Anaesthesia for Ankylosing spondylitis rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthritis

8. 8
The outer annular fibers are eroded and eventually replaced by bone
→ bony syndesmophytes, which then grows by continued enchondral
ossification, ultimately bridging the adjacent vertebral bodies =
“bamboo spine”.

48. DIAGNOSIS
•X-RAY
• Narrowing of joint space,
• subchondral sclerosis,
• articular cysts,
• osteophytes

50. Knees
Hips
Neck & back
Big toes
Hands
Elbow
Shoulder