Community health nursing is a synthesis of nursing practice applied in promoting and preserving the health of the population. Community health implies integration of curative, preventive and promotional health services. The aim of community diagnosis is the identification of community health problems

1. UNIT-IV
INTRODUCTION ABOUT
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
DR.ANJALATCHIMUTHUKUMARAN
ERA COLLEGE OF NURSING , LUCKNOW

2. Content to be discussed
 Session –I
 Community health nursing
 Philosophy
 Aims
 Objectives
 Concepts
 Scope
 Principles
 Functions

3. Session -II
 Community health nursing theories and
models

4. Session –III
Quality assurances
 Community health nursing standards
 Competencies
 Monitoring community health nursing
 Nursing audits

5. Session- IV
Family health services
 Family nursing
 Family centered nursing approach
 Family health nursing processes
 Family health assessment
 Diagnosis
 Planning
 Intervention
 Evaluation

6. Session –V
Nursing care of special groups:
 Childrens
 Adolescents
 Adults
 Womwn
 Elderly
 Physically handicapped
 Mentally handicapped
 Urban and rural population at large

7. Session-VI
Community nutrition
 Definition of nutrition
 Balanced diet of nutrition
 Total requirements of nutrition
 Nutritional assessment
 List of nutritional problems
 List of nutritional program
 Care of community with good nutritional
proportional ration to all community people .


8. Session –VII
Concept, role and responsibilities
CHN
 As a practitioners
 As a nurse midwifery
 Pratitioners decisions making skills
 Professionalism
 Legal issues

9. Learning objective of the
chapter
 At the end of this chapter, the student should be able to:
 Define community health nursing.
 Distinguish between community health nursing and community-
based nursing.
 Differentiate between district and program-focused community
health nursing.
 Identify at least five attributes of community health nursing.
 Distinguish among client-oriented, delivery-oriented, and
population-oriented community health nursing roles.
 Describe at least five client-oriented roles performed by community
health nurses.
 Describe at least three delivery-oriented roles performed by
community health nurses.
 Describe at least four population-oriented roles performed by
community health nurses.

10. SESSION-I
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 To introduce about the community health nursing
 To define the community , community health ,
community health nursing, community health
nurse etc.
 To list out Aim of community health nursing
 To enlist the Objectives the community health
nursing's
 To describe the concept of community health
 To explain the philosophy of community health
 To describes the scope of community health
nursing
 To describe the principles of community health
nursing

11. Introduction
 “Community health nursing is a synthesis of nursing practice applied in
promoting and preserving the health of the population. Community health
implies integration of curative, preventive and promotional health services.
The aim of community diagnosis is the identification of community health
problems. Remarkable development in public health was successful control
of many communicable diseases. Nursing and medical services were
strengthened to promote positive health. Now a days more emphasis is
focused on the sick to the well person, from the individual to the community.
 To attain Health For All through Primary Health Care led to the
restructuring of the rural health services. At present Public health nurses
are called as Community health nurses who are registered nurses (RN)
trained to work in public health settings. It includes nursing services in all
phase of health services which is organized for the welfare of the
community.
 In 1958 Indian Nursing Council has integrated Community health into basic
curriculum in nursing.
 Community Health Nurse (Village Health Nurse, Sector Health Nurse, and
Community Health Nurse) is responsible for her defined area of work in the
provision of community health services.

12. Philosophy:
 1) Philosophy of individual’s right of being healthy-
 • Health is believed to be one of the rights of all
human beings nationally and internationally according
to the WHO charter.
 • Goal of health for all is based on the philosophy of
individual’s right of being healthy. This philosophy
encompasses all the aspects of the society i.e
sociocultural, economic.
 • aspects, so that there is no hindrance of any kind to
attain these rights.
 According to Margaret Shetland, the philosophy of
CHN is based on the worth and dignity of MAN
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

13. Continued
 2)Philosophy of working together under a competent
leader for the common good
 It is from the primitive ages of human ages, man
has learnt to live together to meet their needs.
 The basis of modern community health nursing is to
share responsibility of helping each other.
 When it comes to considering a organization, equal
participation of the people working through the
community groups/people with the people, for the
people for their mutual benefit, change in behavior
and health practices.
 A democratic team functioning is essential for
effective delivery of health care services.

14. Continued
 3. Philosophy that people in the community have the
potential for continual development and are capable of
dealing with their own problems if educated and
helped.
 An individual with average intelligence can learn and
deal with his/her own needs, modify his/her lifestyles
adjust to his or her changing enviournment i.e he can
learn to solve his or her problems.
 On the basis of this philosophy ,emphasis is placed
on health education projected towards individuals in
home, health centre, place of work, school,
community places or hospital.
 This helps to modify their behaviours respective to
health.

15. Continued
 A philosophy is defined as “a system of beliefs that provides a basis
for and guides action.” A philosophy provides the direction and
describes the whats, the whys and the hows of activities within the
profession.
 Remember this word H.U.M.A.N.I.S.T.I.C.
 H – Humanistic values of the nursing profession uphold
 U – Unique and distinct component of health care
 M – Multiple factors of health considered
 A – Active participation of clients encourage
 N – Nurse considers availability of resources
 I – Interdependence among health team members practiced
 S – Scientific and up-to-date
 T – Tasks of Community Health nurse vary with time and place
 I - Independence or self-reliance of the people is the end goal
 C – Connectedness of health and development regarded

16. Meaning
 Health: Is state of complete physical, mental,
and social well- being and it is not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1978).
 Community: A group of people who share
common interests, who interact with each
other, and who function collectively within a
defined social structure to address common
concerns.

17. CHN Focus on
 Health Promotion
 Prevention of illness
 Health Maintenance
 Health Education
 Continuity of care
 Management
 Coordination

18. Definition
 Community :It is a synthesis of nursing and
public health practice applied to promoting and
preserving the health of the people.
 Public health: It is the art and science of
preventing illness, prolonging life and
promoting through organized efforts of the
society.
 Community health: It refers to the health status
of the members of the community, to the
problems affecting their health and to the
totality of the health care provided for the
community.

19. Community Health:
 The identification of needs and the protection
and improvement of collective health within a
geographically defined area. Community
Health Nursing: Special field of nursing that
combines the skills of nursing, public health
and some phases of social assistance and
functions as part of the total public health
program for the promotion of health, the
improvement of the conditions in the social
and physical environment, rehabilitation of
illness and disability ( WHO Expert Committee
of Nursing )

20. Public Health: "
 Public Health: " Science and art of preventing disease,
prolonging life, promoting health and efficiency through
organized community effort.
 Aims:
 1. The sanitation of the environment.
 2. Control of communicable diseases.
 3. The education of individuals in personal hygiene.
 4. The organization of medical and nursing services for the
early diagnosis and preventive treatment of diseases.
 5. The development of social machinery to ensure everyone
a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health.
so organizing these benefits as to enable every citizen to
realize his birthright off birth and longevity” (Charles Edward
A. Winslow, 1920)

21. Community Health (CH) vs Public
Health (PH)
 • CH : “identification of needs and the
protection and improvement of collective
health within a geographically defined area”
 • PH : “activities that society undertake to
assure the conditions in which people can be
healthy”

22. The mission of community health
nursing:
 The primary mission of community health
nursing is improving the overall health of the
population through health promotion, illness
prevention, and protection of the public from a
wide variety of biological, behavioral, social
and environmental threats.
 "promote the good life" in all of Its physical,
social, psychological, cultural, and economic
aspects (Uosukainen,2001)

23. Aims of Community Health
Nursing
 To promote health and efficiency.
 To Prevention and control diseases and
disabilities.
 To assess the Need based health care to
prolong life.

24. Characteristics of CHN
 Field of Nursing
 Combine public Health and Nursing
 Population focused
 Emphasize on prevention, promotion and
wellness
 Self care
 Inter professional collaboration

25. Objectives of Community Health
Nursing
 To Provide antenatal, intranatal and postnatal, care to
ensure safe pregnancy and delivery.
 To monitor and surveillance about Immunization
status
 To Provide under five children care
 To provide Health education
 To improve the ability of the community to deal with
their own health problems
 To strengthen the community resources
 To prevent and control communicable and non-
communicable diseases
 To provide specialized services
 To conduct research

26. Concept of Health
 • Biomedical concept
 • Ecological concept
 • Psychosocial concept
 • Holistic concept

27. Biomedical concept
 • Health is “absence of disease” ie if one is
free from disease than he is considered
healthy.
 • Based on germ theory of disease.
 • Question – malnutrition, chronic disease,
accidents, drug abuse, mental illness ,
environmental pollution etc which lead to
ecological concept

28. Ecological concept
 • Ecologists – health is dynamic equilibrium
between man and his environment, and
disease is maladjustment of the human
organism to his environment.
 • “Health implies the relative absence of pain
and discomfort and a continuous adaptation
and adjustment to the environment to ensure
optimal function”

29. Ecological concept
 • Raised two questions
 – Imperfect man
 – Imperfect environment
 • History shows that improvement in human
adaptation to natural environment can lead to
longer and better quality of life- even with the
absence of modern health delivery services.

30. Psychosocial concept
 • Development in social science – Health is not
only a biomedical phenomenon, but it is
influenced by
 • social,
 • psychological,
 • cultural,
 • economic and
 • political factors of the people concerned,
 • “Health is both a biological and social
phenomenon”

31. Concept of CHN
 Community health nursing identifies the need of
holistic care approach.
 Community health nursing support that community
based efforts and involvement is essential for the risk
reduction.
 It realizes that health promotion and primary
prevention are major activities in community health
nursing practice.
 It supports the entire community as well as individual,
families and aggregates is a focus for community
health nursing practice.
It believes in overall development and well- being of
individuals, families, communities and nation.

32. Community-Based Nursing:
 Application of the nurses process in caring for individuals,
families and group were they live, work or go to school or as
they move through the health care system. Zotti and Stotts
(1996) compared Community-Based Nursing and community
health nursing and explained that the goals of the two are
different:
 Community health nursing emphasizes preservation and
protection of health, while community-based nursing
emphasizes managing acute or chronic conditions.
 In community health nursing, the primary client is the
community while in community-based nursing, the primary
clients are the individual and the family.
 Services in the community-based nursing are largely direct
while in community health nursing, services are both direct
and indirect.

33. Population-focused Nursing:
 “Community” or “public” health nursing is
population based. Care may be given to
individuals and families, but its purpose is the
improvement of the health of the population as
whole. Population-focused practice:
 Focus on the entire population.
 Is based on assessment of the populations'
health status.
 Considers the broad determinants of health.
 Emphasizes all levels of prevention.
 Intervenes with communities, systems,
individuals, and families.

34. Principles of Community Health
Nursing
 It should be planned based on the needs of the
community.
 It is based on identified needs and functions.
 Integration of Health education, guidance and
supervision with community health nursing
services.
 Health services should be realistic in terms of
available resources.
 Community is the focus which is the unit of health
care services.
 Professional relationship with etiquette and dignity

35. Continued
 Community participation is the integral part of
the community health services.
 · Individual and family members participation
in decision making.
 · Health services must be continuous.
 · Proper records and reports are essential.
 · Proper evaluation of health services
 · Health services must be available to all
without any difference.

36. Scope of CHN
 Rural areas and slums of cities
 Special clinics
 Mobile camps
 Health centers
 Schools
 Industrial organizations
 Outdoor patient departments of big hospitals
 Fairs and other places of social functions/
gathering
 Rural and poor urban families etc

37. COMPONENT OF COMMUINTY
HEALTH PRACTICE
 Community health practice can be best
understood by examining six basic components,
which, when combined, encompass its services
and programs.
 These components are:
 1. Promotion of health. Includes all efforts that
seek to move people closer to optimal well- being
or higher levels of wellness .
 The goal of health promotion:
 Is to enable people to exercise control over their
well-being and ultimately improve their health.
 Is to raise levels of wellness for individuals,
families, populations, and communities.

38. Continued
 2. Prevention of health problems.
 Prevention of health problems constitutes a major part of
community health practice.
 Prevention means: Anticipating and averting problems or
discovering them as early as possible to minimize potential
disability and impairment.
 Three Levels of prevention:
 1- Primary prevention: Action taken prior to the occurrence of
health problems and directed toward avoiding their occurrence.
Primary prevention includes health promotion, health protection,
and illness prevention.
 2- Secondary prevention: The early identification and treatment of
existing health problems.
 3- Tertiary prevention: Activity aimed at returning the client to the
highest level of function and preventing further deterioration in
health.

39. Continued
3. Treatment of disorders
 It focuses on the illness end of the continuum and is the
remedial aspect of community health practice.
 This occurs by three methods :
 1. Direct service to people with health problem.
 2. Indirect service that helps people to obtain treatment.
 3. Development programs to correct unhealthy conditions.
4. Rehabilitation.
 The fourth component of community health practice, involves
efforts to reduce disability and , as much as possible, restore
function.
 People whose handicaps are congenital or acquired through
illness or accident e.g:.Stroke, .Heart condition,.Amputation,
Mental illness.

40. Continued
 5. Evaluation. The process by which that
practices is analyzed, judged, and improved
according to established goals and standards.
 6. Research. Is systematic investigation to
discover facts affecting community health and
community health practice, solve problems,
and explore improved methods of health
services

41. Function of community health
nurses
 Community assessment
 Preparing family folder
 Health assessment
 Assess the basic needs of community
 Maintain the records of each individual of community
 Primary health care
 Distribution of drugs and materials
 Basic investigations /laboratory tests
 Prevention of communicable diseases
 Prevention of non communicable diseases
 Assess the nutritional status
 MCH services
 Conduct the camps/NHP/ visit/field visitetc

42. continued
 Community Health Service Provider
 Carries out health services contributing to the
promotion of health, prevention of illness, early
treatment of illness and rehabilitation.
 appraises health needs and hazards (existing or
potential)
 Facilitator
 helps plan a comprehensive health program with
the people
 continuing guidance and supervisory assistance

43. Continued
 Health Counselor
 provides health counseling including emotional support to
individuals, family, group and community
 Co-researcher
 Provides the community with stimulation necessary for a
wider or more complex study or problems.
 Enforce community to do prompt and intelligent reporting of
epidemiologic investigation of disease.
 suggest areas hat need research (by creating dissatisfaction)
 participate in planning for the study in formulating procedures
 assist in the collection of data
 helps interpret findings collectively
 act on the result of the research

44. Continued
 Member of a Team
 in operating within the team, one must be
willing to listen as well as to contribute, to
teach as well as to learn, to lead as well as to
follow, to share as well as to work under it
 helps make multiple services which the family
receives in the course of health care,
coordinated, continuous and comprehensive
as possible
 consults with and refers to appropriate
personnel for any other community services

45. Continued
 Health Educator
 Health education is an accepted activity at all
levels of public works. A health educator is
the one who improves the health of the
people by employing various methods of
scientific procedures to stimulate, arouse and
guide people to healthful ways of living. She
takes into consideration these aspects of
health education:
 information – provision of knowledge
 education – change in knowledge, attitude and
skills
 communication – exchange of information

46. Tools of Community Health
Nurse
 Communication
 Collaboration
 Contracting
 Community Health Nursing Roles:
 A. Client-oriented roles
 B. Delivery-oriented roles
 C. Population-oriented roles

47. A. Client-oriented Roles
 1. Caregiver Uses the nursing process to provide direct nursing
intervention to individuals, families, or population groups
 2. Educator Facilitates learning for positive health behavior change
 3. Counselor Teaches and assists clients in the use of the problem
solving process
 4. Referral Resource Links clients to services to meet identified
health needs
 5. Role Model Demonstrates desired health-related behaviors
 6. Advocate Speaks or acts on behalf of clients who cannot do so
for themselves
 7. Primary Care Provider Provides essential health services to
promote health, prevent illness, and deal with existing health
problems
 8. Case Manager Coordinates and directs the selection and use of
health care services to meet client needs, maximize resource
utilization, and minimize the expense of care

48. B. Delivery-oriented Roles
 1. Coordinator/Care Manager Organizes and
integrates services to best meet client needs in
the most efficient manner possible
 2. Collaborator Engages in shared decision
making regarding the nature of health
problems and potential solutions to them
 3. Liaison Provides and maintains connections
and communication between clients and
health care providers or among providers

49. C. Population-oriented Roles
 1. Case Finder
 Identifies clients with specific health problems or conditions
 Geared toward awareness of population-level problems
 2. Leader- Influences clients and others to take action regarding
identified health problems
 3. Change Agent- Initiates and facilitates change in individual or
client behaviors or conditions or those affecting population groups
 4. Community Developer- Mobilizes residents and other segments
of the population to take action regarding identified community
health problems or issues
 5. Coalition Builder -Promotes the development and maintenance of
alliances of individuals or groups of people to address a specific
health issue
 6. Researcher -Conducts studies to explain health-related
phenomena and to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to
control them

50. Roles of Public Health Nurse
 Clinician or Health Care Provider - Utilizes the
nursing process in the care of the client in the
home setting through home visits and in public
or government health facilities
 Health Educator - Utilizes teaching skills to
improve the health knowledge, skills and
attitudes of the individual, family and
community and conducts health information
campaigns to various groups for the purpose
of health promotion and disease prevention

51. Continued
 Coordinator and Collaborator - Establishes
linkages and collaborative relationships with
other health professionals, government
agencies, private sector to address health
problems
 Supervisor - Monitors and supervises the
performance of midwives and other auxiliary
health workers - Also initiates the formulation
of staff development and training programs for
the staff and other auxiliary health workers

52. Continued
 Leader and Change Agent - Influences people
to participate in the overall process of
community development
 Manager -Organizes the nursing service
component of the local health agency or local
government unit Researcher - Participates in
the conduct of research and utilizes findings in
practice

53. continued
 Specialized Fields of CHN Community Mental
Health Nursing -A unique clinical process
which includes an integration of concepts from
nursing, mental health nursing, social
psychology, community networks and the
basic sciences
 Occupational Health Nursing - The application
of nursing principles and procedures in
conserving the health of workers in all
occupations School Health Nursing – the
application of nursing theories and principle in
the care of the school population

54. Community health nursing process
nursing process
 DEFINITION
 • Community Health Nursing Process is a
systematic, scientific, dynamic, on-going
interpersonal process in which the nurses and the
clients are viewed as a system with each affecting
one and another and both being affected by the
factors within the behaviour.
 DEFINITION
 • “Community Health Nursing Process refers to
systematic series of steps which are followed by
public health nurse in community health and
nursing problems using community approaches
and resources”.

55. Community health nurses
 Community health nurse is responsible to
provide general and comprehensive public
health and nursing services to the people at
large in a defined community.
 • She is vested with the responsibility of
rendering people to solve their health and
nursing care problems in their place of living
and work.
 • This process of rendering care can be done
by making use of NURSING PROCESS and
PRINCIPLES as applicable in the community
settings.

56. ADVANTAGE
 Community Health Nursing process is an
effective tool to help people solve their health
problems and meet their health and nursing
needs.

57. PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY
HEALTH NURSING PROCESS
 • Principles are rules for community health practice or actions.
 • Theses provide guidelines to function in the community effectively &
efficiently.
1. Community health nurse must explore and know various aspects of a
defined community to be able to plan and implement health services.
2. Community health nurse must make a map of the community showing the
geographical boundaries, important roads, streets, housing networks,
church/temple/mosque, school, post office. This helps in plotting the house
for care.
3. Community health nurse must establish good working relationship as it
helps in providing need based care.
4. Community health nurse must know the health care delivery system, health
policies, health goals, health actions, national health care program while
rendering health services.
 5. The community health nurse should provide realistic health services ( in
terms of available resources, funds).

58. Continued
 . 6. community health nurse must organize health services at
large for the community and render the services to the family
which is the unit of community.
 7. Community health nurse must continuously keep in touch
with the community and provide wellness oriented
comprehensive services continuously.
 8. community health nurse must work in collaboration with
other team members… therefore she needs to know the roles
and responsibilities of the other team members.
 .9. Community health nurse educates in giving care to
individual, family and community. The health education
should aim at providing a comprehensive health knowledge
to the community.
 10. Community health nurse must maintain proper health
records, registers . (These are legal documents) These
records help in planning and evaluation of the services.

59. Continued
 11. The community health nurse must evaluate her services
to find out achievement. Eg., population covered, actions
planned and recorded.
 12. The community health nurse must provide services to all
without any discrimination of age, gender, colour, caste,
nationality, political affiliation, religion, as every individual has
a right to optimum health.
 13. The community health nurse must not interfere with
people’s religious, political beliefs, but respect every one
without any prejudice.
 14. Community health nurse should work in close
consultation with employing authority (Govt, public trust,
NGO).
 15. Community health nurse should develop and maintain
professional relationship with health and health allies
agencies (Block Development Office, Panchayats, Voluntary
Organizations).

60. Continued
 16. Community health nurse must never
accept any bribe or gift against professional
ethics.
 17. The community health nurse must have an
active participation with the community people
in taking care of their own needs and health
problems. (This can be done by mass
awareness campaign).
 18. The community health nurse must be
aware and closely co- ordinate with the local
formal and informal leaders.

61. STEPS
 1. ESTABLISHING & MAINTAINING
WORKING RELATIONSHIP.
 2. ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH NEEDS &
HEALTH PROBLEMS.
 3. SETTING OBJECTIVES.
 4. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING
INTERVENTIONS.
 5. EVALUATION OF INTERVENTIONS.

62. STEPS IN NURSING PROCESS
 . I. ESTABILISHIBG & MAINTAINING WORKING
RELATIONSHIP • Community health Nursing process is
helping community people and families identify their health
problems and develop competencies to solve their health
problems and meet their health and nursing needs.
 • This is enabled when the community health nurse
establishes a good working relationship with the families and
communities. • Working relationship is productive in nature.
 • In “working relationship” between community health nurse
and the community people/families, there is a free dialoguing
and an attitude of trust and confidence in the integrality and
capabilities of each other to meet health and nursing goals.


63. Continued
 • A working relationship between a nurse and the
community is initiated and maintained by the following
means:
 1.Knowing the client (community).
 2. Communicating intensions and nature of help and
assistance that would be extended.
 3. Attentive listening and responding in between.
 4. Answering heir queries.
 5. Considering their views.
 6. Appreciating what is worthwhile.
 7. Empathetic attitude.
 8. Meeting their immediate needs and needs which
are considered important by them.

64. II. ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH
NEEDS & HEALTH PROBLEMS
 • The community health nurse comes to know the health
needs and problems of the community as she explores the
community.
 • The problems could be a large family size, malnutrition in
children, incomplete immunization, anaemia in pregnant and
nursing mothers, several morbidity conditons-TB, malaria,
diarhoea etc.,
 • After obtaining the list of health needs and problems, the
community health nurse needs to prioritize the problems, as
all the problems cannot be dealt with simultaneously.
 • The priority is determined on the basis of underlying criteria:
 1. The nature of the problem, its prevalence, impact and
prognosis.
 2.Community’s perception of the problem i.e., whether the
problem is felt by the community and considers serious.
 3. Preventive potential i.e., whether the problem can be
prevented or not.

65. III. SETTING OBJECTIVES
 • Once the problems are prioritized, it is very important to set
up objectives relevant to each of the problems identified.
. E.g., - Malnutrition • To assess the growth and development of
all the under five children in a defined community to find out
malnourished children.
 • To get the medical examination done for all the
malnourished children. • To carry out prescribed treatment
and provide care to all malnourished children.
 • To do a regular monitoring of nutrition status of all children. •
To enroll all children with anganwadi for availing food
supplements.
 • To educate mothers and population in general about the
malnutrition and importance of nutritious diet.

66. IV. PLANNING AND
IMPLEMENTATION OF
INTERVENTIONS
 • This is otherwise called the ACTION PLAN.
 • Once the objectives are formulated it is
necessary to identify interventions to be
implemented to achieve the objectives.
 • Various actions are decided and implemented
as being most effective in order to solve particular
problems (e.g., problem of malnutrition among
under 5)
 • As the action is implemented, the community
health nurse gives direct nursing care either by
herself or through ANM.
 • She also helps the community to develop their
own resources and mobilize outside resources
also.

67. V. EVALUATION OF ACTION
PLAN
 • Evaluation of interventions determines the effectiveness of
actions implemented – i.e.whether the desired results
intended are achieved or not.
 • Evaluation also helps in finding out the reasons for not
achieving the desired goal. • This helps in making further
improvement ( feedback and re plan, re implement and re-
evaluate)
 • The effectiveness of intervention depends upon its
objectives and is determined on the basis of the following
criteria:
 1. Population coverage.
 2. Utilization of services provided.
 3. Outcomes in terms of reduction in morbidity rates (increase
in life expectancy).
 4. Change in knowledge, attitude and practice, degree of
independence.

68.  • Evaluation thus made is both qualitative and
quantitative. • An effective evaluation strategy
has the following characteristics:
 1. Well defined measurable objectives. 2. Well
defined action plan. 3. Has a base line
statistical information for comparison.
 4. Observe changes in health knowledge,
attitudes and practices. 5. Analyze and
interpret the facts (data) observed and
recorded.

69. Functions of a Health Worker
Community Health Service Provider
 Carries out health services contributing to the
promotion of health, prevention of illness, early
treatment of illness and rehabilitation.
 appraises health needs and hazards (existing
or potential)

70. Facilitator
 helps plan a comprehensive health program
with the people
 continuing guidance and supervisory
assistance

71. Health Counselor
 provides health counseling including emotional
support to individuals, family, group and
community

72. Co-researcher
 Provides the community with stimulation
necessary for a wider or more complex study or
problems.
 Enforce community to do prompt and intelligent
reporting of epidemiologic investigation of
disease.
 suggest areas hat need research (by creating
dissatisfaction)
 participate in planning for the study in formulating
procedures
 assist in the collection of data
 helps interpret findings collectively
 act on the result of the research

73. Member of a Team
 in operating within the team, one must be
willing to listen as well as to contribute, to
teach as well as to learn, to lead as well as to
follow, to share as well as to work under it
 helps make multiple services which the family
receives in the course of health care,
coordinated, continuous and comprehensive
as possible
 consults with and refers to appropriate
personnel for any other community services

74. Health Educator
 Health education is an accepted activity at all
levels of public works. A health educator is the
one who improves the health of the people by
employing various methods of scientific
procedures to stimulate, arouse and guide
people to healthful ways of living. She takes
into consideration these aspects of health
education:
 information – provision of knowledge
 education – change in knowledge, attitude and
skills
 communication – exchange of information

75. Traits and Qualities of a Health
Worker
 Efficient
 plans with the people, organizes, conducts,
directs health education activities according to
the needs of the community
 knowledgeable about everything relevant to
his practice; has the necessary skills expected
of him

76. Good listener

 hears what’s being said and what’s behind the
words
 always available for the participant to voice out
their sentiments and needs

77. Keen observer
 keep an eye on the proceedings, process and
participants’ behavior

78. Systematic

 knows how to put in sequence or logical order
the parts of the session

79. Creative/Resourceful
 uses available resources

80. Analytical/Critical thinker
 decides on what has been analyzed
Objective
 unbiased and fair in decision making
Flexible
 able to cope with different situations

81. Tactful
 brings about issues in smooth subtle manner
 does not embarrass but gives constructive criticisms
Knowledgeable
 able to impart relevant, updated and sufficient input
Open
 invites ideas, suggestions, criticisms
 involves people in decision making
 accepts need for joint planning and decision relative to health
care in a particular situation; not resistant to change

82. Sense of humor
 knows how to place a touch of humor to keep
audience alive
Change agent
 involves participants actively in assuming the
responsibility for his own learning
Coordinator
 brings into consonance of harmony the
community’s health care activities