvocated
by Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz, and opposed by
the empiricist school of thought consisting
of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Leibniz, Spinoza and
Descarteswereallwell-versedinmathematicsaswellasphilosophy,
andDescartesandLeibnizcontributedgreatlytoscienceaswell.
6.Goethe-
JohannWolfgangvonGoethe (28August1749–22March1832)
wasaGermanwriterand statesman.Hisworksinclude epic and lyric
poetry; prose and verse dramas; memoirs; an
autobiography; literaryand aesthetic criticism; treatises
on botany, anatomy,and colour;and four novels.In addition,
numerousliteraryandscientificfragments,morethan10,000letters,
andnearly3,000drawingsbyhimexist.
A literarycelebritybytheageof25,GoetheinNovember1775
following thesuccessofhisfirstnovel, TheSorrowsofYoung
Werther.Hewasanearlyparticipantinthe Sturm undDrang literary
movement.DuringhisfirsttenyearsinWeimar,Goethewasa
memberoftheDuke's privycouncil,satonthewarandhighway
commissions, oversaw the reopening of silver mines in
nearby Ilmenau,andimplementedaseriesofadministrativereforms
atthe UniversityofJena.Healsocontributedtotheplanningof
Weimar'sbotanicalparkandtherebuildingofits DucalPalace,which
in1998 weretogetherdesignated a UNESCOWorldHeritageSite.His

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firstmajorscientific work,the Metamorphosis ofPlants,was
publishedafterhereturnedfroma1788tourofItaly.In1791,hewas
mademanagingdirectorofthetheatreatWeimar,andin1794he
began a friendship with the dramatist, historian, and
philosopher Friedrich Schiller,whose plays he premiered until
Schiller'sdeathin1805.
7.Rousseau-
Jean-Jacques Rousseau ;28 June 1712 – 2 July1778)was
a Francophone Genevanphilosopher,writer,andcomposerofthe
18th century. His political philosophy influenced
the Enlightenment inFranceandacrossEurope,aswellasaspects
ofthe FrenchRevolution andtheoveralldevelopmentofmodern
politicalandeducationalthought.Rousseau'snovel Emile,orOn
Education isatreatiseontheeducationofthewholepersonfor
citizenship.His sentimentalnovel Julie,ortheNew Heloise wasof
importance to the development of pre-
romanticism and romanticism in fiction.
[3]
Rousseau's
autobiographical writings—his Confessions, which initiated the
modern autobiography, and his Reveries of a Solitary
Walker—exemplified the late 18th-century movementknown as
the Age of Sensibility,and featured an increased focus on
subjectivityandintrospectionthatlatercharacterizedmodernwriting.
His Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract are
cornerstonesinmodernpoliticalandsocialthought.Duringthe
periodofthe FrenchRevolution,Rousseauwasthemostpopularof
the philosophes among members ofthe Jacobin Club.He was
interredasanationalherointhe Panthéon inParis,in1794,16years
afterhisdeath.
8.Kant-
ImmanuelKant German: 22April1724 –12February1804)wasa
German philosopher who is a central figure in modern
philosophy.
[7]
Kantarguedthatthehumanmindcreatesthestructure
of human experience, that reason is the source of morality,
that aesthetics arises from a faculty ofdisinterested judgment,
that space and time areformsofoursensibility,andthattheworld
asitis "in-itself" isindependentofourconceptsofit.Kanttook
himselftohaveeffecteda"Copernicanrevolution"in philosophy,
akin to Copernicus'reversalofthe age-old belief thatthe sun
revolvedaroundtheearth.Hisbeliefscontinuetohaveamajor
influence on contemporary philosophy, especially the fields
of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, politicaltheory,and aesthetics.
Politically,Kantwasoneoftheearliestexponentsoftheidea
that perpetual peace could be secured through
universal democracyand internationalcooperation.Hebelievedthat
thiswillbetheeventualoutcomeof universalhistory,althoughitis
notrationallyplanned. TheexactnatureofKant'sreligiousideas
continues to be the subjectofespeciallyheated philosophical
dispute,withviewpointsrangingfromtheideathatKantwasanearly

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andradicalexponentof atheism whofinallyexplodedthe ontological
argument for God's existence, to more critical treatments
epitomized by Nietzsche who claimed thatKanthad "theologian
blood and thatKantwas merely a sophisticated apologist for
traditional Christian religious belief,writing that"Kantwanted to
prove,inawaythatwoulddumbfoundthecommonman,thatthe
commonmanwasright:thatwasthesecretjokeofthissoul."Kant
arguedthatourexperiencesarestructuredbynecessaryfeaturesof
ourminds.Inhisview,themindshapesandstructuresexperience
sothat,onanabstractlevel,allhumanexperiencesharescertain
essentialstructuralfeatures.Amongotherthings,Kantbelievedthat
theconceptsof space and time areintegraltoallhumanexperience,
asareourconceptsof cause and effect.
15.Whowrotethefollowingbooks?
1.DavidCopperfield-CharlesDickens
2.Arthashastra-Kautilya,Vishnugupta,Chanakya
3.ParadiseLost-JohnMilton
4.TheGuide-R.K.Narayan
5.Godan-Premchand
6.Hamlet-WilliamShakespeare
7.Pygmalion-GeorgeBernadShaw
8.Gitanjali-RabindranathTagore
9.WarandPeace-LeoTolstoy
10.Shakuntalam-KaviKalidas
1. David Copperfield-David Copperfield is the eighth novel
by CharlesDickens.Thenovel'sfulltitleis ThePersonalHistory,Adventures,
Experience and Observation of David Copperfield the Younger of
BlunderstoneRookery(WhichHeNeverMeanttoPublishonAnyAccount). It
wasfirstpublishedasa serial in1849–50,andasabookin1850.Many
elementsofthenovelfollow eventsinDickens'sownlife,anditisoften
consideredashisveiledautobiography. ItwasDickens'favouriteamonghis
ownnovels.Intheprefacetothe1867edition,Dickenswrote,"likemanyfond
parents,Ihaveinmyheartofheartsafavouritechild.AndhisnameisDavid
Copperfield.
2. Arthashstra- The Arthashastra is an ancient Indian treatise on
statecraft, economic policyand militarystrategy,writtenin Sanskrit. Likelyto
betheworkofseveralauthorsovercenturies, Kautilya,alsoidentifiedas
VishnuguptaandChanakya,istraditionallycreditedastheauthorofthe
text. Thelatterwasascholarat Takshashila,theteacherandguardianof
Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. However,scholars have questioned this
identification.Thetitle"Arthashastra"isoftentranslatedto"thescienceof
politics"butthebook Arthashastra hasabroaderscope. Itincludesbookson
the nature of government, law, civil and criminal court
systems, ethics, economics,marketsandtrade,themethodsforscreening
ministers,diplomacy,theoriesonwar,natureofpeace,andthedutiesand
obligationsofaking. ThetextincorporatesHinduphilosophy, includesancient

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economicandculturaldetailsonagriculture,mineralogy,miningandmetals,
animalhusbandry,medicine,forestsandwildlife.The Arthashastra explores
issuesofsocial welfare,thecollectiveethicsthatholdasocietytogether,
advisingthekingthatintimesandinareasdevastatedbyfamine,epidemic
andsuchactsofnature,orbywar,heshouldinitiatepublicprojectssuchas
creating irrigation waterways and building forts around majorstrategic
holdingsandtownsandexempttaxesonthoseaffected.
[20]
Thetextwas
influentialonotherHindutextsthatfollowed,suchasthesectionsonking,
governanceandlegalproceduresincludedin Manusmriti.
3. ParadiseLost-ParadiseLost isan epicpoem in blankverse bythe
17th-century English poet John Milton (1608–1674).The first version,
publishedin1667,consistedoftenbookswithovertenthousandlines
of verse.Asecondeditionfollowedin1674,arrangedintotwelvebooks(inthe
mannerof Virgil's Aeneid)withminorrevisionsthroughoutandanoteonthe
versification. ItisconsideredbycriticstobeMilton'smajorwork,andithelped
solidifyhisreputationasoneofthegreatestEnglishpoetsofhistime.The
poem concernsthe biblical storyofthe FallofMan:thetemptationof Adam
andEve bythe fallenangel Satan andtheirexpulsionfromthe GardenofEden.
Milton'spurpose,statedinBookI,isto"justifythewaysofGodtomen"
4. The Guide- The Guide is a 1958 novel written in English by
the Indian author R.K.Narayan.Likemostofhisworksthenovelisbased
on Malgudi,the fictionaltown in South India.The noveldescribes the
transformationofthe protagonist,Raju,from a tourguide toaspiritualguide
andthenoneofthegreatest holymen ofIndia.Thenovelbroughtitsauthor
the1960 SahityaAkademiAward forEnglish,bythe SahityaAkademi,India's
NationalAcademyofLetters.
5. Hamlet -TheTragedyofHamlet,PrinceofDenmark,often
shortenedto isa tragedy writtenby William Shakespeare atanuncertaindate
between 1599 and 1602. Set in Denmark,the play dramatises the
revenge PrinceHamlet iscalledtowreakuponhisuncle, Claudius,bythe
ghostofHamlet's father, King Hamlet.Claudius had murdered his own
brotherandseizedthethrone,alsomarryinghisdeceasedbrother'swidow.
Hamlet isShakespeare'slongestplay,andisconsideredamongthemost
powerfulandinfluentialworksof worldliterature,withastorycapableof
"seeminglyendlessretellingandadaptationbyothers". Theplaylikelywas
oneofShakespeare'smostpopularworksduringhislifetime, andstillranks
among his mostperformed,topping the performance listofthe Royal
ShakespeareCompany anditspredecessorsinStratford-upon-Avonsince
1879.It has inspired many other writers—from Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe and CharlesDickens to JamesJoyce and IrisMurdoch—andhasbeen
describedas"theworld'smostfilmedstoryafter Cinderella".Thestoryof
Shakespeare's Hamlet wasderivedfrom thelegendof Amleth,preservedby
13th-century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum, as
subsequently retold by 16th-century scholar François de Belleforest.
Shakespeare may also have drawn on an earlier
(hypothetical) Elizabethan playknowntodayasthe Ur-Hamlet,thoughsome
scholarsbelievehehimselfwrotethe Ur-Hamlet,laterrevisingittocreatethe
versionof Hamlet wenowhave.Healmostcertainlywrotehisversionofthe
title role forhisfellow actor, Richard Burbage,the leading tragedian of

12. pg.12
Shakespeare'stime.Inthe400yearssinceitsinception,therolehasbeen
performedbynumeroushighlyacclaimedactorsineachsuccessivecentury.
6. Pygmalion-
Pygmalion is a play by George Bernard Shaw,named after a Greek
mythologicalfigure.Itwasfirstpresentedonstagetothepublicin1913.
Professorof phonetics Henry Higgins makes a bet thathe can train a
bedraggled Cockney flowergirl, ElizaDoolittle,topassforaduchessatan
ambassador'sgardenpartybyteachinghertoassumeaveneerofgentility,
themostimportantelementofwhich,hebelieves,isimpeccablespeech.The
playisasharplampoonoftherigid Britishclasssystem ofthedayanda
commentary on women's independence. In ancient Greek
mythology, Pygmalion fellinlovewithoneofhissculptures,whichthencame
tolife.Thegeneralideaofthatmythwasapopularsubjectfor Victorian
era Englishplaywrights,includingoneofShaw'sinfluences, W.S.Gilbert,who
wroteasuccessfulplaybasedonthestorycalled PygmalionandGalatea that
wasfirstpresented in 1871.Shaw would also havebeen familiarwith
the burlesque version, Galatea,orPygmalionReversed.Shaw'splayhasbeen
adaptednumeroustimes,mostnotablyasthemusical MyFairLady and
its film version.Shaw mentioned thatthe characterofProfessorHenry
HigginswasinspiredbyseveralBritishprofessorsofphonetics: Alexander
Melville Bell, Alexander J. Ellis,Tito Pagliardini,but above all,the
cantankerous HenrySweet.
7. Gitanjali
Gitanjali isacollectionofpoemsbythe Bengali poet RabindranathTagore.
Tagorereceivedthe NobelPrizeforLiterature,largelyforthebook.Andispart
of the Collection from the UNESCO of Representative Works. The
original Bengali collection of157 poems was published on August14,
1910. The English Gitanjali or Song Offerings is a collection of 103
English poems ofTagore'sownEnglishtranslationsofhisBengalipoemsfirst
publishedinNovember1912bytheIndiaSocietyofLondon.Itcontained
translationsof53poemsfrom theoriginal Bengali Gitanjali,aswellas50
otherpoemswhichwerefrom hisdrama Achalayatan andeightotherbooks
ofpoetry—mainly Gitimalya (17poems), Naivedya (15poems)and Kheya (11
poems).Thetranslationswereoftenradical,leavingoutoralteringlarge
chunksofthepoemandinoneinstancefusingtwoseparatepoems(song95,
whichunifiessongs89,90of Naivedya).Thetranslationswereundertaken
priortoavisittoEnglandin1912,wherethepoemswereextremelywell
received.In1913,Tagorebecamethefirstnon-EuropeantowintheNobel
Prize for Literature, largely for the English Gitanjali.The
English Gitanjali becamepopularintheWest,andwaswidelytranslated. The
word gitanjali iscomposedfrom "geet",song,and"anjali",offering,andthus
means–"Anofferingofsongs";butthewordforoffering, anjali,hasastrong
devotionalconnotation,sothetitlemayalsobeinterpretedas"prayeroffering
ofsong".
8. WarandPeace-
Warand Peace is a novelbythe Russian author Leo Tolstoy,which is

13. pg.13
regardedasacentralworkofworldliteratureandoneofTolstoy'sfinest
literaryachievements.Thenovelchroniclesthehistoryofthe Frenchinvasion
ofRussia andtheimpactofthe Napoleonicera on Tsarist societythroughthe
storiesoffiveRussian aristocratic families.Portionsofanearlierversion,
titled TheYear1805,wereserializedin TheRussianMessenger from 1865to
1867.Thenovelwasfirstpublishedinitsentiretyin1869.Tolstoysaid War
andPeace is"notanovel,evenlessisitapoem,andstilllessahistorical
chronicle".Largesections,especiallythelaterchapters,areaphilosophical
discussionratherthannarrative. TolstoyalsosaidthatthebestRussian
literaturedoesnotconform tostandardsandhencehesitatedtocall Warand
Peace anovel.Instead,heregarded AnnaKarenina ashisfirsttruenovel.
The Encyclopædia Britannica states:"It can be argued that no single
English novel attainstheuniversalityoftheRussianwriter LeoTolstoy's War
andPeace".
9. Shakuntalam-
Kālidāsa wasa ClassicalSanskrit writer,widelyregardedasthegreatest
poetanddramatistintheSanskritlanguage.Hisplaysandpoetryareprimarily
basedontheIndian Puranas.
Muchabouthislifeisunknown,onlywhatcanbeinferredfrom hispoetryand
plays.His floruit cannotbedatedwithprecision,butmostlikelyfallswithinthe
5thcenturyCE.
Abhijñānaśākuntalam ("OftherecollectionofShakuntala")tellsthestoryof
King Dushyanta who,whileonahuntingtrip,meets Shakuntalā,theadopted
daughterofasage,andmarriesher.A mishapbefallsthem whenheis
summonedbacktocourt:Shakuntala,pregnantwiththeirchild,inadvertently
offendsavisiting sage andincursacurse,bywhichDushyantawillforgether
completelyuntilhe sees the ring he has leftwith her.On hertrip to
Dushyanta'scourtinanadvancedstateof pregnancy,shelosesthering,and
hastocomeawayunrecognized.Theringisfoundbyafishermanwho
recognizestheroyalsealandreturnsittoDushyanta,whoregainshismemory
ofShakuntalaandsetsouttofindher.
16.Whoarethesepeople?
1.Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay or Bankim Chandra Chatterjee (27
June1838 8April1894) wasa Bengali writer,poetandjournalist. He
wasthecomposerof India's nationalsong VandeMataram,originallyin
Sanskrit stotra personifying India as a mothergoddess and inspiring
the activists during the Indian Independence Movement.
Chattopadhyaywrotethirteennovelsandseveral'serious,serio-comic,
satirical,scientificandcriticaltreaties'inBengali.Hisworkswere
widelytranslatedintootherregionallanguagesofIndiaaswellasin
English.Born to an orthodox Brahmin family,Chattopadhyay was
educated at Hooghly Mohsin College founded by Bengali
philanthropist Muhammad Mohsin and Presidency College,Calcutta.
Hewasoneofthefirstgraduatesofthe UniversityofCalcutta.From
1858,untilhisretirementin1891,heservedasadeputymagistrateand
deputycollectorintheGovernmentofBritishIndia.Chattopadhyayis
widelyregardedasakeyfigureinliteraryrenaissanceofBengalaswell

14. pg.14
asthebroaderIndiansubcontinent. Someofhiswritings,including
novels,essaysandcommentaries,wereabreakawayfrom traditional
verse-orientedIndianwritings,andprovidedaninspirationforauthors
acrossIndia.
Durgeshnandini (March 1865) Kapalkundala (1866) Mrinalini (1869)
Vishabriksha (The Poison Tree,1873)Indira (1873,revised 1893)
Jugalanguriya (1874) Radharani (1876, enlarged 1893)
Chandrasekhar (1877)Anandamath (1882)DeviChaudhurani (1884)
Kamalakanta (1885) Sitaram (March 1887) Muchiram Gurer
Jivancharita (TheLifeofMuchiramGur)
ReligiousCommentaries
KrishnaCharitra (LifeofKrishna,1886)Dharmatattva (Principlesof
Religion,1888)
Devatattva (PrinciplesofDivinity,PublishedPosthumously)
SrimadvagavatGita,a Commentaryon the Bhagavad Gita (1902 –
PublishedPosthumously)
2.Narsing Mehta, also known as Narsi Mehta or Narsi
Bhagat (1414–1481),was a poet-saint of Gujarat, India,notable as
a bhakta,anexponentofVaishnavapoetry.Heisespeciallyrevered
in Gujaratiliterature,whereheisacclaimedasits AdiKavi (Sanskrit for
"firstamongpoets").Hisbhajan VaishnavJanTo is MahatmaGandhi's
favouriteandhasbecomesynonymoustohim.NarsinhMehtawasborn
at Talaja andlatermovedto Junagadh (thenJirndurg)in Saurashtra,Gujarat.
Helosthisparentswhenhewas5yearsold.Hecouldnotspeakuntiltheage
of8.HewasraisedbyhisgrandmotherJaygauri.Oneday,whenNarasinh
Mehtahadenoughofthesetauntsandinsults,heleftthehouseandwenttoa
nearbyforestinsearchofsomepeace,wherehefastedandmeditatedfor
sevendaysbyasecluded Shivalingam until Shiva appearedbeforehim in
person.Onthepoet'srequest,theLordtookhim to Vrindavan andshowed
him theeternal raasleela of Krishna andthe Gopis.Alegendhasitthatthe
poet,transfixedbythespectacle,burnthishandwiththetorchhewasholding,
buthewassoengrossedintheecstaticvisionthathewasoblivioustothe
pain.Mehta,asthepopularaccountgoes,atKrishna'scommand,decidedto
singHispraisesandthenectarousexperienceofthe rasa inthismortalworld.
Heresolvedtocomposearound22,000 kirtans orcompositions.Afterthis
divineexperience,thetransformedMehtareturnedtohisvillage,touchedhis
sister-in-law'sfeetasreverence,andthankedherforinsultinghimforhadshe
notmadehim upset,theaboveepisodewouldnothaveoccurred.Indeed,
suchisthevirtueofLordKrishna's(SupremePersonalityofGodhead's)
devotee! The compositions are collected under the category
of shringar compositions.Theyare fullofintense lyricism,based upon
pastimesofconjugallovebetweentheSupremeLordandHismostintimate
devotees-theGopisandarenotwithoutallegoricaldimensions,farfrom
beingsomethingoferoticfilthinessofcontemporaryEuropeanworks.

15. pg.15
WorksofNarsinhMehta
NarsinhMehta.NarsinhMehtaniKavyaKrutiyo(ed.). ShivlalJesalpura.
Ahmedabad:SahityaSanshodhanPrakashan,1989,Kothari,Jayantand
Darshana Dholakia (ed.). Narsinh Padmala. Ahmedabad: Gurjar
GranthratnaKaryalaya,1997
Rawal,Anantrai(ed.). NarsinhMehtanaPado.Ahmedabad:Adarsh
Prakashan,
CriticalmaterialinEnglish
NeelimaShukla-Bhatt(2015). NarasinhaMehtaofGujarat:ALegacyof
Bhaktiin Songs and Stories.Oxford University Press. Munshi,
K.M. GujarataandItsLiterature:A Surveyfrom theEarliestTimes.
Bombay:LongmanGreenandCo.Ltd.1935
SwamiMahadevananda (trans.) DevotionalSongs ofNarsiMehta.
Varanasi:MotilalBanarasidas,1985.Tripathi,Govardhanram.Poetsof
GujaratandtheirInfluenceonSocietyandMorals.Mumbai:Forbes
GujaratiSabha,1958.
3.Tulsidas alsoknownas GoswamiTulsidas1497/1532–1623)wasa
realizedsoulandsaint,poet,oftencalledreformerandphilosopher
from Ramanandi Sampradaya, in the lineage of
Jagadguru Ramanandacharya renownedforhisdevotiontotheLord
Shri Rama.Tulsudaswroteseveralpopularworksin Sanksritand
Awadhi;heisbestknownasauthoroftheepic Ramcharitmanas,a
retelling of the Sanskrit Ramayana based on Rama's life in the
vernacular Awadhi.Tulsidaswasacclaimedinhislifetimetobea
reincarnationof Valmiki,thecomposeroftheoriginalRamayanain
Sanskrit. Heisalsoconsideredtobethecomposerofthe Hanuman
Chalisa,apopulardevotionalhymndedicatedto Hanuman,thedivine
devotee ofRama.Tulsidas spentmostofhis life in the city
of Varanasi. The TulsiGhat onthe GangesRiver in Varanasi isnamed
after him. He founded the Sankatmochan Temple dedicated to
HanumaninVaranasi,believedtostandattheplacewherehehadthe
sightofHanuman. Tulsidasstartedthe Ramlila plays,afolk-theatre
adaptionoftheRamayana.Hehasbeenacclaimedasoneofthe
greatestpoets in Hindi, Indian,and world literature. The impactof
Tulsidasandhisworksontheart,cultureandsocietyinIndiais
widespread and is seen to date in vernacularlanguage,Ramlila
plays, Hindustaniclassicalmusic,popularmusic,andtelevisionseries
4.Amrita Pritam (31 August 1919 – 31 October 2005) was
an Indian writerand poet,who wrote in Punjabi and Hindi.She is
considered the firstprominentwoman Punjabi poet,novelist,and
essayist,andtheleading20th-centurypoetofthe Punjabilanguage,
whoisequallylovedonbothsidesoftheIndia-Pakistanborder.Witha
careerspanningoversixdecades,sheproducedover100booksof
poetry,fiction,biographies,essays,acollectionofPunjabifolksongs
andanautobiographythatweretranslatedintoseveralIndianand
foreignlanguages.Sheismostrememberedforherpoignantpoem, Ajj
aakhaanWarisShahnu (TodayIinvokeWarisShah–"OdetoWaris
Shah"),an elegy tothe18th-centuryPunjabipoet,anexpressionofher
anguishovermassacresduringthe partitionofIndia.Asanovelist,her

16. pg.16
mostnotedworkwas Pinjar (TheCage)(1950),inwhichshecreated
hermemorablecharacter, Puro,an epitome ofviolenceagainstwomen,
lossofhumanityandultimatesurrenderto existential fate;thenovel
wasmadeintoanaward-winningfilm, Pinjar in2003.Knownasthe
mostimportantvoiceforthewomenin Punjabiliterature,in1956,she
became the firstwoman to win the Sahitya AkademiAward for
her magnum opus,a long poem, Sunehade (Messages), later she
receivedthe BharatiyaJnanpith,oneofIndia'shighestliteraryawards,
in1982for KagazTeCanvas (ThePaperandtheCanvas).The Padma
Shri came herwayin 1969 and finally, Padma Vibhushan,India's
secondhighestcivilianaward,in2004,andinthesameyearshewas
honoured with India's highestliteraryaward,given bythe Sahitya
Akademi (India's Academy of Letters), the Sahitya Akademi
Fellowship given to the "immortals of literature" for lifetime
achievement.
5.ChinnaswamiSubramaniaBharati (11December1882–12September
1921) was an Indian writer, poet and journalist, and Indian
independenceactivist andsocialreformerfrom TamilNadu.Popularly
knownas"MahakaviBharati",hewasapioneerofmodernTamilpoetry
andisconsideredoneofthegreatestTamilliteraryfiguresofalltime.
His numerous works were fiery songs kindling patriotism and
nationalism during the Indian Independence movement.Bharati's
workswereonvariedthemescoveringreligious,politicalandsocial
aspects.SongspennedbyBharatiarewidelyusedinTamilfilmsand
musicconcerts.
6.CharlesRobertDarwin, ( 12 February1809 – 19 April1882)wasan
English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his
contributionstothescienceof evolution.Darwinpublishedhistheory
ofevolutionwithcompellingevidenceinhis1859book OntheOriginof
Species, overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts
of transmutation ofspecies. In modified form,Darwin's scientific
discovery is the unifying theory ofthe life sciences,explaining
the diversityoflife.Darwin'searlyinterestinnatureledhim toneglect
hismedicaleducationatthe UniversityofEdinburgh;instead,hehelped
to investigate marine invertebrates. His five-year
voyage on HMS Beagle establishedhimasaneminentgeologist.
7.M.LeCorbusier-Charles-ÉdouardJeanneret,knownas LeCorbusier
October6,1887– August27,1965),wasa Swiss-Frencharchitect,
designer,painter, urbanplanner,writer,andoneofthepioneersofwhat
isnow called modernarchitecture.Hewasbornin Switzerland and
becamea Frenchcitizen in1930.Hiscareerspannedfivedecades;he
constructedbuildingsinEurope,Japan,India,andNorthandSouth
America.Dedicated to providing betterliving conditions forthe
residentsofcrowded cities,Le Corbusierwas influentialin urban
planning,andwasafoundingmemberofthe CongrèsInternational
d'ArchitectureModerne (CIAM).LeCorbusierpreparedthemasterplan
forthecityof Chandigarh in India,andcontributedspecificdesignsfor
severalbuildingsthere.OnJuly17,2016,seventeenprojectsbyLe
CorbusierinsevencountrieswereinscribedinthelistofUNESCO

17. pg.17
WorldHeritagesitesas"anOutstandingContributiontotheModern
Movement"
8.SigmundFreud German: born SigismundSchlomoFreud;6May1856
–23September1939)wasanAustrian neurologist andthefounder
of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for
treating psychopathology throughdialoguebetweenapatientanda
psychoanalyst. Freudlivedandworkedin Vienna,havingsetuphis
clinicalpractice there in 1886.In creating psychoanalysis,Freud
developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free
association anddiscovered transference,establishingitscentralrolein
theanalyticprocess.Freud'sredefinitionofsexualitytoincludeits
infantileformsledhimtoformulatethe Oedipuscomplex asthecentral
tenetofpsychoanalyticaltheory. Though in overalldecline as a
diagnosticand clinicalpractice,psychoanalysisremainsinfluential
within psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy, and across
the humanities.Assuch,itcontinuestogenerateextensiveandhighly
contesteddebatewithregardtoitstherapeuticefficacy,itsscientific
status,andwhetheritadvancesorisdetrimentaltothe feminist cause.
9.YuriAlekseyevichGagarin (Russian: 9March1934–27March1968)
wasaRussian Sovietpilot and cosmonaut.Hewasthefirsthumanto
journey into outer space,when his Vostok spacecraft completed
an orbit ofthe Earth on12April1961.Gagarinbecameaninternational
celebrity,andwasawardedmanymedalsandtitles,including Heroof
theSovietUnion,thenation'shighesthonour.
10.MartinLutherKingJr. (born MichaelKingJr.,January15,1929 –April
4,1968)wasanAmerican Baptist ministerandactivistwhobecame
themostvisiblespokespersonandleaderinthe CivilRightsMovement.
Heisbestknownforhisroleintheadvancementof civilrights using
the tactics of nonviolence and civil disobedience based on
his Christian beliefs and inspired by the nonviolent activism
of MahatmaGandhi.Kingbecameacivilrightsactivistearlyinhis
career.Kingalsohelpedtoorganizethe1963 MarchonWashington,
wherehedeliveredhisfamous"IHaveaDream"speech.OnOctober14,
1964,King received the NobelPeace Prize forcombating racial
inequality through nonviolentresistance.King was posthumously
awarded the PresidentialMedalofFreedom and the Congressional
GoldMedal. MartinLutherKingJr.Day wasestablishedasaholidayin
numerouscitiesandstatesbeginningin1971,andasa U.S.federal
holiday in1986. Hundredsofstreets intheU.S.havebeenrenamedin
hishonor,anda county.
I. MatchingGame:Matchthewordswiththeirmeanings
1. Snobbism Payingtoomuchrespectto
social
2. Witty Fullofhumour
3. Thoughtful Fullofcarefulthinking

18. pg.18
4. Outrageous shocking
5. Chilling Makingonefeelcold
6. Impoverished Madepoor
7. Constraints checks
8. Perennially always
9. Prodigy A person (esp. child or
youth) with remarkable
talentsorabilities
10. counterpart Person corresponding to
another
II.Playthe–ismgame
1.Onewhobelievesin,orpractices,communism,isacommunist.Name
thepeoplewhobelieveorpractice,thefollowing:
a.Spiritualism-asystem ofbelieforreligiouspracticebasedonsupposed
communicationwiththespiritsofthedead,especiallythroughmediums.
Spiritualistic/Spiritual
b.Sadism-thetendencytoderivepleasure,especiallysexualgratification,from
inflictingpain,suffering,orhumiliationonothers.Sadistic
c.Snobbism-thedoubleinclinationtoapeone'ssuperiors,oftenthrough
vulgarostentation,andtobeproudandinsolentwithone'sinferiors.
Alsocalledsnobbery. Snob
d.Racism-prejudice,discrimination,orantagonism directedagainstsomeone
ofadifferentracebasedonthebeliefthatone'sownraceissuperior.Racist
e.Barbarism-absenceofcultureandcivilization.extremecrueltyorbrutality.
f.Nazism -NationalSocialism morecommonly knownasNazism isthe
ideology and set of practices associated with the 20th-century
German Nazi ..... Nazism heldracialtheoriesbaseduponthe belief of
theexistenceofanAryanmasterracethatwassuperiortoallother
races.Nazi
g.Communalism- usuallyreferstoasystem thatintegratescommunal
ownershipandfederations...Thesocialandlegalsystemsofthe
colonyweretiedtotheirreligious beliefs aswellasEnglishCommon
Law.....TheLDSchurchhasnever called this practice communism.
Communist
h.Jainism- traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian
religion.Jainism followersarecalled"Jains",awordderivedfrom the
Sanskritword jina (victor)andconnotingthepathofvictoryincrossing
overlife'sstreamofrebirthsthroughanethicalandspirituallife. Jain
i. vandalism is"actioninvolvingdeliberatedestructionofordamagetopublicor
private property. The term includes property damage, such
as graffiti and defacement directedtowardsanypropertywithoutpermission
oftheowner.Theterm findsitsrootsinan Enlightenment view thatthe

19. pg.19
Germanic Vandals wereauniquelydestructivepeople.Vendal
j. Hooliganism-violentorrowdybehaviourbyyoungtroublemakers,typicallyin
agang-Hooligan
Doyouknowthemeaningsofthethese–isms?
-Yes.
2.Howis–ismpronounced?
3.Canyoulistsomeotherwordsthatarewrittenwithsbutpronounced
z?
-Races,pauses,gloves,wives,shelves,drives,plays,boys,says,clothes
Unit2.Employment
CanyouanswersomeofthequestionsRobertasked?
1.Howmanyfreshregistrationsweretherein1984?
In1984,therewere2.2millionfreshregistrations.
2.Canyouexpressitinthousands?
2.2millionis2,200,000andpronouncedliketwomilliontwohundred
thousand.
3.Whatismeantbyplacement?
Placementisaprettybroadterm.Itisthetemporarypostingof
someoneinaworkplacetoenablethemtogainworkandexperience.
Campusplacementistheprogrammeconductedwithinthe
educationalinstitutestoprovidejobstostudentspursuingorinthe
stageofcompletingtheprogramme.
4.Howmayplacementsweretherein1984?
In1984,therewere1.6lakhplacements.
5.Whatismeantby‘decline’?
‘Decline’meansdecreaseorgodown.
6.Inrespectoffreshplacementswasthereanincreaseordeclinein
1984whencomparedwith1983?
TherewasdecreaseInrespectoffreshplacementsin1984when
comparedwith1983.
7.Whencomparedwithplacementswhatistherateofincreasein
respectoffreshregistrations?
Thenumberoffreshregistrationswereincreasedattherateof10
timeseveryyear.

20. pg.20
8.Canexpressitintermsofpercentage?
Therewasanincreaseofalmost60%.
9.IftheIndianeconomyasawholedidfairlywellbetween1980and1985,
wasitreflectedinthelevelsofunemployment?
EventhoughIndianeconomyasawholedidfairlywellbetween1980to
1985,itwasnotreflectedinanydeclineinthelevelsofunemployment.
Infact,thenumberofpeopleregisteredontheliverollsofthe
employmentexchangesshotupdramatically,from15.3millionin1980
to24.2in1985:anincreaseofalmost60percent.
10.Ifmoreandmorepeopleareunemployed,canwesaythatthe
economyasawholehasdonefairlywell?Ifso,whyso?Ifnot,whynot.?
Noeconomyaswholedoesfairlyifmoreandmorepeopleare
unemployedbecauseifeducatedyouthdonotgetjobopportunities,
theycannotboosttheeconomy.Unemploymentcangivebirthtomost
ofthecrimes.Itmaycreateproblemsinsocialandeconomiclifeother
people.Iftheyremainunemployedthenitstresseseconomy.
CanyouclarifysomeofRaju’sdoubts?
1.WhytheEmploymentExchangesarecalled‘Exchanges’?Whatis
exchangedinthem?
EmploymentExchangereferstoanofficeofthecentralorstate
government,whichcollectsandfurnishesinformationonthe
prospectiveemployers,availablevacanciesandjobseekers,thereby
facilitatingjobseekerstofindasuitablejobandforindustrytofindthe
suitablemanpower.
EmploymentExchangemeansanyofficeorplaceestablishedandmaintained
bytheGovernmentforthecollectionandfurnishingofinformation,eitherby
thekeepingofregistersorotherwise,respecting---
(i)Personswhoseektoengageemployees.
(ii)Personswhoseekemployment,and
(iii)Vacanciestowhichpersonsseekingemployment,maybeappointed;
JobseekersregisterthemselveswiththeEmploymentExchangesandget
notifiedassoonasanyvacancymatchestheirdesiredprofile.
Themainactivitiesoftheemploymentexchangesareregistrationand
placementofjobseekers,andtosomeextentcareercounsellingand
vocationalguidanceparticularlyfortheunder-privilegedsectionsofthe

21. pg.21
society,andcollectionofemploymentmarketinformation.SomeoftheState
Governmentsarrangedisbursementofunemploymentallowancetocertain
specificcategoriesofjobseekersoutoftheirownresourcesthrough
the employmentexchangesregisteredwiththem.
EmploymentExchangeworksasfacilitatorbetweensuitablecandidateand
industry.Informationofcandidatesissharedtoindustryandcandidatesare
giveninformationofpossiblevacancies.
2.Whatismeantby‘LiveRegister’and‘LiveRollsofEmploymentExchange’?
LiveRegistermeansitisregisterinwhichinformationofalljobseekers,
Jobseekersallowance,parttimeworkers,seasonalandcasualworkersis
availablefortheyearunderrepot. Theclassificationofmaleandfemale,
handicappedpersons,youthagingbetween15-29,youthfromminority
communityisavailable.
‘LiveRollsofEmploymentExchange’meansitisafacilitycreatedbystateor
nationalgovernmenttoregistertheindividualnameforseekingjob
opportunity.Duringayear,thosepeoplewhoregisterontheliverollsare
consideredforprovidingjobopportunities.
3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenanoccupationandaprofession?
Occupation isanactivityundertakenbythepersontoearnhislivelihood.It
canbebusiness,professionoremploymentthatapersonundertakesto
makemoney.Manythinkthatoccupationandprofessionaresynonyms,
butthefactistheyaredifferent.
Profession isanactivitythatrequiresspecialized training,knowledge,
qualificationandskills.Itimpliesmembershipofaprofessionalbody,and
certificateofpractice.Theindividualswhoundertakeaprofessionof
renderingpersonalizedservicesarecalledprofessionals,whoareguided
byacertaincodeofconduct,setupbytherespectivebody.
The differencebetweenoccupation and profession canbestatedwitha
simple example:Designing a building would be called a profession,
whereas,constructingabuildingisanoccupation.A profession needs
extensivetrainingandspecializedknowledge.
4.Whatisparadox?Canyougivesomeotherexamplesofparadoxandexplainit?
Aparadoxisastatementthatmayseemabsurdorcontradictorybutyet
canbetrue,oratleastmakessense.Paradoxesareoftencontrarytowhat
iscommonlybelievedandsoplayanimportantpartinfurtheringour
understandinginliteratureandeverydaylife,ortheycansimplybean
entertainingbrainteaser.
Ontheonehandthenumberofpeopleregisteredisgoingupsteadilyand
ontheotherhandthenumberofvacanciescancelledisalsogoingupis

22. pg.22
paradoxical.
Takethestatement"Lessismore."Thisstatementusestwoopposite
wordsthatcontradictoneanother.Howcanlessbemore?Theconcept
behindthisstatementisthatwhatislesscomplicatedisoftenmore
appreciated.
"Thisstatementisfalse";thestatementcannotbefalseandtrueatthe
sametime.
Somemoreexamplesofparadoxicalstatementsare:
 Youcansavemoneybyspendingit.
 Iknowonething;thatIknownothing.
 Thisisthebeginningoftheend.
 Deepdown,you'rereallyshallow.
 I'macompulsiveliar.
 “Menworktogetherwhethertheyworktogetherorapart.”-Robert
Frost
 "Whatapitythatyouthmustbewastedontheyoung."-George
BernardShaw
 "Icanresistanythingbuttemptation."-OscarWilde
5.Whatismeantby‘jobswithadequatesecurity’?
Jobsecurity istheprobabilitythatanindividualwillkeeptheir jobtillhisor
herwishorretirement.JobSecuritymeansassurancethatanemployee
hasaboutthecontinuityofgainfulemploymentforhisorherworklifetill
retirement.Jobsecurityalsoincludesregularpayment,increments,
allowances,holidays,leaves,PFandpension.
6.Apartfromlackofexperiencewhatmaybetheotherreasonsforthenon-
availabilityofsuitablecandidates?
Thereasonsforthenon-availabilityofsuitablecandidatesare:
Nopropertraining
Highexpectationsofjobswithadequatesecurity.
I. Thesamewordmayhavedifferentmeanings.Forexamplethewordexchange
inEmploymentExchange,referstoanofficewhereunemployedpeoplemaybe
putintouchwithprospectiveemployers.
1.Canyouguessthemeaningofthewordexchangeinthefollowing
expressions:
(a)Atelephoneexchange-A telephoneexchange is
a telecommunications systemusedinthe publicswitchedtelephone
network orinlargeenterprises.Anexchangeconsistsofelectronic
componentsandinoldersystemsalsohumanoperatorsthatinterconnect
(switch)telephonesubscriberlinesorvirtualcircuitsofdigitalsystemsto
establish telephonecalls betweensubscribers.
(b)Thestockexchange-Organizedandregulatedfinancialmarketwhere
securities(bonds,notes,shares)areboughtandsoldatpricesgoverned
bytheforcesofdemandandsupply.Stockexchangesbasicallyserve
as(1)primarymarketswherecorporations,governments,municipalities,
andotherincorporatedbodiescanraisecapitalbychannelingsavings
oftheinvestorsintoproductiveventures;and(2)secondarymarkets
whereinvestorscanselltheirsecuritiestootherinvestorsforcash,thus

23. pg.23
reducingtheriskofinvestmentandmaintainingliquidityinthesystem.
Stockexchangesimposestringentrules,listingrequirements,and
statutoryrequirementsthatarebindingonalllistedandtradingparties.
(c)ExchangeControl-agovernmentalrestrictiononthemovementofcurrency
betweencountries.Exchange controls areputinplacebygovernments
andcentralbanksinordertobanorrestricttheamountofforeign
currencyorlocalcurrencythatcanbetradedorpurchased.These
controlsallowcountriesagreaterdegreeofeconomicstabilityby
limitingtheamountof exchangerate volatilityduetocurrency
inflows/outflows.
(d)Exchangeofprisoners-A prisonerexchange or prisoner swapisadeal
betweenopposingsidesinaconflicttorelease prisoners: prisoners of
war,spies,hostages,etc.
(e)Exchanginggreeting/glances/blow-Somethingfriendlyorpolitethat
yousayordowhenyoumeetorwelcomesomeone.
Iftwoormorepeopleexchangeeyecontactsorglancesforsaying
something,agreeingordisagreeing.
Iftwoormorepeoplefightwithhandsthentheymayexchangeblowsto
eachother.
2.Onemeaningoftheword‘application’is‘requestinwritingforajob’.Whatare
theothermeaningsftheword‘application’?
theactionofputtingsomethingintooperation,
practicaluseorrelevance.
theactionofapplyingsomethingtoasurface.
amedicinalsubstanceappliedtotheskin.
aprogramorpieceofsoftwaredesignedtofulfillaparticularpurpose.
II.WordHunt
1.Ifyouwantajobyoumustapplyforit;youmustmakeanapplication.A
personwhoappliesforajobisanapplicant.
2.Ifacompanyneedsthreetypists,buthasonly,thenthereisavacancy;
thismeansonepostisvacant.Findingpersonnelforvacanciesis
calledrecruitment;onewhoisrecruitedisarecruit.
3.Theemployeesofanorganizationareitspersonnel;theyareitsstaff.
Theemployersareknownasthemanagement.
4.Ahighersecondarycertificateisanessentialqualificationforentering
university.
5.Acarefuldescriptionofeachnecessarypointiscalledspecification;
youmustspecifyyouqualificationsinyourapplication.
VII.Remainingquestionsarefororalpractice.
Unit3.Unemployment
1.Whoissaidtobeunemployed?Severalquestionshavebeenraisedinthefirst
twoparagraph.Readthemagainandcompletethefollowingsentence?
Ifapersonwantstoworkfulltimebutfindsonlyhalftimejobisheemployed
orunemployedorhalfemployed?

24. pg.24
Ifapersonseeksonlyparttimejobisheemployed?
Ifapersonwantstoworkonlyathigherwageswhileajobisavailableat
lowerwages,isheunemployed?
2.Readthenextfourparagraphsandrecallthefactsquickly.Completethe
statementsbelow:
a)Unemploymentfiguresarearrivedatusingthreebasicconceptsor
‘status’,namely
(i) UsualStatusConcept(ii)Weeklystatusconcept (iii)Daily
statusconcept
b)Each‘Status’isdeterminedonthebasisofa…………ora……………………asthe
limitoftimeforwhichapersonwasemployed.
3.SayTrueorFalse
(a)Onewhoworksforthreehourswillbeconsideredforafullday’swages
(b)Aperiodofsevendaysisnecessarytobecomeeligiblefortheusual
statusconcept.
(c)Youwillnotgetanywagesifyoudonotworkformorethanaweek.
(d)Youarepaidforeachofthedaysyouworkunderthedailystatusconcept
ifyouworkforfourandahalfdays
4.Takeaquicklooksatthetable:“EstimatedUnemploymentintheMarch1980”
Answerthefollowingquestion.
(a)Inwhichsectionofthepopulationdoyoufindalargerconceptdoyoufind
them?
(b)Whoarethe‘largestunemployed’?Underwhichconceptdoyoufindthem?
(c)Arechildrenbeingemployed?Whatevidencecanyoucite?Givereasons
usingfigures.
(d)Whereisthelargestpercentageofunemploymentinallthreeagegroups?
(e)Canyourewritethetableusing‘Lakhs’insteadof‘millions’?
(f)Whatiswrongwiththechartthatgivestheinformationregardingthe
numberofunemployedpersonsattheendofthefirst,secondandthird
planperiod?
I. WordHunt

25. pg.25
1.Words=Words
Asynonymisawordthatissimilartoanotherwordtonearlythesamein
meaning.Thefirstwordineachlistgivenbelowappearsinthepassage.
Underlinethesynonymofthefirstwordineachlist.
(a)Status=rank
(b)Commission=Council
(c)Compile =collect
(d)Statistics=facts
(e)Magnitude=enormity
(f)Determine=decide
2.WordsXWords
(a)Precede succeed
(b)ClearXvague
(c)CentreXperiphery
(d)PostponeXpropone
(e)CivilianXmilitary
II. Whendoweuseaandan?
1.Person–aperson
2.Employedperson-Anemployedperson
3.Youth–ayouth
4.Unemployedyouth-anunemployedyouth
5.Half-employedyouth-ahalf–employedyouth
6.Honestworker-anhonestworker
7.Yellowsaree–ayellowsaree

26. pg.26
8.Hotel-ahotel
9.Europeanlanguage-anEuropeanlanguage
10.Unionofworkers–aunionofworkers
Unit4.Applications
Rememberwhatyouhaveread.
1.Whataretheessentialpiecesofinformationtobegiveninaletterof
application?
2.Whataretheadvantagesofwritingagoodletterofapplication?
3.Whichisbetter,ahand–writtenletterofapplicationoratypedone?
4.Whatwillyoudoifyourhandwritingisnotgood?
5.Whyisaletterofapplicationforajobsoimportant?
6.Whatqualitiesisanemployerlikelytolookfor?
I. WordHunt
Aftereachmeaninggivenbelow,writethewordwhichitexplains.Choose
thewordsorphrasesfromthislist:
Compose,layout,prospective,blemishes,passover,areferee,a
testimonial,indent,curriculumvitae,setout.
1.Startalineofprintorwritingfartherfromthemarginthanthe
others—Indent
2.Puttogetherwords,ideas,tec..--Compose
3.Briefwrittenaccountofone’spasthistory(education,employment,
etc)usedwhenapplyingforajob,scholarship,etc…testimonial
4.Writtenstatementcertifyingaperson’smerits,abilitiesetc.seatwith
anapplicationforaposition…Curriculumvitae
5.Displayedinaclearandorganizedway…
6.Arrangementorplanordesignofapage…..Layout
7.Overlookorfailtonotice…passover
8.Faults,marks,tec.Thatspoilsthebeautyorperfectionofsomething

27. pg.27
orsomebody;defects…blemish
9.Apersonwhogiveshis/heropinion,forexample,whenacandidate
appliesforajobareferee
10.Likelytobecome….prospective
1.HowoldisRobertnow?
2.Howlongdidhestudyatcollege?
3.Howwashisperformanceatschool?
4.WhereisRobertworkingnow?
5.DoesRobertplaycricketregularly?
6.HowoftendoesRobertseefilms?
7.WhyhasRobertgiventhenamesofDr.KamalakkannanandMr.Martin
Manickamashisreferences?
8.HowlongdoyouthinkMr.MartinManickamhasknownRobert?
9.Ifyouweretheappointingauthority,doyouthinkyouwouldofferhimajobin
yourorganization?Why?Whynot?
ReceivedfromProf.SunilFulsawange
Unit5.Planning
Q.1.WhatisaCurriculumVitae?
Ans.Itgivesinformationaboutperson.Itisaprofileofcareer.Itisaresume
orsummaryofone’spersonalrecord-abriefbiography.
Q.2.WhatistheformatofCurriculumVitae?
Ans.TheformatofCVasgivenbelow…
1. Name :
2. Maritalstatus :
3. Dateofbirth :
4. Nationality :
5. Address :
6. Languageknown

28. pg.28
7.Education:
2Courseof
Study
From To School,
College,
University,etc
Main
Subjects
ExamResults
8.Employment:
From To Nameand
Addressof
Employer
Jobtitle Consolidated
salary
9.References:(Nameoftwopersonsincludingaddress,mob.No.&email)
10.Anyfurtherinformation:
Signature:
Date:
Q.3.Usethefollowingwordsinyoursentences:
Always,generally,normally,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,rarely,never
1.he always bringsmeflowerswhenshecomestovisit.
2.Generally speaking,Americanslikecoffee.
3.Generally,womenlive10yearslongerthanmen.
4.Generally speaking,boyscanrunfasterthangirls
5.Breathe normally.
6. Idon't normally lie.
7.Justbreathe normally.
8.Tomiswalking normally.
9. We usually win.
10.I usually eatout.
11.Idon't usually cry.
12.I usually eatalot.
13.Tomisquite often late.
14.Tom often hasheadaches.
15.Doyou often eatgranola?
16.Doyou often goshopping?
17.He's often lateforwork.

29. pg.29
18.Tom sometimes hastroublekeepinghisbalance.
19.I sometimes feeldrowsyintheearlyafternoon.
20.Evenintelligentpeopleare sometimes absent-minded.
21.Tom sometimes saysthingshedoesn'treallybelieve.
22.Sometimes youhavetodothingsyoudon'twanttodo.
23.Thetroublewithhimisthatheis seldom punctual.
24. Beingcarefulabouthishealth,he seldom getssick.
25. He seldom readsaneditorialandisnotabookworm.
26. Bob seldom talkswithMariawithoutmakingherangry.
27. Suchamandoesnotgohuntingand seldom ownsagun
28.Dad rarely getsbackhomebeforemidnight.
29.Thetruthis rarely pureandneversimple.
30. Troublemakers rarely becomemodelcitizens.
31. Althoughshelivesnearby,I rarely seeher.
32. Heis rarely,ifever,lateforappointments.
33.I've never beenbetter.
34.I've never beenrobbed.
35.I've never beenskiing.
36.I've never feltbetter.
37.I've never leftBoston.
Q.4.Imagineyouarethemanagerofacompanyandthatyouare
interviewingacandidatewhohasappliedforapositioninyourcompany.
Whatquestionswillyouasktofindoutthefollowing?
1.Theorganizationheisworkinginatpresent.
2.Theyearhejoinedthatorganization.
3.Hisreasonforwishingtochangehisjob.
4.Thetimehewillneedtojoinifheisselected.
5.Thedepartmentinwhichhewouldliketoworkifheisselected.
6.Thereasonsforhischoiceofthatdepartment
7.Themannerinwhichhewillincreasethecompany’sproduction.
Q.5.Haveyouevernoticedthebigcrowdswaitinginfrontofemployment
exchanges?Hereisthereportofanincidentatonesuchexchange.Using
thesecluesgiveninbracketsrewritethesentencesandcompletethe
narration.
1.Therewasahugecrowdwhichwaswaitingattheemployment
Exchange(yesterday,patiently,Khairatabad).
2.Thecrowdwaswaiting(gatetoopen,twohours).
3.Itbegantogetrestlessandstartedthrowingstones(12noon,
vehicles,passingby)
4.TheDirectoroftheExchangephonedtheSuperintendentofPoliceto
dispersethecrowd(atonce,firm,tactful).
5.TheSuperintendentgottogetheraboutfortypolicemen(tenminutes,
TankBundPoliceStation).
6.Thecrowdstartedrunning(policearrive,alldirections).
Q.6.HereisatranscriptofaninterviewtakenbyRobert’sfriendSridhar.
Canyoufillinthegapshere?

30. pg.30
Q.MrSridhar,wewouldlikeyoutotellusaboutyourextra-curricular
activities.Howoftendidyoumakespeeches?
Sridhar:…………………………………………………………..AtthattimeIlostmynerve,
andforgotmypreparedspeech.Inevertriedagain.
Q.…………………………………………………………………………………………?
Sridhar:………………………………………ActuallyIhatewriting.Ihavenever
writtenanythingexceptinexams.
Q.Didyouevervisittheplaygraound?
Sridhar:Seldom,sir.PerhapsI…………………………………ayear.
Q.:Isee.MrSridhar,canIaskyouabluntquestion?
……………………………………………………………………………………..?
Q.:Classes,sir?No.I………………………………………..classesafterthefirstweek
everyyear.
Q.:…………………………………………………………………………….?
Sridhar:Thecanteenofcourse,sir.Iwasthere………………………………………….
Note:DoyouthinkSridharwasselected?
Fillintheblankswithappropriatepreposition:
This is a money order sent……………….K. Srinath, who
lives…………………Pondicherry,………….the Finance Officer…………..Dolphin
Textiles Ltd. Which is situated………………..Azad Nagar, a
suburb……………….Hydrabad.The money he is sending is ……………..the
cost………….anapplicationform……………….thepost………SystemsAnalyst.
Srinath has written the amount both ………..figures and
………………words.Hehassignedhisname…………….“Sender’sSignature”and
writtenthedate…………….itsleft.Hehaswrittenabriefmessage…………….the
bottom…………..theform.
Q.ApplicationforthepostofEducationInstructorinIndianAirForce
VarunVihar
Rajarampur6
th
Lane,
Kolhapur
3August,2017
To,
ThePresident,
CentralAirmanSelectionBoard,
RaceCourseCamp,
NewDelhi-110003
Sub.:ApplicationforthepostofEducationInstructorintheIndianAir
Force…
DearSir

31. pg.31
IwishtoapplyforthepostofEducationalInstructorinresponseto
advertisementpublishedinthedailynewspaper,TheHindudatedon25
th
July,2017.
IamanIndianand22yearsold.IcompletedB.Sc.(honours)intheyear
2016fromPuneUniversity,Pune.Ihaveallnecessaryphysicalstandardsas
pergivenintheadvertisement.MynativelanguageisMarathibutIam well
verseinEnglishandHindi.Inaddition,IjoinedandcompletedDiplomain
Teacher’sTraining.
Ihaveattachedallnecessarydocumentsalongwiththisapplication
letter.
IfIameligible,Iamhappytomeetyouforaninterviewasearlyaspossible.
Yoursfaithfully
R.U.Rao
Unit.6.CurriculumVitae
Q.EngineerTrainee,Jaipur.Attractive stipend as percompany rules.
Candidateswillbeundertrainingforoneyear.Candidateshouldbefresh
graduateinEngineeringwithfirstclassinElectronics/Elecricalbranchfrom
arecognizeduniversity/institution.Applybefore21
st
Novemberwithcomplete
bio-data and details oftraining,experience,co-curricularactivities,two
references,andquotingadvertisementnumberREIL/85/0003toExecutive
(P&A)RajasthanElectronics&InstrumentLimited,2,KankpuraIndustrialArea,
Jaipur-302012(Rajasthan).
LilaFitzgerald
Rajanniwas,432
Jaipur-3020212
Rajasthan
3August,2017
To,
Executive(P&A),
RajasthanElectronics&InstrumentLimited,
2,KankpuraIndustrialArea,
Jaipur-302012(Rajasthan).
Sub.:ApplicationforthepostofEngineerTrainee…………..
DearMs.Cummings,

32. pg.32
AsahighlyskilledElectricalEngineer,Ireadyourpostingforanew
ElectricalEngineer with interest.My experience aligns wellwith the
qualificationsyouareseeking,inparticularmyroleasaEngineeratRajasthan
Electronics,andIam certainIwouldmakeavaluableadditionto your
organization.
Inmypostgraduation,Iam adeptinresearchanddevelopment,process
improvementdesignandimplementation,andproductionoptimization.Iexcel
at:
 ISOstandardsknowledge
 Processimprovement
 Preventativemaintenance
 Resourceplanningandoptimization
In addition to myexperienceand personalqualities,Ihaveasolid
educationalfoundationandapassionforengineering.Pleasereview my
attachedresumeforadditionaldetailsregardingmyexpertiseandabilities.I
willfollowuptorequestanappointmenttodiscusshowmyexperienceand
backgroundmeetsyourneeds.
Thankyouforyourtimeandconsideration.
Sincerely,
LilaFitzgerald
Q.2.SalesTrainees,Madras,Attraactivesalary+perksnegotiable.Candidate
should befreshgraduatewithapleasing personality.Applybefore15
th
Novemeberwithcompletebio-datagivingdetailsofsalarydrawn/expectedto
TheDirector,CatvisionProductsLtd.,No.6.,5
th
Street,RadhakrishnanSalai,
Madras-600004.
K.Srinath,
Anuraga,
53RuikarColony
Madras-678432
To,
TheDirector,
CatvisionProductsLtd.,
No.6.,5
th
Street,RadhakrishnanSalai,
Madras-600004
Sub.:ApplicationforthepostofSalesTrainee……………….

33. pg.33
DearMr.Cunningham,
Iwould like to applyforthe SalesTrainee position with Catvision
ProductsLtd.Asadvertisepublished intheTheIndianExpress.Ihave
completedmygraduationinManagmentandam readytochallengemyselfin
anewworkenvironment.
Iam adeptatspeakingoneononewithclientsinafriendlymannerthat
makesthem feelatease.Ienjoyafast-pacedretailenvironmentandam able
toworkonmyfeetforlongshifts;Ialsohaveaflexibleschedulewithopen
availability.Iam knowledgeableinmanysalestechniquesandcanutilize
them efficientlytocloseasale.Ihavebeentoldthatmyoutgoingpersonality
andproductknowledgehelpsmetoconvincecustomerstomakepurchases.
IwouldlovethechancetobringmytalentstotheSalesTrainee
position atyourstore.Iam confidentthatyou willfind me to be an
outstandingcandidateforthisSalesTraineejobandwouldliketospeakwith
yousoonregardingmyqualifications.Pleasedonothesitatetocallmeat
yourconveniencetoarrangeaninterview.
Thankyouforyourtime.
Sincerely,
K.Shrinath
Q.We offerexcellentcareeropportunity to brightyoung candidates
evidencingoutstandingmanagerial………..
S.D.Bhingardive
Varunvihar,456,
NewDelhi-110008
To,
TheManager
PersonalDepartment,
DCMLimited,
PostBoxNo.1039,
Delhi–110006.
Subject:ApplicationforthepostofManagementTrainee………..

34. pg.34
DearSir
Iwould liketo expressmyinterestinapplying forthepositionof
ManagementTrainee as was recentlymade available in yourcompany
throughadvertisementpublishedintheTheTimesofIndiadatedin20
th
August,2017.
IbelievethatmydegreeinBusinessAdministration(BSBA)majorin
Marketingfrom thePhilippineSchoolofBusinessAdministration(PSBA)has
prepared me forthis position.As a student,Iwas equipped with the
necessaryknowledgeandskillstohelpdevelopanddriveeffectivemarketing
strategies.
DuringmyinternshipatUniliverPhilippines’MarketingDepartment,I
learnedhow companiesdeterminewhatproductorservicetosell,how to
reach targetdemographics and how to respond to the demands of
competitors.Moreimportantly,Ihadtheopportunitytoworkwithseasoned
professionals who taughtme how to easily grasp complex marketing
conceptsandatcertaintimes,howtorollwiththepunchesinordertoachieve
variousobjectives.
Ihavealsoacquaintedmyselfwithawiderangeofskillsthatallow
metoblendwiththegrouporteam’scultureandtocontinuouslystriveto
reachcommongoalsamidstfailuresandsetbacks.
Myactiveinvolvementinmanyacademicandextracurricularactivities
hasdonesowellindevelopingmycommunicationandleadershipskills,
whicharevitalinfindingsuccessinthecorporateworld.
Withthisapplicationletter,Iattachherewithmyresumeforyourfull
consideration.ThankyoufortakingtimetoreviewmyapplicationandIam
lookingforwardtoyourreplysothatwecanfurtherdiscussmyapplication.
Yourssincerely,
(S.D.Bhingardive)
Q.2.Writeyourowncurriculumvitae.Hereisaformatofwhatcouldbeyour
curriculumvitae.Completeallthedetails.Checkyourworkwithyour
parterner’s.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
CurriculumVitae
1. Name :
2. Maritalstatus :
3. Dateofbirth :

35. pg.35
4. Nationality :
5. Address :
6. Languageknown
7.Education:
2Courseof
Study
From To School,
College,
University,etc
Main
Subjects
ExamResults
8.Employment:
From To Nameand
Addressof
Employer
Jobtitle Consolidated
salary
9.References:(Nameoftwopersonsincludingaddress,mob.No.&email)
10.Anyfurtherinformation:
Signature:
Date:
III.Completethefollowingpassagebyfillingintheblankswithappropriate
preposition.
Ismailfound two good jobsadvertised………………theIndianExpress.He
decided to apply…………….both.He typed outthe applications…………..his
friendstypewriterandsignedthem.Heattachedcopies….hiscurriculum
vitae…….the applications. He found a large queue……….the stamp
counter………the postoffice.He waited ……..his turn.“Two covers”,he
said……..thesalesgirlwhenhisturncameandputhishand…..hispocketto
take outthe money.Then he suddenlyrealized thathe had lefthis
purse…….hisfriend’shouse.

36. pg.36
UNIT7.INTERVIEW
TellingwhyandHow
1.Whyshouldappearneatandtidyataninterview?
Ans.Groomingandthewayyoudressforaninterviewarecluesthat
youprovide—intentionallyornot—toyourprospectiveemployerabout
whoyouareand,inparticular,yoursuitabilityforthejob.Asaform
ofnonverbalcommunication,attireandgroomingconveyintention.A
shortskirtimpliesaparty,dirtynailsindicatepoorhygiene,"
2.Whyshouldarrivefortheinterviewafewminutesbeforetime?
Ans.Youshouldarriveabout10minutesearlyforyourinterview.Any
earlierthan15minutesistooearly. Lateortooearlycanbea
problem,keepingtoascheduleisoneofthemanyskillsneededto
beanassettoadesignteam. Iwouldarriveabout10minutes
beforetheinterview,becauseyou'llneedextratimetogetintothe
buildinganduptheelevator.It'sdefinitelypossibletobetooearly.If
someoneisexpectingyouatacertaintime,showinguphalfanhour
earlyonlyaddsstresstotheirday.
3.Howshouldyousitduringtheinterview?
Ans.Keepyourpostureopenatalltimes.Crossedarmssuggesta
closedanddefensiveposition,sopractice sitting sothatyourhands
arecomfortablyrestedoneontopoftheother,oroneonthearm of
thechairandtheotheroneinyourlap.
4.Whyshouldyouanticipatethequestionswhichmaybeaskedatthe
interview?
Ans. Your interviewer will be looking for strengths that will
help you shineinthejobandweaknessesthatwon'tbehandicaps.
Walkmethroughyourresume.Bepreparedtodescribeeachposition
concisely,withemphasisontheexperienceandresponsibilitiesmost
relevanttotheopportunityathand.
5.Howshouldyouadjustyourvoicewhenspeakingattheinterview?
Ans.There’snotmuchyoucandoabouthowhighorlowyourvoice
is,butyoumightaswellknowthatformen,lowervoicesareseenas
moreauthoritativeandpeoplewithvoiceslikethisareseenasmore
appropriateformanagerialjobs.
6.Whatarethereasonsformanycandidatesfailingatinterviews?
Ans.Itiscommon knowledgethatan intervieweeshould give
precise examples ofprevious work in relation to questions,
maintainregulareyecontactwiththeirinterviewerandarriveon
time.However,thereareotherpotentialmistakesthatyoumaynot
realise,whichcanbeavoided.
1.Applicantscanmaketheirlifealoteasierbymakingsurethatthey

37. pg.37
arewellpreparedbeforetheyevenleavefortheinterview.
2.Itisamazinghowmanyapplicantsreally donotconsiderwhatthey
arewearingtoaninterview.Therearethosewhoreallydoturnupto
aninterviewinjustjeansandat-shirt.
3.Spendsometimeresearchingthecompany.Oftenoneofthefirst
questionsaskedinaninterviewis“whatdoyouknowaboutX?”By
showingyourknowledgeofthecompanytotheinterviewer,youcan
demonstratethatyouareorganisedandhavedonetheresearch.
4.Yourintroductiontotheinterviewerisoneofthemostimportant
momentsoftheinterview.Manyhiringmanagersdostatethatthey
makeadecisiononwhetherthecandidateissuitableornotforthe
rolebythewaythattheyintroducethemselves.
Startingoffontherightfootforaninterview isparamount.
Helpyourselfbypreparingthoroughlyandensuringthatyouhavea
smoothintroductiontotheinterviewer.Connectingwiththem by
showingastronginterestinthecompanyandrespectingallthose
thatyoumeetontheday;willallhelptoachievelandingthatdream
job!
Top10InterviewQuestionsandBestAnswers
Reviewthetop10interviewquestionsyou'llmostlikelybeaskedata
jobinterview,plusthebestanswers.Also,reviewtheotherquestions
youmaybeasked,soyou'repreparedtoacttheinterview.
1.Whatisyourgreateststrength?
Thisisoneofthequestionsthatemployersalmostalwaysask.
Whenyouareaskedaboutyourgreateststrengths,it'simportantto
discusstheattributesthatwillqualifyyouforthespecificjoband
setyouapartfromtheothercandidates.
2.Whatisyourgreatestweakness? - BestAnswers
Anothertypicalquestion interviewers willask is aboutyour

38. pg.38
weaknesses.Doyourbesttoframeyouranswersaroundpositive
aspectsofyourskillsandabilitiesasanemployee.
3. Tellmeaboutyourself. - BestAnswers
Here’showtoanswerquestionsaboutyouwithoutgivingouttoo
much–ortoolittle–personalinformation.
Startbysharingsomeofyourpersonalinterestswhichdon'trelate
directlytowork.
4.Whyshouldwehireyou?- BestAnswers
Areyouthebestcandidateforthejob?Bepreparedtosaywhy.
Makeyourresponseaconcisesalespitchthatexplainswhatyou
havetooffertheemployer,andwhyyoushouldgetthejob.
5.Whatareyoursalaryexpectations? - BestAnswers
Whatareyoulookingforintermsofsalary?Itseemslikeasimple
question,butyouranswercanknockyououtofcontentforthejob
ifyouoverpriceyourself.Here'sthebestwaytoanswerquestions
aboutsalary.
6.Whyareyouleavingorhaveleftyourjob? - BestAnswers
Whenaskedaboutwhyyouaremovingon,stickwiththefacts,be
directandfocusyourinterviewansweronthefuture,especiallyif
yourleavingwasn'tunderthebestofcircumstances.
7.Whydoyouwantthisjob? - BestAnswers
Thisquestiongivesyouanopportunitytoshowtheinterviewerwhat
youknowaboutthejobandthecompany.Bespecificaboutwhat
makesyouagoodfitforthisrole,andmentionaspectsofthe
companyandpositionthatappealtoyou.

39. pg.39
8.Howdoyouhandlestressandpressure? - BestAnswers
Whatdoyoudowhenthingsdon’tgosmoothlyatwork?Thebestway
torespondtothisquestionistogiveanexampleofhow youhave
handledstressinapreviousjob.
9.Describeadifficultworksituation/projectandhowyouovercameit. -
BestAnswers
Theinterviewerwantstoknowwhatyoudowhenyoufaceadifficult
decision.Aswiththequestionaboutstress,bepreparedtosharean
exampleofwhatyoudidinatoughsituation.
10.Whatareyourgoalsforthefuture? - BestAnswers
Thisquestionisdesignedtofindoutifyou’regoingtostickaroundor
moveonassoonasyoufindabetteropportunity.Keepyouranswer
focusedonthejobandthecompanyyou’reinterviewingwith.
11.DoYouHaveAnyQuestions?
Atthecloseoftheinterview,mostinterviewersaskwhetheryouhave
anyquestionsaboutthejoborcompany.It'salwaysagoodideato
havea listreadyandtobepreparedtorespond.
Sound–alikewords:
Thewordswriteandrightarehomonymsorhomophones.
1. Pale Pail 6. Plan Plain
2. Here Hear 7. Blue Blew
3. Die Dye 8. Rows Rose
4. Pray Prey 9. Meet Meat
5. sales Sails 10. ale Ail
Rhymingwords

40. pg.40
1. Post Roast 6. Fine Line
2. Sales Tales 7. Lot Cot
3. Come Gum 8. Like Bike
4. Found Round 9. Now Bow
5. seem Beam 10. Neat Meet
Unit8.Reporting
GRAMMARGUIDE
Direct–Indirect:
Direct Indirect
1. Present Simple
Perfect
Continuous
Past
Simple
Perfect
Continuous
2. Simple No
change/some
timespast

41. pg.41
Past Perfect Nochange
Continuous No
change/some
timespast
perfect
continuous
Examplesoftherulesare:
1. (a)ThewomansaidtotheMinister,“Ihaveaproblem.”
ThewomantoldtheMinisterthatshehadaproblem.
(b)“Haveyoucometofileacomplain?”theInspectoraskedtheoldman.
TheInspectoraskedtheoldmanwhetherhehadcometofilea
complain.
(3)“Areyoujoiningus?”theyaskedme.
TheyaskedmewhetherIwasjoiningthem.
2. (a)Oliversaidtotheladies“Orlandokilledthelion.”
Olivertoldtheladies(that)Orlando(had)killedthelion.
(b)Theactresssaid,“IhadmarriedanddivorcethreemetbeforeImetthe
professor.”
Theactresssaid(that)shehadmarriedanddivorcedthreemenbefore
shemettheprofessor.
(c)Thescooteristsaid,“Iwasdrivingataspeedof30km.”
Thescooteristsaid(that)hewasdrivingataspeedof30km.
 wehavesaidthatinreportedspeechpresenttensechangestopast
tense.Thisdoesnotapplywhenwhatissaidindirectspeecheither
referstoageneraltruthorisrelevantevenatthetimeofreporting.
Examples:
MrSakamotosaidhewasaJapanesecitizen.
(thisisnotcorrectsinceMrSakamotoisstillaJapanesecitizen)
II.usesentencesgivenbelowtheparagraphandfillinthegapsnumbered1
to14.(Useappropriatereportedspeechforms.)
SometimeagoRamappliedforthepostofclerkinabank.LastFridayhe
wascalledforaninterview.Whenhewentintothemanager’soffice,the
managertoldhim…1……………..andaskedhim2…………………….Ramtold
him3…………….Thenthemangeraskedhim4……………………andRamtoldhim
5…………………..headded6……………………….Themanagerwantedtoknow
7…………………………………andRamreplied 10……………………………………..The
managergavehimatestandthensaid11…………………Ramthankedhimand
asked12………………………Themanagerrepliedthathecouldstart
13…………………….andRampromised14…………………………….
1.Pleasesitdown
2.Whatisyourname?
3.MynameisRam
4.Doyousmoke?
5.Idon’tusuallysmoke

42. pg.42
6.Icertainlydon’tsmokeintheoffice.
7.Wherehaveyouworkedbefore?
8.Iworkedfortwoyearsinaco-operativebank.
9.Canyoutakeshorthand?
10.Offcourse,Ican
11.Iwillgiveyouajobonmonth’strial.
12.WhenshallIstartwork?
13.Assoonasyouwish?
14.IwillbehereonMonday.
ReceivedfromDr.NandakishoreSarap
Unit9.GeneralKnowledge
Abbreviations:
VCR- videocassetterecording
PC-personalcomputer'.
Pa-"PersonalAssistant"
BC-beforeChrist
A.M.-AnteMeridiem,Latin="beforemidday,
P.M.-PostMeridiem,Latin="aftermidday",afternoon
e.g.-exempligratia andmeans“forexample.”
etc-etcetera(“andtherest[ofthethings];andtheotherthings”).
Ibid--Latin,shortforibidem,meaningthesameplace
Etal-theLatinphrase et aliawhichmeans"andothers."
N.B.-“notewell
i.e.- idest andmeans“inotherwords.”
PTO
Parent-TeacherOrganization(variantofParent-
TeacherAssociation)
PTO PaidTimeOff
PTO Patent&TrademarkOffice
PTO PowerTake-Off
i. Doyouknow?
1.Onewhoforetellsthecourseofthingsbythestarsisan
astrologer

43. pg.43
2.Onewhoforetellsthefuturewiththehelpofnumbersis…….
3.Onewhoforetellsthefuturebyreadingpalmsisapalm
reader/palmist.
4.Onewhoforetellseventsisa futurist.
5.OnewhostudiesstarsisanAstronomer.
6.OnewhoperformsdaringgymnasticfeatsisaAcrobat.
7.Onewhostudiestheevolutionofmankindisan
Anthropologist.
8.Onewhowalksinsleepisasomnambul.
9.OnewhotalksinsleepisaSomniloquy.
10.Onewhooverhearstheconversationofothersis……
11.Onewhoeatshumanfleshisa cannibal.
12.Onewhopretendstoknowagreatdealabouteverythingis…….
13.Onewholooksonthebrightsideofthingsisaoptimistic.
14.Onewholooksonthedarksideofthingsisapessimist..
15.Onewhothingsofonlyhisownwelfareandtalksabout
himselfisselfish.
3. Whoarethesepeople?Completethefollowingsentenceby
choosingtheright
itemfromthelistgivenbelow.Adda/an/thewherenecessary:
(a)WoleSoyinkaisNobelprizewinnerforliterature
(b)BabaAmteisoraganizerofsocialawarenessmovements
(c)PanditRaviShankarisHindustanisingerandcomposer
(d)YasserArafatisleaderofthePalestinianrefugees
4. Whoorwhatarethese?Completethesentencesgivenbelow:
(a)Onewhoneverdrinksalcoholisateetotaler.
(b)Aplacewherespiritsaremanufacturedisadistillery.
(c)Onewhocompilesdictionariesisalexicographer.
(d)Asubstancethatincreasestherateofachemicalreaction
withoutitselfundergoinganypermanentchemicalchangeis
acatalyst.
(e)AStreetorpassageclosedatoneendisacul-de-sac.
(f)Onewhomakesorsellswomen'shatsisamilliner.

44. pg.44
(g)Themoneyahusband's(orwife's)provisionforaspouse
afterseparationordivorce;maintenanceisalimony.
(h)Apoemofseriousreflection,typicallyalamentforthedead
isanelegy.
GENERALKNOWLEDGE
Q.1 Matchthefollowing.
“Zodiacsign”
a.Aquarius
b.Capricorn
c.Gemini
d.Scorpio
e.Virgo
f. Libra
g.Aries
h.Cancer
i. Sagittarius
j. Taurus
k.Pisces
l. Leo
“Representedby”
i. Scorpion
ii. Archer
iii. Ram
iv. Water-carrier
v. Twins
vi. Bull
vii.Goat
viii.Fishes
ix. Balance
x. Lion
xi. Crab
xii.Virgin
Ans.
“Zodiacsign”
a.Aquarius
b.Capricorn
c.Gemini
d.Scorpio
e.Virgo
f. Libra
g.Aries
h.Cancer
i. Sagittarius
j. Taurus
k.Pisces
l. Leo
“Representedby”
iv.Water-carrier
vii.goat
v.Twins
i. Scorpion
xii.Virgin
ix.Balance
iii.Ram
xi.Crab
ii.Archer
vi.Bull
vii.Fishes
x.Lion
Q.2 Below aregivensomeinitial-letterwordsandabbreviations.Whatdothey
mean?Whatdotheystandfor?Whataretheirorigins
a) SOS,VCR,PC,lb,PA
Ans SOS:
Inpopularusage,SOSbecameassociatedwithsuchphrasesas"SaveOurShip"
or"SendOutSuccour"or"SaveourSouls". SOS isonlyoneofseveralwaysthat
thecombinationcouldhavebeenwritten.
SOS istheInternational Morsecode distresssignal (...----...).Thisdistresssignal
wasfirstadoptedbythe Germangovernment in radio regulationseffectiveApril
1,1905,andbecametheworldwidestandardunderthesecondInternational

45. pg.45
RadiotelegraphicConvention,which wassigned on November3,1906,and
becameeffectiveonJuly1,1908.SOSremainedthemaritimeradiodistress
signaluntil1999.SOSisstillrecognizedasavisualdistresssignal.TheSOS
distresssignalisacontinuousspacelesssequenceofthreedots,threedashes,
andthreedots.
VCR:
The videocassette recorder, VCR, or video recorder is
an electromechanical device that records analog audio and analog
video from broadcast television or other source on a removable, magnetic
tape videocassette,andcanplaybacktherecording.UseofaVCRtorecord
a television program to playbackata moreconvenienttimeiscommonly
referredtoas timeshifting.VCRscanalsoplaybackpre-recordedtapes.
Thehistoryofthevideocassetterecorderfollowsthehistoryofvideotape
recordingingeneral.In1953,Dr.NorikazuSawazakidevelopeda
prototype helicalscan videotaperecorder.[1]
Ampex introducedthe Quadruplexvideotape professionalbroadcaststandard
formatwithitsAmpexVRX-1000in1956.Itbecametheworld'sfirst
commerciallysuccessfulVCR.
PC:
A personalcomputer (PC)isamulti-purpose electroniccomputer whosesize,
capabilities,andpricemakeitfeasibleforindividualuse.PCsareintendedtobe
operateddirectlybyan enduser,ratherthanbyacomputerexpertortechnician.
Inthehistoryofcomputingthereweremanyexamplesofcomputersdesignedto
beusedbyoneperson,asopposedto terminalsconnectedto mainframe
computers.Ittookawhileforcomputerstobedevelopedthatmeetthemodern
definitionofa"personalcomputers",onethatisdesignedforoneperson,iseasy
touse,andischeapenoughforanindividualtobuy.
Usingthenarrow definitionof"operatedbyoneperson",thefirstpersonal
computerwasthe ENIAC whichbecameoperationalin1946. Itdidnotmeet
furtherdefinitionsofaffordableoreasytouse.

46. pg.46
Anexampleofanearlysingle-usercomputerwasthe LGP-30,createdin1956by
Stan Frankeland used forscienceand engineering aswellasbasicdata
processing. Itcame with a retailprice of$47,000‍—‌equivalentto about
$414,000today
lb:
lb isanabbreviationoftheLatinwordlibra.Theprimarymeaning oflibrawas
balanceorscales(asintheastrologicalsign),butitalsostoodfortheancient
Romanunitofmeasurelibrapondo, meaning “apoundbyweight.”
The pound or pound-mass isa unit of mass usedinthe imperial, UnitedStates
customaryandother systemsofmeasurement.
TheUnitedStatesandcountriesofthe CommonwealthofNations agreedupon
common definitions for the pound and the yard. Since 1 July 1959,
the international avoirdupois pound (symbol lb) has been defined as
exactly 0.45359237 kg.
IntheUnitedKingdom,theuseoftheinternationalpoundwasimplementedinthe
WeightsandMeasuresAct1963.
PA:
A personal assistant,also referred to as personal aide (PA) or personal
secretary (PS),isa jobtitle describingapersonwhoassistsaspecificperson
withtheirdailybusinessorpersonaltasks.
A personalassistanthelpswithtimeanddailymanagement,schedulingof
meetings,correspondence,andnotetaking.Theroleofapersonalassistantcan
bevaried,suchasansweringphonecalls,takingnotes,schedulingmeetings,
emailing,textsetc.
TheoriginofthewordPAisfoundinbusinesscontext.Inbusinessorpersonal
contexts,personalassistantsarepeoplewhoprovideservicesthatrelievehisor
heremployerfrom thestressoftasksthatareassociatedwithmanagingone’s
personaland/orbusinesslife.Theyassistwithavarietyoflifemanagement
tasks.
b) B.C.,A.D.am.,p.m.,e.g.,etc,ibid.,etal.,N.B.,P.S.,[sic],op.cit.,i.e.,P.T.O.

47. pg.47
Ans B.C.:
B.C.standsforBeforeChrist,anditmeansthenumberofyearsbeforethe
birthof Jesus Christ.Thatwasabout2000yearsago,sothedate552B.C.
means2552yearsago.
AD:
Theterms annoDomini(AD)and beforeChrist (BC)areusedtolabelor
number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The term anno
Domini is MedievalLatin andmeans"intheyearoftheLord",]
butisoften
translatedas"intheyearofourLord".
This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of
the conception or birth of JesusofNazareth,with AD countingyearsfrom the
startofthis epoch,and BC denotingyearsbeforethestartoftheera.Thereis
no yearzero inthisscheme,sotheyearAD 1immediatelyfollowstheyear
1 BC.Thisdatingsystem wasdevisedin525by DionysiusExiguus (a6th-
centurymonk),butwasnotwidelyuseduntilafter800.
TheGregoriancalendaristhemostwidelyusedcalendarintheworldtoday.
Fordecades,ithasbeentheunofficialglobalstandard,adoptedinthe
pragmatic interests ofinternationalcommunication,transportation,and
commercialintegration,andrecognizedbyinternationalinstitutionssuchas
the UnitedNations.
a.m.&p.m.:
The 12-hourclock isatimeconventioninwhichthe24hoursofthedayare
dividedintotwoperiods: a.m. (from the Latin, antemeridiem,meaning before
midday) and p.m. (post meridiem,meaning past midday).
]
Each period
consistsof12hoursnumbered: 12 (actingaszero),1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,
10, and 11.The24hour/daycyclestartsat12midnight(oftenindicatedas12
a.m.),runsthrough12noon(oftenindicatedas12p.m.),andcontinuestothe
midnightattheendoftheday.The12-hourclockwasdevelopedovertime
fromthemid-secondmillennium BC tothe16thcentury AD.
The12-hourtimeconventioniscommoninseveralEnglish-speakingnations
andformerBritishcolonies,aswellasafewothercountries.
etc:
Etcetera,abbreviatedtoetc.,etc,&c.,or&c,isaLatinexpressionthatisused
inEnglishtomean"andothersimilarthings",or"andsoforth".Etmeans'and';
cēterameans'therest'.
ibid.:
Ibid. (Latin,shortfor ibidem,meaning"inthesameplace")istheterm usedto
provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was
cited in thepreceding endnoteorfootnote.Thisissimilarin meaning
to idem (meaningsomethingthathasbeenmentionedpreviously;thesame),
abbreviated Id., which is commonly used in legal citation. To find
the ibid. source,onemustlookatthereferenceprecedingit.
Ibid. may also be used in the Harvard (name-date)system forin-text
referenceswheretherehasbeenaclosepreviouscitationfrom thesame
sourcematerial. Thepreviousreferenceshouldbeimmediatelyvisible,e.g.

48. pg.48
withinthesameparagraphorpage.Manyacademicpublishersnow prefer
that"ibid."shouldnotbegiveninitalics,asitisacommonlyfoundterm.
Noticethat ibid. isan abbreviation wherethelasttwolettersofthewordare
notpresent;thus,itcommonlytakesaperiod(fullstop)inbothAmericanand
Britishusage.
etal.:
Etal.isanabbreviationfor etalia (neuterplural).Butitcanalsobean
abbreviationfor etalii(masculineplural),or etaliae (feminineplural).This
phrase means “and others.” Most commonly,et al.indicates other
contributors(authors,editors,etc.)inabibliographiclist,suchas“Feynman,
Hawking,Sagan,etal.”Thereshouldalwaysbeaperiodafteretal.toshowit
isanabbreviation.
N.B.:
Nota bene (pluralform notate bene) is a Latin phrase meaning "note
well". ThephrasefirstappearedinEnglishwriting circa 1711.
Often abbreviated as N.B., N.b.,or n.b. (withoutthe punctuation in some
styles: NB, Nb,or nb), notabene is Latin for'notewell',andcomesfrom the
Latin roots notāre ("to note") and bene ("well"). It is in the singular
imperative mood,instructingoneindividualto notewell thematterathand,
i.e.totakenoticeoforpayspecialattention.In ModernEnglish,itisused,
particularlyinlegalpapers, todraw theattentionofthereadertoacertain
(side)aspectordetailofthesubjectonhand.While"NB"isalsooftenusedin
academicwriting,"note"isacommonsubstitute.
P.S.:
A postscript (P.S.)isanafterthought,thoughtofoccurringaftertheletterhas
beenwrittenandsigned. Theterm comesfrom the Latin postscriptum,an
expressionmeaning"writtenafter" (whichmaybeinterpretedinthesenseof
"thatwhichcomesafterthewriting").
A postscriptmay be a sentence,a paragraph,oroccasionally many
paragraphsaddedtoascript,oftenhastilyandincidentally,afterthesignature
ofaletteror(sometimes)themainbodyofanessayorbook.Inabookor
essay,amorecarefullycomposedaddition(e.g.,forasecondedition)is
calledan afterword.
[sic]:
The Latin adverb sic ("thus";"justas";infull: siceratscriptum,"thuswasit
written")
[1]
insertedafteraquotedwordorpassageindicatesthatthequoted
matterhasbeentranscribedexactlyasfoundinthesourcetext,complete
withanyerroneousorarchaicspelling,surprisingassertion,faultyreasoning,
orothermatterthatmightotherwisebetakenasan erroroftranscription.
Theusualusageistoinform thereaderthatanyerrorsorapparenterrorsin
quotedmaterialdonotarisefromerrorsinthecourseofthetranscription,but
areintentionallyreproduced,exactlyastheyappearinthesourcetext.Itis
generallyplacedinsidebracketstoindicatethatitisnotpartofthequoted
matter.
Sic mayalsobeusedderisivelybytheproofreader,tocallattentiontothe
originalwriter'sspellingmistakesanderroneouslogicortoshow general
disapprovalordislikeofthematerial.
op.cit.:
Op.cit. isanabbreviationofthe Latinphrase operecitato, meaning"inthe
workcited".
Theabbreviationisusedinan endnote or footnote toreferthereadertoa

49. pg.49
previouslycited work,standing in forrepetition ofthe fulltitle ofthe
work.
]
Op.cit. thusrefersthereadertothe bibliography,wherethefullcitation
oftheworkcanbefound,ortoafullcitationgiveninapreviousfootnote. Op.
cit. shouldneverthereforebeusedonitsown,whichwouldbemeaningless,
butmostoftenwiththeauthor'ssurname, oranotherbriefclueastowhich
work is referred to.Forexample,given a work called The World of
Salamanders (1999)byJaneQ.Smith,thestylewouldtypicallybe"Smith op.
cit.",usuallyfollowedbyapagenumber,toreferthereadertoapreviousfull
citationofthiswork(orwithfurtherclarificationsuchas"Smith1999, op.cit."
or"Smith, WorldofSalamanders, op.cit."
e.g.&i.e.:
Theabbreviation i.e. isshortfortheLatinphrase idest,meaning“that
is.”
Themostlookedupabbreviationsare i.e. and e.g.,probablybecause
theyareoftenconfusedforoneanother.
BothoftheseareabbreviationsofLatinexpressions: i.e. standsfor id
est,whichmeans“thatis”inLatin.Itintroducesarewordingora
clarificationofastatementthathasjustbeenmadeorofawordthat
hasjustbeenused,suchas:
Thecoughmaylastforashortperiodoftime—i.e.,threetofivedays.
E.g. standsfor exempligratia inLatin,whichmeans“forexample.”It
introducesoneormoreexamplesthatillustratesomethingstated,such
as:
Submitasampleofacademicwriting—e.g.,adissertationchapter.
Becausetheirusagecanseem similar,theseabbreviationsareoften
confused. One trick to keeping them straight is to remember
that i.e. and that is both share an i and that example and e.g. both
sharean e.
YoucanalsotrysubstitutingtheEnglishfortheabbreviationtocheck:
Thecoughmaylastforashortperiodoftime—thatisthreetofive
days.
Submitasampleofacademicwriting—forexample,adissertation
chapter.
P.T.O.:
 British: Pleaseturnover(writtenatthefootofapagetoindicatethat
thetextcontinuesonthereverse/overleaf).
 2(inatractororothervehicle)powertake-off.
Examplesentences
o ‘The PTO (ParentTeacher Organization) is the general
acronym for75% ofthegroupsthatchoosetoremainindependentofthe
PTA.’
o ‘Thethirdresolutionistovownevertooperateatractorwith
anuncoveredpowertake-off(pto)shaft.’
Q.3 Doyouknow
1.Onewhoforetellsthecourseofthingsbythestarsisanastrologer.
2.Onewhoforetellsthefuturewiththehelpofnumbersisnumerologist.
3.Onewhoforetellsthefuturebyreadingpalmsispalmreader/palmist.
4.Onewhoforetellseventsisprophet.
5.Onewhostudiesthestarsisastronomer.

50. pg.50
6.Onewhoperformsdaringgymnasticfeatsisgymnast.
7.Onewhostudiestheevolutionofmankindisanthropologist.
8.Onewhowalksinsleepissomnambulist/sleepwalker.
9.Onewhotalksinsleepissomniloquist.
10.Onewhooverhearstheconversationofothersiseavesdropper.
11.Onewhoeatshumanfleshiscannibal.
12.Onewhopretendstoknowagreatdealabouteverythingissmartaleck.
13.Onewholooksonthebrightsideofthingsisoptimist.
14.Onewholooksonthedarksideofthingsispessimist.
15.Onewhothinksofonlyhisownwelfareandtalksabouthimselfisself-
regarding.
Q.4 Whatdotheystandfor?
Apollo:
Apollo is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian
deities in classicalGreek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology.
Theidealofthe Kouros (abeardless,athleticyouth),Apollohasbeenvariously
recognizedasagodofmusic,truthandprophecy,healing,thesunandlight,
plague,poetry,andmore.Apolloisthesonof Zeus and Leto,andhasatwin
sister,thechastehuntress Artemis.ApolloisknowninGreek-influenced Etruscan
mythology as Apulu.
Cupid:
In classicalmythology, Cupid (Latin Cupīdō,meaning "desire")is the god of
desire, eroticlove,attractionandaffection.Heisoftenportrayedasthesonof
thelovegoddess Venus and thewargod Mars.Heisalso known in Latin
as Amor ("Love").His Greekcounterpart is Eros.
Diana:
In Roman mythology, Diana was the goddess of the hunt, the moon,
and nature beingassociatedwithwildanimalsandwoodland,andhavingthe
powertotalktoandcontrolanimals.Shewaseventuallyequatedwiththe Greek
goddess Artemis, though shehad an independentorigin in Italy.Dianawas
worshipped in ancient Roman religion and is revered in Roman
Neopaganism and Stregheria.Dianawasknowntobethevirgingoddessof
childbirthandwomen.Shewasoneofthethreemaidengoddesses,along
with Minerva and Vesta,whosworenevertomarry.
Mars:
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in
the SolarSystem,after Mercury.Namedafterthe Romangodofwar,itisoften
referredtoasthe"RedPlanet" becausethe ironoxide prevalentonitssurface
givesita reddishappearance.
Neptune:
Neptune is the eighth and farthestknown planet from the Sun in the Solar
System.IntheSolarSystem,itisthefourth-largestplanetbydiameter,thethird-
most-massiveplanet,andthedensest giantplanet.Neptuneis17timesthemass
of Earth andisslightlymoremassivethanitsnear-twin Uranus,whichis15times
themassofEarthandslightlylargerthanNeptune.
Minerva:
Minerva (Latin: Menrva) was the Roman goddess of wisdom and strategic
warfare,andthesponsorofarts,trade,andstrategy.Shewasbornof Metis
(Moon,innermostofJupiter),whohadbeenswallowedby Jupiter,andburstfrom
herfather'shead,fullyarmedandcladinarmour.

51. pg.51
Q.5 Canyoufindtheletter-wordsentences?
a.RUOK:
b.ICU
c.IMB-4U
d.IN-VU
e.IOU
Q.6 Whataretheycalled?
Ayoung cat iscalleda_______.
bull
dog
lion
hen
goat
sheep
bird
duck
Ans 1.Ayoungcatiscalledakitten.
2.Ayoungbulliscalledacalf.
3.Ayoungdogiscalledapup.
4.Ayounglioniscalledacub.
5.Ayoungheniscalledachick.
6.Ayounggoatiscalledakid.
7.Ayoungsheepiscalledalamb.
8.Ayoungbirdiscalledahatchling.
9.Ayoungduckiscalledaduckling.
Q.7 Howmuchyouknowaboutuniverse?
1.Howfaristhemoonfromtheearth?
i. 382170km
ii.442356km
iii.310852km
2.ThelargestvisiblecrateronthemoonisBailly.Itis
i. 960kmacross
ii.237.12kmacross
iii.292.8kmacross
3.Thedeepestcraterisbetween7000to9000metres.Itiscalled
i. TheEinsteincrater
ii.TheNewtoncrater
iii.TheKeplercrater
a.Whatdoesvisiblemean?
Ans:Visibletonakedeye.
b.Whatiscrater?