How Audio Amplifiers Work

How Amplifiers Work ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Pump it Up ,[object Object],The basic concept of an amplifier: A smaller current is used to modify a larger current

[object Object],[object Object],Inside an amplifier, you'll see a mass of electronic components. The central components are the large transistors. The transistors generate a lot of heat, which is dissipated by the heat sink.

Electronic Elements ,[object Object],[object Object],The internal circuit of an amplifier

Bipolar-junction transistor ,[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],First internal view of an amplifier

Boosting the Voltage ,[object Object]

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Amplifier ,[object Object],General characteristics of amplifiers Most amplifiers can be characterized by a number of parameters . Gain The gain is the ratio of output power to input power, and is usually measured in decibels (dB). (When measured in decibels it is logarithmically related to the power ratio: G (dB) =10log(Pout/Pin)). Output dynamic range Output dynamic range is the range, usually given in dB, between the smallest and largest useful output levels. Since the lowest useful level is limited by output noise, this is quoted as the amplifier dynamic range.

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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Efficiency Efficiency is a measure of how much of the input power is usefully applied to the amplifier's output. Class A amplifiers are very inefficient, in the range of 10–20% with a max efficiency of 25%. Modern Class AB amps are commonly between 35–55% efficient with a theoretical maximum of 78.5%. Commercially available class D amplifiers have reported efficiencies as high as 97%. Linearity An ideal amplifier would be a totally linear device, but real amplifiers are only linear within certain practical limits. When the signal drive to the amplifier is increased, the output also increases until a point is reached where some part of the amplifier becomes saturated and cannot produce any more output; this is called clipping, and results in distortion

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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Acoustic Amplifier Vacuum Tube Stereo Amplifier

Amplifier classes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Amplifiers are commonly classified by the conductionangle (angle of flow) of the input signal through the amplifying device.

How Audio Amplifiers Work

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How Audio Amplifiers Work