2. 11 STRATIFICATION BY GENDER AND AGE

15. Women: The Oppressed Majority Figure 11.1: Percentage of Adult Women in the Paid Labor Force by Country Japanese women have had a high level of participation in the labor force for 40 years.

16. Women: The Oppressed Majority Mapping Life Worldwide: Female/Male Inequality Source: John H. Allen. 1999. Student Atlas of World Geography . New York: Duskin/McGraw-Hill, map 27 on p. 45. The Female/Male Inequality Gap in the Monied Workforce and in Secondary Education Least inequality Less inequality Average inequality More inequality Most inequality No data

21. Women: The Oppressed Majority Figure 11.2: Trends in U.S. Women’s Participation in the Paid Labor Force, 1890--1999

22. Women: The Oppressed Majority Figure 11.3: Gender Differences in Child Care and Housework, 1997

23. Women: The Oppressed Majority Relative Earnings and Proportion of Bachelor’s Degree Holders Who are Women by Field of Training, 1996 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. The Population Profile of the United States: 2000 . Figure 9-4. (Internet Release) accessed at http://www.census.gov/population/www/pro-profile/profile2000.html#cont. (Percents are based on women and men aged 18 and older, whose highest degree is a bachelor’s degree, with earnings, employed full-time for the previous 4 months) 80.5 72.6 65.9 49.3 58.6 48.8 70.3 48.4 70.2 33.7 67.3 15.4 87.9 38.5 Education Science Social science Liberal arts Business Engineering Other Women’s earnings as a percent of men’s Percent women in field

26. Aging and Society Mapping Life Worldwide: World Population by Age Groups Source: John H. Allen. 1999. Student Atlas of World Geography . New York: Duskin/McGraw-Hill, map 24, p. 42. Percent of Population in Specific Age Groups (years) Estimate for 2000 More than 40% below age 15 Between 30% and 40% below age 15 More than 60% between ages 15 and 65 More than 10% above age 65 No data Countries in two colors belong to two of the indicated categories.

27. Aging and Society Age Distribution by Country: 2010 Projection (in percent) Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Statistical Abstract of the United States 2001 . Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Table 1328 on p. 834. Also accessible at http:www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/01statab/stat-ab01.html. 3.7 38.0 Kenya 21.9 14.5 Japan 20.5 13.1 Italy 3.9 50.3 Iraq 5.3 28.5 Iran 6.7 31.9 Indonesia 6.1 33.6 India 20.1 14.3 Germany 17.3 18.0 France 3.6 60.3 Ethiopia 5.2 34.9 Egypt 65 yrs old and over Under 15 yrs old Country 2010 Projection 12.5 18.1 Cuba 6.6 33.1 Colombia 8.9 22.5 China 10.2 25.1 Chile 15.5 18.2 Canada 4.5 47.3 Cambodia 7.5 26.4 Brazil 4.5 34.5 Bangladesh 15.3 20.4 Australia 12.3 27.3 Argentina 8.6 30.0 World 65 yrs old and over Under 15 yrs old Country 2010 Projection

28. Aging and Society Age Distribution by Country: 2010 Projection (in percent) continued Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Statistical Abstract of the United States 2001 . Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Table 1328 on p. 834. Also accessible at http:www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/01statab/stat-ab01.html. 5.1 58.0 Saudi Arabia 12.7 14.9 Russia 13.2 15.7 Poland 5.2 40.1 Philippines 6.7 34.3 Peru 5.3 41.9 Pakistan 3.8 53.5 Nigeria 16.0 17.6 Netherlands 6.3 33.2 Mexico 6.1 37.2 Malaysia 65 yrs old and over Under 15 yrs old Country 2010 Projection 6.6 30.7 Venezuela 14.4 21.6 United States 17.0 17.1 United Kingdom 13.9 14.4 Ukraine 8.1 26.2 Turkey 9.2 23.7 Thailand 4.3 44.8 Syria 18.5 13.9 Spain 5.8 26.8 South Africa 65 yrs old and over Under 15 yrs old Country 2010 Projection

34. Age Stratification in the United States Figure 11.4: Actual and Projected Growth of the Elderly Population of the United States

35. Age Stratification in the United States Population 65 Years of Age and Over: United States, 1950-2030 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. The Population Profile of the United States: 2000 . Figure 9-4. (Internet Release) accessed at http://www.census.gov/population/www/pop-profile/profile2000.html#cont. 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Year 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Number in millions

36. Age Stratification in the United States Figure 11.5: Twenty-Six Floridas by 2025

37. Age Stratification in the United States Living Arrangements of Persons 65 Years of Age and Over by Age and Sex: United States, 1997 Source: Kramarow E., Lentzner H., Rooks R., Weeks J., Saydah S.,. 1999. Health, United States, 1999 . Health and Aging Chartbook. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Figure 2 on p. 25. Alone With Spouse With other relatives With nonrelatives Women 65-74 Years 75-84 Years 85 years and over 85 years and over 75-84 Years Men 65-74 Years 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percent

38. Age Stratification in the United States Neighborhood Characteristics of Elderly and Non-Elderly Households, 1999 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. The Population Profile of the United States: 2000 . Figure 7-4. (Internet Release) accessed at http:www.census.gov/population/www/pop-profile/profile2000.html#cont. Housing units Note: Elderly householders are those aged 65 and older Elderly Nonelderly Broken plaster or peeling paint (interior) Lacking some or all plumbing facilities Open cracks or holes in interior Missing roofing material Uncomfortably cold for 24 hours or more last winter Signs of mice in last 3 months Leakage from inside structure Water not safe to drink Leakage from outside structure 1.7 3.0 1.8 1.3 2.9 6.2 3.2 3.8 4.3 8.0 4.7 7.5 5.4 10.6 5.6 11.0 9.7 13.0

39. Age Stratification in the United States Household Characteristics of Elderly and Non-Elderly Households, 1999 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. The Population Profile of the United States: 2000 . Figure 7-4. (Internet Release) accessed at http:www.census.gov/population/www/pop-profile/profile2000.html#cont. Neighborhoods Note: Elderly householders are those aged 65 and older Elderly Nonelderly Major accumulation of trash within 300 feet Bothersome odors in neighborhood Major street repairs needed within 300 feet Unsatisfactory police protection Bothersome street noise Neighborhood crime present No car, truck, or van available Unsatisfactory neighborhood shopping No public transportation available 2.7 2.9 4.2 4.9 5.5 6.5 8.1 8.5 12.3 10.2 15.4 17.1 7.2 19.2 16.0 43.1 47.4

40. Age Stratification in the United States Note: The data points represent the midpoints of the respective years. The latest recession began in July 1990 and ended in March 1991. Data for people 18 to 64 and older are not available from 1960 to 1965. Poverty Rates by Age: 1959--2000 Source: Figure in Joseph Dalaker. 2001. Poverty in the United States: 2000 . Current Population Reports Series P60-214. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty00.html. Percent Recession 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 2000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 18 to 64 years 16.2 percent 10.2 percent Under 18 years 65 years and over 9.4 percent

44. Social Policy and Gender Stratification Figure 11.6: Restrictions on Public Funding for Abortion

47. Social Policy and Gender Stratification Figure 11.7: The Global Divide on Abortion