1. Grammar Book
AMELIA OLTON

2. Table of Contents
1.Nationalities
2.Stem Changers
3.Para
4.Indirect Object Pronouns
5. Pronoun Placement
6.Gustar
7. Affirmative and Negative
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative tu commands/ irregular/ pronoun placement
11. Negative tu command/irregular/pronoun placement
12.Sequencing events

3. Nationalities

4. Jugar U>UE
Juego Jugamos
Juegas Jugaís
Juega Juegan
Pensar E>IE
Pienso Pensamos
Piensas Pensaís
Piensa Piensan
Pedir e>I
Pido Pedamos
Dormir O>UE
Pides Pedaís
Duermo Dormimos
Pide Pieden
Duermes Dormaís
Duerme Duerman

5. Para
Common uses of Para: Para is often confused with
Por which is a rarely interchanged word for for.
Where Para is used:
 To mean "in order to": When used in this way, it
is followed by an infinitive.
 To indicate purpose or need
 With estar to mean : “to be ready to”
 To mean "no later than" or "by”

6. Indirect Object Pronouns
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les
Indirect Object Placement
1. Before the conjugated verb
2.Attached to an infinitive
3.Attached to a gerund
Example:Mi madre te compró un libro. (My mother bought you a book.)

7. Pronoun Placement
 1.Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
 2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
 3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command.
 4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb.

8. Gustar
Singular
Me (Gusta) Nos (Gusta)
Te (Gusta) Os (Gusta)
Le(Gusta) Les (Gusta)
Plural
Me (Gustas) Nos (Gustas)
Te (Gustas) Os (Gustas)
Le (Gustas) Les (Gustas)
-Even if attached to more than one infinitive, it will remain
singular.

9. Affirmatives and Negatives
 Algo – something Nada-Nothing
 Alguien -Someone Nadie- No one
 *Algún/Alguno - *Ningun/
some Ninguno- None,
 Siempre -always Not any
 También- tampoco Nunca- Never
 *Alguno must Tampoco-
match the gender Neither, either
of the noun they Ningun must also
replace or modify. match the gender
of the noun they
replace or

10. Superlatives
 Isímo Isímos/Isímos Isímas
 Added to adjectives and adverbs, Equivalent to
extremely or very
Placed before an Adjective or verb
An adjective that is ending in –n or –r are formed by
adding cisímo

11. Reflexives
 Reflexive verbs are something that one does to
themselves such as brushing ones teeth or hair.
 Ex: Pepa se lava el pelo.
- Pepa washes her hair
- Ex: Me levantó
- I wash my self
- Reflexive pronouns are used with or without
reflexive verbs. When there is no reflexive pronoun,
the person doing the act

12. Affirmative tú commands/irregulars/pronoun placement
 Affirmative Commands
 Give instructions or commands to someone by using Affirmative tu commands
of regular verbs
 Caminar/ Camina/ Camina en el parque!
 Placement
 When using an object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of the command
 Cruza el parque > Cruzalo!
Infinitive Tu command
Decir Di
 Irregular Commands Hacer haz
 Primero haz los quehaceres Ir Ve
First do the chores Poner Pon
Salir Sal
Tener Ten
Venir Ven

13. Negative tú commands/ irregular/ pronoun
placement
 Taking you form of the present tense, dropping the o and adding the appropriate ending.
Infinitive Yo form Negative tu
command
Hablar Hablo !No Hables!
Volver Vuelvo No vuelves
Irregular
Placement:
Infinitive: DAR Command: No le des mi Pronouns precede the verb
direccion a nadie in negative commands
Infinitive: Estar Command: No estés triste

14. Sequencing events
 Used to show what events are in what specific order.
 Primero- First
 Entonces- after
 luego/después- then/after
 Antes de/ después de- before that/ after that
 Por la mañana/ tarde/ Noche- In/ during the- no
specific time given)
 Los lunes etc.- on Monday, or any other day