Infection control terminologies for epidemiology chapter

1. SUBMITTED TO, SUBMITTED BY,
Dr. ANJALATCHI MS. GUNJAN RAJPOOT
M.Sc (N), MD(AM), MBA(HA) M.SC (N) 1ST YEAR
ERA COLLEGE OF NURSING ERA COLLEGE OF NURSING
SARFARAZGANJ SARFARAZGANJ
LUCKNOW LUCKNOW

2. Objectives
 To introduce the infection epidemiology.
 To enumerate the importance of infection
epidemiology.
 To enlist the epidemiological terminologies of
infection control.
 To explain the epidemiological terminologies
of infection control.

3. Introduction
 Infectious disease epidemiology is a
fundamental part of the whole of epidemiology.
 The subject of epidemiology originally
developed from the study of epidemics of
infectious diseases.

4. Importance of infectious
epidemiology….
 Epidemiological knowledge - Helps in study of
changes in the pattern of communicable disease.
 By the discovery of “new” infections
 By the possibility that some chronic diseases have an
infective origin.
 Epidemiological activities – disease reporting,
measurement of mortality and morbidity
 Prevention and control of disease

5. Terminologies
 Agent
 Infection
 Contamination
 Infestation
 Host
 Contagious disease
 Epidemic
 Endemic
 Sporadic
 Pandemic
 Zoonosis
 Nosocomial Infection
 Opportunistic infection
 Latrogenic disease
 Notifiable diseases
 Elimination
 Eradication

6. Agent
 “ A substance, living or non living, or a force, the
excessive presence or relative lack of which may initiate a
disease process”.
 Eg. Biological agent : bacteria, virus, fungi etc
 Nutrients : Carbohydrate, protein, fat etc
 Physical agent : Heat, cold, radiation etc
 Chemical agent : Uric acid, bilirubin etc

7. Infection
 Infection is defined as entry and development or
multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of
man or other animals.

8. Contamination
 “Presence of an infectious agent on a body surface or
substances like clothes, beddings, toys, surgical
instruments etc
 Eg. Water contamination
Food contamination

9. Infestation
 “The lodgment, development and reproduction of
arthropods on the surface of the body of the person or
animal”.
 Eg. Scabies, Pediculosis

10. Host
 “Person or animal, including birds and arthropods that
affords lodgment to an infectious agent under natural
conditions”.
 Eg. Malaria cycle in human

11. Contagious disease
 Disease that is transmitted through contact.
 Eg. Leprosy , STD,

12. Communicable disease
 “ An illness due to a specific infections agent or its
toxic product capable of being directly or indirectly
transmitted from man to man, or animal to animal or
animal to man, or from environment to man or
animal”.
 Eg. Rabies, TB, diarrheal diseases etc.

13. Epidemic
 “ The unusual occurrence in a community or region of
cases of an illness or other health related events
clearly in excess of expected occurrence”.
 Eg. Dengue fever, Measles, Malaria

14. Endemic
 “ It refers to the constant presence of a disease or
infectious agent within a given geographical area of
population group without importation from outside”.
 Eg. Typhoid fever,

15. Cont…
 Hyper endemic:
The disease is constantly present in the region and
affects all the age groups.
Eg. Diarrheal diseases
 Holo endemic:
The rate of infection is high in children and less in
adults.
Eg. Malaria

16. Sporadic
 “ Cases occur irregularly, haphazardly from time to time
and generally infrequently”.
 It means scattered about.
 Eg. Tetanus, Rabies, Plague etc

17. Pandemic
 “ An epidemic affecting a large proportion of the
population, occurring over a wide geographical area such
as nation, a continent or world.
 Eg. HIV, cholera, covid etc

18. Zoonosis
 “ An infection or infectious disease transmitted under
natural conditions from vertebrate animals to man”.
 Eg. Rabies, Plague, Anthrax etc

19. Cont…
 Anthropozonosis
Infection transmitted from vertebrate animal to man,
Eg. Rabies, Plague, Anthrax etc
 Zooanthroponoses
Infections transmitted from man to vertebrate animals.
Eg. Bovine tuberculosis

20. Nosocomial Infection
 “ An infection originating in a patient while in a
hospital or other health care facility”.
 Eg. Wound infection, UTI

21. Opportunistic infection
 “ Infection by an organism that takes the opportunity
provided by a defect in host defense and cause
disease”.
 Eg. Tuberculosis in AIDS patient

22. Latrogenic disease
 “ Any adverse consequences resulting from a
physician’s professional activity or from the
professional activity of any other health personnel”.
 Eg.
Anaphylactic reaction to any antibiotics or
immunoglobulin.
Acquiring HIV infection through injection or blood
transfusion.

23. Notifiable diseases
 A disease that by statutory requirements, must be
reported to the public health authority in the pertinent
jurisdiction when the diagnosis is made.
 Eg. Recent addition to the list of Notifiable disease is
tuberculosis

24. Elimination
 “ Interruption of transmission of disease in a given
geographical area or region.”
 Eg. Elimination of Poliomyelitis

25. Eradication
 “ Termination of all transmission of infection by
extermination of the infectious agent”.
 Termination of an infection from the whole world, so
that disease will no longer occur in the world.
 Eg. Small pox

26. Conclusion
 Terminologies and definitions in Epidemiology is
important for reporting, planning and implementation
of disease prevention and control programme.

27. Summary
 To we have discussed about introduction infection
epidemiology, importance of infection epidemiology,
enlist the terminologies of infection epidemiology,
discussed the definitions, examples.

28. Bibliography
 Park. K, “Textbook of Preventive and Social
Medicine”, 22nd edition 2013, published by
Banarsidas Bhanot Publisher, Jabalpur.
Page No. 92 – 93
 www.google.com epidemiological terminology of
infection control
 https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/plague-
pestilence-pandemic/0/steps/40063