Organic Farming-DEVA ANIL.ppt

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC ON
ORGANIC FARMING
SESSION -2022-23
COURSE NO: AGRON 607
COURSE TITLE: INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Presented by
DEVA ANIL
Ph.D. (1st year)
Deptt. of Agronomy
Submitted to
Dr. M. C. BHAMBRI
Professor
Deptt. of Agronomy
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (C.G.)

Contents
• History of organic farming
• Aims and objectives of organic farming
• Concept and different forms of organic agriculture
• Principles and components of organic farming
• Advantages and disadvantages of using organic nutrients.
• Practical production issues and strategies for success
• Accreditation agencies for promotion of organic agriculture in India
• Case studies
• Conclusion

What is Organic farming?
 Organic farming is a technique, which involves
cultivation of plants and rearing of animals in natural
ways. It involves use of biological materials and avoids
the use of synthetic substances to maintain the soil
fertility and ecological balance by minimizing pollution
and wastage.

 Organic farming is a system which avoids or largely exclude
the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides,
hormones, feed additives etc) and to the maximum extent
feasible rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal
manures, off-farm organic waste. (USDA, 1980).
 “It is a holistic production management system that promotes
and enhances health of agro-ecosystem, including
biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological
activity”.(FAO, 2002).

History of organic farming
 The term organic farming was coined by lord
Northbourne in his book “look the land” (1940).
 Sir albert howard is often referred to as the father of
modern organic farming because he was the first to
apply modern scientific knowledge and methods in
traditional agriculture (1905-24).
 In Germany, Rudolf steiner developed the biodynamic
agriculture (now known as organic farming) which was
based on his philosophy of anthroposophy (1924).

Lord North bourne Sir Albert Howard
Father of “Organic farming”
Coined the term “Organic farming”

 Before 19th century most foods in the world was
organically produced.
 In 1924 Austrian Philosopher Dr. Rudolf Steiner
conceptualized and advocated organic agriculture.
 In 1927 a trademark “Demeter” was introduced for
organically grown food.
 In 1972, IFOAM gave an international frame work for
discussion and recognition of principles of organic
farming
History of organic farming

Progress in agriculture in Indian perspective
Before 1960
-Low chemical use
(Fertilizer and
pesticide, fungicide),
-Low production
-Faced problem to
meet food grain
demand
1960 -1990
-High inputs in
green revolution
states,
-Higher production
-Meet food grain
demand
1990 onward
– Over
exploitation of
resources in
irrigated states
(high inputs use
states)

 Change in first 20 years of the launch of green revolution
Effect of green revolution in agriculture scenario
• Increased by 2 times
Production
• Increased by 7 times
Fertilizers
• Increased by 375
times
Pesticide use

Deterioration and degradation of resources
• Nitrate & pesticide contamination
Ground water
• Salinity, acidity, nutrient imbalance
• N, P, K, S, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, B
Deficiency
Soil
•Pollution due to use of agro
chemicals(Insecticide, Fungicide and
Herbicide),Bio-diversity Imbalance
Environment

Present Status of organic farming in World
• In 2018, 71.50 million hectares of organic agricultural land,
including in-conversion areas, were recorded.
• Organic farmland increased by 2.0 million hectares or 2.9
percent in 2018.
• Currently, 1.5 percent of the world’s agricultural land is organic.
(Source: FiBL & IFOAM Year Book 2020)

 The largest organic markets- United States
 The highest per capita consumption in 2017,
Switzerland and Denmark
 The highest organic shares are in –
 Oceania (8.5 percent),
 Europe (2.9 percent) and
 Latin America with 1.1 percent.
Global market

• India’s rank 8th in terms of World’s Organic
Agricultural land.
• 1st in terms of total number of producer as per 2020
data (Source: FIBL & IFOAM Year Book 2020).
• Total area under organic certification process (NPOP)
is 3.67 million hectare (2019-20).
Organic farming Present Status in INDIA

Area
 As on 31st March 2020, Madhya Pradesh has covered largest area under organic
certification.
 Among different states Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer followed by
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Sikkim and Odisha.
 The states of Sikkim (1st 100% organic state) and Uttarakhand have declared their
states as ‘organic states’.
 Under the “ organic farming mission scheme” the CG state government has started
working on making Dantewada, Bijapur, Sukma and Gariaband as “ complete organic
farming district.

Production
India produced around 2.75 million MT (2019-20) of certified organic
products which includes all varieties of food products namely
• Oil Seeds
• Sugar cane
• Cereals & Millets
• Cotton
• Pulses
• Aromatic & Medicinal Plants
• Tea, Coffee, Fruits, Spices, Dry Fruits, Vegetables, Processed foods etc.

 The total volume of export during 2019-20 was 6.389 lakh MT.
 The organic food export realization was around INR 4,686 crore (689 million USD).
 Organic products are exported to USA, European Union, Canada, Switzerland,
Australia, Japan, Israel, UAE, New Zealand, Vietnam etc.
In terms of export value realization Processed foods including soya meal(45.87%) lead
among the products followed by Oilseeds (13.25%), Plantation crop products such as Tea
and Coffee(9.61%), Cereals and millets (8.19%), Spices and condiments (5.20%), Dry
fruits (4.98%,Sugar(3.91), Medicinal plants(3.84%) and others.
Exports

Concept of organic farming
 Nature is the best role model for farming, since it does not use any
inputs nor demand unreasonable quantities of water.
 The entire system is based on intimate understanding of nature’s
ways. The system does not believe in mining of the soil of its
nutrients and do not degrade it in any way.
 The soil in this system is a living entity and the soil’s living
population of microbes and other organisms are significant
contributors to its fertility on a sustained basis and must be
protected and nurtured at all cost.
 The total environment of the soil, from soil structure to soil cover is
more important.

Different forms of organic agriculture
i. Rishi Krishi:
In this method, all on-farm sources of nutrients including
composts, cattle dung manure, green leaf manure and crop biomass for
mulching are exploited to their best potential with continuous soil
enrichment through the use of Rishi Krishi formulations known as
“Amritpani” and virgin soil.
Raskar et al. (2014) have suggested modified Amritpani
preparation which requires 1 kg fresh cow dung+1 liter fresh cow
urine+1 kg green neem leaves+1 kg pulse flour+100 g jaggery and 10
litres water.
(Source :Organic Farming : Crop Production Guide NPOF, ICAR-IIFSR, Modipuram)

ii. Panchgavya Krishi:
 Panchgavya is a special bio-enhancer prepared from
nine products obtained from cow dung, urine, milk,
curd, ghee, banana, Tender coconut and water.
 Panchgavya contains many useful microorganisms
such as fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes and various
micronutrients.
Source :Organic Farming : Crop Production Guide NPOF, ICAR-IIFSR, Modipuram

• Cow dung - 7 kg
• Cow ghee - 1 kg
 Mix the above two ingredients thoroughly both in morning and evening
hours and keep it for 3 days
• Cow Urine - 10 liters
• Water - 10 liters
 After 3 days mix cow urine and water and keep it for 15 days with regular
mixing both in morning and evening hours. After 15 days mix the following
and panchagavya will be ready after 30 days.
• Cow milk - 3 liters
• Cow curd - 2 liters
• Tender coconut water - 3 liters
• Jaggery - 3 kg
• Well ripened poovan banana – 12 nos.

iii. Natural farming
 Natural farming emphasizes on efficient use of on-farm
biological resources and enrichment of soil with the use
of Jivamruta to ensure high soil biological activity. Use
of Bijamruta for seed/ planting material treatment and
Jivamruta for soil treatment and foliar spray are
important components

Title
Application: 200 liters of Jeevamrutha is sufficient for one acre of land.
Apply twice a month with irrigation water or as 10% foliar spray.

iv. Natueco farming (Nature Ecological Farming)
The three relevant aspects of Natueco Farming are:
● Soil - Enrichment of soil by recycling of the biomass by
establishing a proper energy chain.
● Roots - Development and maintenance of white feeder
root zones for efficient absorption of nutrients.
● Canopy - Harvesting the sun through proper canopy
management for efficient photosynthesis

V. Biodynamic Agriculture:
 Method of farming that aims to treat the farm as a living
system which interacts the environment, to build
healthy, living soil and to produce food that nourishes
and vitalizes and helps to develop mankind.
 The underlying principle of biodynamics is making life-
giving compost out of dead material.

 The important components of biodynamic farming are
 turning in plant materials such as green crops and straw, not using
chemical fertilizers and pesticides,
 avoiding soil compaction by machinery or animals, particularly in
wet weather,
 keeping soil covered by pasture, crops or mulch not destroying the
soil structure by poor farming practices such as excessive use of
rotary hoe or cultivation in unsuitable weather (too wet or too dry),
 fallowing the land by planting deep-rooting permanent pasture
species or using green crops,

 Till now, 9 biodynamic preparations have been developed,
named as formulation BD 500 to BD 508.
 Out of these, formulation- BD 500 (cow horn compost) and
formulation- BD 501 (horn silica) are very popular and are being
used by large number of organic farmers.
 Formulations BD 502 to BD 507 are compost enrichers and
promoters, while formulation 508 is of prophylactic in nature and
helps in control of fungal disease.

 Principle of health
 Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant,
animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.
 Principle of ecology
 Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and
cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them.

Principle of fairness
 Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness
with regard to the common environment and life opportunities.
 Fairness is characterized by equity, respect, justice and stewardship of
the shared world, both among people and in their relations to other
living beings
Principle of care
 Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and
responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and
future generations and the environment.

FARM YARD MANURE
37
• Commonly used Organic manure
• Readily available
• Important agricultural By-products
Advantages
• Ability to improve the soil, tilth &
aeration.
• Increases the water holding capacity
of the soil.
• Stimulate activity of micro-organisms
that made plant food elements in the
soil readily to crops

Farmyard manure (FYM)
 Table.1 Average percentage of N, P2O5 and K2O in the fresh
excreta of farm animals
Animal refuse N% P2O5 K2O
Cattle dung and
urine mixed(fresh)
0.60 0.15 0.45
Poultry manure
(fresh)
1.0-1.8 1.4-1.8 0.8-0.9
FYM (DRY) 0.5-1.5 0.4-0.8 0.5-1.9
Source: Fertilizer statistics. 2003-04

Table 2.Nutritional composition of different organic manures permitted under organic farming
Permitted
manures
N% P% K%
Coir pith 1.20 1.20 1.20
Press mud 1-1.5 4-5 2-7
Cattle dung 0.4-0.5 0.3-0.4 0.3-0.4
Poultry manure 1-1.8 1.4-1.8 0.8-0.9
Cattle urine 0.9-1.2 trace 0.5-1.0
Fly ash 0.7-1.9 0.45 0.6
FYM 0.4-1.5 0.3-0.9 0.3-1.9
Groundnut husk 1.6-1.9 0.3-0.5 1.1-1.8
Paddy straw 0.36 0.08 0.71
Wheat straw 0.53 0.10 0.93

Average nutrient composition of vermicompost
Organic carbon 9.5 – 17.98%
Nitrogen 0.5 – 1.50%
Phosphorous 0.1 – 0.30%
Potassium 0.15 – 0.56%
Sodium 0.06 – 0.30%
Calcium and Magnesium 22.67 to 47.60 meq/100g
Copper 2 – 9.50 mg kg-1
Iron 2 – 9.30 mg kg-1
Zinc 5.70 – 11.50 mg kg-1
Sulphur 128 – 548 mg kg-1
Besides these nutrients, it contains growth hormones, vitamins, enzymes, Microfloralike
Phosphorus solublizing bacteria, N fixers, VAM fungi are also present
TNAU agritech portal,2014

Crop residues
• Crop residues are the non economic plant parts
that are left in the field after harvest
• The harvest refuses include straws, stubble,
stover and haulms of different crops
• The greatest potential as a biomass resource
appears to be from the field residues of sorghum
maize, soybean, cotton
• However crop residues need composting before
being used as manure
41

Bio fertilizers
Biofertilizers are live microbial preparations meant for use in agriculture for growth
promotion and nutrient mobilization.
 Nitrogen fixers
Rhizobium for legumes
Azatobacter for non legumes
Azospirillum for non legumes
Acetobacter for sugarcane
 P solubilizers
P.S.B – For all crops
VAM- For all crops and plants
 K-solubilizers
Acidobacillus ferrooxidans
Bacillus mucilaginosus

Bio-pesticide: Bio-pesticides are natural plant products that
belong to the so called secondary metabolites, which include
alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics and minor secondary
chemicals. e.g., Nicotine, Pyrethrum, Rotenone etc.

Common leguminous green-manuring crops and their potential
Name Botanical name Av. yield of green
matter (q/ha)
N% N added
(kg/ha)
Kharif
Sun hemp Crotalaria juncea 152 0.43 84.0
Dhaincha Sesbania aculeata 144 0.42 77.1
Mung Phaseolus aureus 57 0.53 38.6
Cowpea Vigna sinenis 108 0.49 56.3
Rabi
Senji Mellilotus alba 206 0.51 134.4
Kesari Lathyrus sativus 88 0.54 61.4
Berseem Trifolium
alexandrinum
111 0.43 60.7
Maliwal (2006)
46

Practical production issues
i. Supply of sufficient nutrient through organic management: Organic farming discussion
starts with the question that how to meet the nutrient requirement of crops through organic
manures and where it is available? -Bulky manure related with transportation cost
ii. Insect and disease management:Is it possible to manage the pests and diseases without
using synthetics?
iii. Weed management: It is the major issue for many of the organic growers as it has been
observed that under organic management, weeds grow intensively if manures from outside the
farm are used?
iv. Reliable organic pesticides not available in market
v. More manual labor required
vi. Initial low yield (3-5 years)
vii. Marketing problems of organic inputs and financial support
viii. Lack of awareness (Source :Organic Farming : Crop Production Guide NPOF, ICAR-IIFSR, Modipuram)

Strategies for success
A. Supply of sufficient nutrient through organic management
 Enough scope for production of sufficient organic inputs exists in
India and it works out to 7 mt in terms of nutrients.
 Among different sources, livestock accounts for major share
(nearly 40 per cent). It is followed by crop residues (30 per cent)
and other sources (15 %). Other sources include the rural
compost, vermi-compost and agricultural wastes.

1. Practice through farming system:
• Crop + dairy are the pre-dominant farming system practiced traditionally
by Indian Organic Farming.
•

2. Multiple cropping and crop rotation
 Mixed cropping is the outstanding feature of organic farming in
which variety of crops are grown simultaneously or at different
time on the same land.
selecting the crops and varieties for organic farming are given
below
 Non–leguminous crops should be followed by leguminous crops
and vice-versa, eg. Green gram – Wheat / Maize.
 Restorative crops should be followed by exhaustive or non-
restorative crops.eg. Sesame – Cowpea / Green gram / Blackgram /
Groundnut.

 Leaf shedding crop should be followed by non-leaf shedding or less
exhaustive crops.eg. Pulses / cotton – wheat / rice.
 Green manuring crop should be followed by grain crops.eg. Dhaincha
- Rice, Green gram/ Cowpea – Wheat / Maize.
 Highly fertilized crops should be followed by less-fertilized crop.eg.
Maize - Black gram/gourds.
 Perennial or long duration crops should be followed by seasonal
/restorative crops. eg. Napier / Sugarcane - Groundnut/Cowpea
/Green gram.
 Fodder crops should be followed by field or vegetable crops. eg.
Maize + Cowpea/Wheat/Potato/Cabbage/Onion.

 Multicut crops should be succeeded by the seed crops. eg. Green
gram/Maize.
 Ratoon crops should be followed by deep rooted restorative crops.
eg. Sugarcane/ Jowar- Pigeonpea/Lucerne/Cowpea.
 Deep rooted crops should be succeeded by shallow rooted crops. eg.
Cotton/ Castor/ Pigeonpea – Potato / Lentil /Green Gram etc.
 Deep tillage crops should be followed by zero or minimal tillage crops.
eg. Potato / Radish / Sweet Potato/Sugarcane - Black Gram/Green
Gram/Green manuring crops.

3. Green manures
 Green manures are the principal supplementary
means of adding organic matter to the soil.
 The green-manure crop supplies organic matter as well
as additional nitrogen, particularly if it is a legume crop,
due to its ability to fix nitrogen from the air with the help
of its root nodule bacteria.
 Popularly grown green manures are Sesbania aculeate
(Dhaincha), Sesbania rostrata (sunhemp) etc.

4.Combination of organic nutrient sources:
 Combining more than one organic source for supplying nutrients to
crops has been found to be very effective as meeting the nutrient
requirement by single source is not possible.
 For example, rice-wheat system requires around 30 t FYM/year to
meet its nutrient demand.
 This can be very easily managed by adopting strategies of
cropping systems involving green manures, legumes and
combined application of FYM + vermicompost and neem cake.

B. Insect and disease management
 In general, the incidence of pests and diseases are comparatively
low under organic production system compared to inorganic
systems due to several factors such as application of oil cakes
having insecticidal properties, use of green leaf manures such as
Calotropis and slightly higher content of phenols in plant parts
under organic management.
 Further, organic management also increases the natural enemies
in the farm. Natural enemies of crop pests and diseases such as
Coccinellids, syrphids, spiders, Micromus, Chrysopa and
campoletis were higher under organic management compared to
integrated and inorganic management.

Pest management
1. Physical method
Mechanical control
Light trap
Pheromone trap
Nylon net
2. Cultural method
Field and plant sanitation
Crop rotation
Trap cropping
Ex. Cabbage: mustard = diamond back moth
Water management
Adjusting time of sowing

C. Weed Management
 Weeds are major problem under organic management and
almost 43 % of organic growers expressed; low and no cost
weed management techniques should be identified for
successful practicing of organic farming.
 The weeded materials should be applied as mulch in the ground
itself.
 Stale seed beds, hand and mechanical weeding are the other
options available for managing weeds under organic
management. Further, effective crop rotation, mixed and
intercropping is also essential for reducing the weeds.

Biological control method
Name of weed Bioagent
Cyperus rotundus Bactera verutana
Parthenium hysterophorus Zygogramma bicolarata
Lantana camara Crocidosema lantana,
Teleonnemia scrupulosa
Opuntia dilenaii Dactylopius tomentosus,
Dactylopius indics
Eichhornia crassipes Neochetine Eichhornia, N.
bruchi
Salvinia elaegnifolium Crytobagus singularis-
weevil,
Paulinia acuminate-moth

Mycoherbicides
Product Bio- herbicide
description
Target weeds
and disease
caused
Crop where
used and
reference
DeVine,1981,
USA
Pytopthora
citropthora p.v.
palmivora
Morrenia odorata Citrus, USA
(Kenny, 1986)
Collego, 1982,
USA
Colletotricum
gleosporides f.sp.
Aeschhynomene
Aeschhynomene
virginia
Rice and
soybean,
USA(Bowers,198
2)
VELGO Colletotricum
coccoides
Abutilon
teophhrasti
Cotton, canada
DR.BIO.SEDGE Puccinia
canaliculata
Cyperus
esculentus
-
Bipolaris Bipolaris sorgicola Sorgham
halpense
-

What is "Certified Organic"?
Certified organic” is a term given to products produced
according to organic standards as certified by one of
the certifying bodies.
 A grower wishing to be certified organic must apply to
a certification body requesting an independent
inspection of their farm to verify that the farm meets
the organic standards.
 Farmers, processors and traders are each required to
maintain the organic integrity of the product and to
maintain a document trail for audit purposes.
 Products from certified organic farms are labelled and
promoted as “certified organic.”

What is certified organic product
 Organic product are those
which have produced,
stored & processed
without any use of
chemical fertilizers,
herbicides, insecticides,
fungicides or growth
regulators.
 Handled and marketed in
accordance with precise
technical specification &
certified as ‘organic’ by a
certification body.

Organic Certification
 The Certificate of Accreditation is a document issued by APEDA, on
behalf of the National Accreditation Body (NAB), to the Certification
Body certifying that the accredited Certification Body is compliant
with the standards as envisaged under the National Programme
for Organic Production (NPOP) and is competent to certify
producers as per the standards specified in the NPOP.
 There are 93 countries with organic regulation and 726 affiliates
of IFAOM from 110 countries.
 Where Germany- 76, India-47, China 45 and US 43 affiliates.

International standards
 The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements
(IFOAM) has produced a set of international organic standards, laid
down by people from many countries.
 The main principles of organic farming were laid down by IFOAM in
1992.
 To produce food of high nutritional quality in sufficient quantity.
 To interact in a constructive and life enhancing way with all natural
systems and cycles.
 To encourage and enhance biological cycles within the farming system,
involving micro-organisms, soil flora and fauna, plants and animals.

INDIAN STANDARDS
 The Government of India has implemented the National
Programme for Organic Production (NPOP).
 The national programme involves the accreditation programme for
Certification Bodies, standards for organic production, promotion of
organic farming etc.
 The NPOP standards for production and accreditation system have
been recognized by
 European Commission and Switzerland for unprocessed plant
products
 USDA has recognized NPOP conformity assessment procedures of
accreditation as equivalent to that of US.

Major Product in India
Category Products
Cereals Rice, wheat, minor millets
Spices &
Condiments
Cardamom, black pepper, ginger, turmeric, vanilla,
mustard, tamarind, clove, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace,
chilly, garlic, onion, cashew nut, walnut
Pulses Red gram, black gram
Fruits Mango, banana, pineapple, grape, passion fruit,
orange
Vegetables Okra, brinjal, tomato, potato
Oilseeds Sesame, castor, sunflower
Others Tea, coffee, cotton, herbal extracts

Organic certification in INDIA are listed below
•Agriculture and Horticulture crops
•Live Stock
•Aquaculture
•Processed packed food

Accreditation agencies for promotion of
organic agriculture in India:
 Agricultural and processed food export development
authority. (APEDA)
 AGMARK
 Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS)
 Goodwill
 Coffee Board
 Spices Board
 Tea Board
 Coconut Development Board

Agricultural and processed food export
 There are 29 accrediting agencies and 1 in Raipur CG CERT.
 National Programme of Organic Farming (NPOF) is under
APEDA.
 Mostly they are Foreign Export through operator.
 Organic certification by APEDA are listed below
• Agriculture and Horticulture crops
• Organic Textiles
• Live Stock
• Aquaculture
• Processed packed food
Commodity :
 Rice – Scented &
Quality rice
 Pulses – Gram and
other Pulses
 Oilseed – Soybean

AGMARK
 AGMARK is a certification mark employed on agricultural products
in India, assuring that they confirm to a set of standards approved by
the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, an agency of
the Government of India.
 Legally enforced in India by the Agricultural Produce (Grading and
Marking Act of 1937 and amended in 1986).
 Notification in 2009 for organic produce under marketing and
grading act 2009.
 The present AGMARK standards cover quality guidelines for 205
different commodities
 10 registered under AGMARK.
 One in Raipur CG CERT

Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS)
 PGS are locally focused quality assurance systems.
 They certify producers based on active participation of
stakeholders and are built on a foundation of trust,
social networks, and knowledge exchange (IFAOM,
2008).
 Suitable for small-scale farmers and local markets.
 IFAOM is the only organization collecting data about
PGS on a global level.
There are more than 240 PGS initiatives in 67 countries
India has the highest number of producers under PGS
Total of 3,33,144 producers
1,13,090 of them are certified producers.

Chhatisgarh-organic farming package of practices
Suggested cropping systems for organic production
(based on testing under NPOF)
1. Soybean-chickpea
1. 2. Soybean-onion
1. 3. Rice-chickpea

Chhatisgarh Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Raipur
M.C. Bhambri, Professor , S.K. Agrawal, Scientist, Anup Singh, Scientist Ashok Pal, Senior Research Fellow
P.C. Kanwar, Senior Research Fellow, P.L. Sahu, Senior Research Fellow ,S. Navrang, Senior Research Fellow

Table 1a . Effect of organic nutrition on yield and quality of Cowpea
Treatments
Pod
Yield (kg ha-
1)
Bhusa
Yield (Total
shoot weight)
kg ha-1
Protein
content (%)
Shelf life
(days)
Palatability
(Score - 4
point scale)
T1 -20 : 30 : 10 kg N: P2O5 : K2O
ha-1 with 20 t FYM ha-1
3708 8580 25.9 4.7 2.3
T2 -FYM 3403 9236 23.1 5.7 2.7
T3 -FYM+ P solubilising microbes 3476 9376 23.1 5.3 2.7
T4 –Vermicompost 3590 9450 26.7 6.3 3.3
T5 -Vermicompost + PSM 3606 9600 26.7 6.3 3.7
T6 -Poultry manure 3450 9400 24.0 4.3 4.0
T7 -Poultry manure + PSM 3496 9413 22.5 5.3 3.7
T8-20 + 30 + 10 kg N, P2O5 and
K2O ha-1
(Inorganic alone)
2866 8090 17.1 4.3 1.7
SEm± 38.78 60.10 0.72 0.27 0.31
CD (P=0.05) 118 182 2.2 0.81 0.93

Table 1b. Effect of organic nutrition on soil chemical and biological properties
Treatmen
ts
pH
Organi
c
Carbo
n
(%)
CEC
(cmol
P+ kg-
1)
C:N
ratio
Available nutrients kg ha-1 Dehydrogen
ase
(µg TPF
g soil-1 24hr-
1)
Phosphata
se
(µg P nitro
phenol
g soil-1hr-1)
N P K
T1 5.53 0.61 2.94 10.17 238 25 141 204.67 76.33
T2 5.51 0.66 3.51 12.20 241 30 144 236.67 81.93
T3 5.51 0.67 3.37 12.03 261 33 149 231.00 91.00
T4 6.31 0.78 4.97 9.97 296 37 175 301.00 115.83
T5 6.33 0.78 5.02 9.97 308 39 171 310.67 135.70
T6 5.62 0.56 3.78 10.03 237 32 163 238.67 76.07
T7 5.62 0.58 3.70 10.00 254 34 160 244.30 81.13
T8 5.30 0.50 2.54 10.13 188 22 122 150.00 39.07
SEm± 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.25 7.86 0.59 3.88 10.12 3.19
CD
(P=0.05)
0.13 0.05 0.18 0.76 23.85 1.80 11.76 30.71 9.68
College of Agriculture, Vellayani Bhaskaran et al., 2009

Table 8 . Effect of organic manures & biofertilizer combinations on protein
content, hardness, yield and economics of wheat
Treatments
Protein
content
(%)
Hardnes
s (HL)
Grain yield
(t ha-1)
Gross return
(x103 Rs. ha-
1)
Cost of
cultivation
(x103
Rs.ha-1)
Net return
(x103 Rs. ha-
1)
B:C ratio
Control 6.99 79.81 2.4 48.53 11.42 37.10 3.2
Farm yard
manure
8.47 83.10 3.4 68.08 17.44 50.63 2.9
Green
manure
8.65 85.40 3.8 74.07 12.38 61.69 5.0
GM+
Biofertilizer
8.74 85.76 4.1 79.11 12.49 66.62 5.3
GM+FYM 9.15 89.24 4.4 84.91 26.01 58.90 2.3
GM+FYM+
Biofertilizer
9.26 90.30 4.6 89.20 26.12 63.08 2.4
SEm± 0.47 1.77 0.19 3.08 - 3.08 0.25
CD (P=0.05) 0.96 3.62 0.39 6.29 - 6.29 0.52
Ram et al., 2009

Conclusion
 Organic farming increases the nutrient uptake (N, P and K) of plant.
 It releases nutrients to plant and also leads to improved nutrient status of soil.
 It improves the soil organic matter and improves the soil physical, chemical and
biological properties and their by enhancing the long term sustainability of agriculture.
 Biofertilizer +FYM or combination of biofertilizer (Rhizobium+PSB)has shown
beneficial effect on crop growth and nutrient status of soil.
 In long term effect, it increase soil N and C, thus improves availability of nutrients to
crop
82

Caring for soil is caring for life
Thank You

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