Management of Learning Disability in children is to be made a priority in all our educational endeavours. Children achieving academical performance matching to their intellectual capacities are sometimes thwarted by LD. Find out the cause for every undesired behaviour of our children and we have to help them overcome it. It's our duty. It's required to build up a satisfied society.

1. Techniques of Behaviour
Modification
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2. Behaviour Modification
Give a Man a fish and feed him for a
day; Teach a man to fish and feed
him for the life.

3. What’s Behaviour?
ɪ
behavior [bɪˈhevjə] n 1. manner of behaving or conducting oneself
on one's best behaviour behaving with careful good manners
3. (Psychology) Psychol a. the aggregate of all the responses made by
an organism in any situation
b. a specific response of a certain organism to a specific stimulus or
group of stimuli
4. the action, reaction, or functioning of a system, under normal or
specified circumstances [from BEHAVE; influenced in form by Middle
English havior, from Old French havoir, from Latin habēre to have]

4. What’s Behaviour Problem?
When the Behaviour deviates
from the normally expected
Pattern

5. What’s Behaviour Modification?
Interfere positively in the child’s
activities to influence its
thoughts in order to bring in
desirable changes in the pattern
of behaviour

6. General Definition
Systematic application of learning
principles and techniques to assess and
improve individuals covert and overt
behaviours in order to help them
function more fully in society.

7. Techniques
Techniques are various systematised tried
and tested principles of action to bring
in behavioural changes in the targeted
population

8. Behaviour Modification techniques
Systematic application of learning
principles and techniques to assess and
improve individuals covert and overt
behaviours in order to help them
function more fully in society.

9. Some Behaviour Modification
techniques
• Reinforcement
• Punishment
• Systematic De-sensitisation
• Aversion
• Extinction
• Shaping and Chaining
• Prompting and Fading
• Behaviour Contracting
• Token Economy
• Timeout
• Overcorrection
• Stimulus Satiation
• Flooding
• Assertiveness Training
• Bio-feedback
• Relaxation Methods

10. Reinforcement
The process used to help increase the
probability that a specific behaviour will
occur with the delivery of a
stimulus/item/immediately after a
response/behaviour is exhibited.

11. Reinforcement
Two Types:
• Primary Reinforcement
• Secondary Reinforcement

12. Primary Reinforcement
Also known as
Unconditional Reinforcement
Occurs naturally
Doesn’t require learning
Have an evolutionary basis
It aids in the survival of the species
Includes: food, air, water, sleep, sex

13. Secondary Reinforcement
Also known as
Conditioned Reinforcement
Involves stimuli that have become
rewarding by being paired with another
reinforcing stimulus.
eg: When training a dog praise and treats
must be used.

14. Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement is very powerful
and effective tool to help shape and
change behaviour

15. Positive Reinforcement
Works by presenting a motivating item to
the person after the desired behavior is
exhibited, making the behaviour more
likely to happen in future.

16. Adding Something Pleasant
• Mother giving her son a candy for
cleaning up his toys
• A little girl receives Rs. 5/- for every A+
she earns

17. Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
is reinforcement of a
desired behaviour by the removal of a
stimuli/item after a particular behaviour
is exhibited.

18. Negative Reinforcement
The likelihood of the particular behaviour
occurring again in the future is increased
because of removing/avoiding the
negative stimuli.

19. Removing Something Unpleasant
Lisa always complains headache when it’s
time to start doing her homework.
Her parents allow her to go to bed
without doing her homework.

20. Punishment
Is used to help decrease the probability
that a specific undesired behaviour will
occur with the delivery of a
consequence immediately after the
response behaviour is exhibited.

21. Punishment
People think, typically that punishment
produces something wrong or harmful;
it shouldn’t necessarily be the case.

22. Punishment
The punishment procedures have been
used with both typical and atypical
developing children, teenagers, elderly
persons, animals and people exhibiting
different psychological disorders.

23. Positive Punishment
Works by presenting a negative
consequence after an undesired
behaviour is being exhibited, making the
behaviour less likely to happen in the
future.

24. Examples of Positive Punishment
A child pricks another’s nose during class
and the teacher reprimands him in front
of his classmates.

25. Examples of Positive Punishment
A child wears his favourite hat to church
or at dinner, parents chides and ask him
to remove it.

26. Alternatives to Punishment
There are harmful effects of physical or
verbal punishment. Yelling, slapping,
hitting and spanking teach violence,
destroy self esteem, create anger,
interfere with learning and damage the
relationship between.

27. Alternatives to Punishment
Prevent unwanted behaviour by meeting
your child’s needs when they are first
expressed.

28. Alternatives to Punishment
Provide safe
child friendly environment

29. The Golden Rule
Think about how you would like to be
treated if you were to find yourself in
the same circumstances as your child.
To err is humane.

30. Empathy
To empathise means placing yourself in
the other man’s place.
Show empathy to your children.

31. Non-Violent Communication
Understand and meet the need that led to
the undesired behaviour.

32. Emotional Tank
Fill the child’s emotional tank with:
Eye contact
Gentle touch
Undivided attention

33. Parental Command V/s.
Cordial Persuasion
Please “Slow down”
Is often better than
“Stop Running”

34. Systematic Desensitisation
Is a behavioural treatment that is used to
treat anxiety causing behaviour such as
phobias and fears.

35. 3 Steps of Systematic Desensitisation
Training to relax:
Hierarchy of Anxiety:
Desensitisation process:

36. Training to Relax
Training to relax: Progressive relaxation,
one first tightens and then relaxes
various muscle groups in the body.

37. Hierarchy of Anxiety
Hierarchy of Anxiety: a catalogue of
anxiety provoking situations or stimuli
arranged in order from least to most
distressing.

38. Desensitisation Process
Desensitisation process: Direct
confrontation of the situation.

39. Systematic Desensitisation
The patient is taught to relax through
various relaxation techniques like
learning how to relax the muscles and
applying various deep breathing
relaxation techniques.

40. Systematic Desensitisation
The patient is asked to think about only
red rose.
Of course this may generate the feeling of
anxiety but only in a limited amount as
the object of fear is only imaginary and
not real.

41. Systematic Desensitisation
Slowly a picture of rose is presented to
the person in a pleasant situation. For
instance a picture of a boy offering a red
rose to a girl as a symbol of love will be
shown to the person. This will help him
to associate pleasant feeling to rose.

42. Systematic Desensitisation
Then the person is presented a funny
drawing, representing a person or scene,
that includes a rose. If this generates
anxiety the person will be asked to close
his eyes, relax his mind, and once
relaxed presented with the picture
again.

43. Systematic Desensitisation
Now the person has to see a real rose in a
vase, from a distance. This will be done
with a constant reassurance that it can
possibly cause no harm.

44. Systematic Desensitisation
The person will slowly be made to
approach the red rose and look at it
from a shorter distance.

45. Systematic Desensitisation
The person will go close to the rose placed
in a vase and be asked just to touch the
vase.

46. Systematic Desensitisation
The to touch the rose real.

47. Systematic Desensitisation
Holds the red rose in his hands.

48. Systematic Desensitisation
Finally he will be able to hold the entire
bouquet of red roses without
experiencing any anxiety of fear.
Thus works the Systemic Desensitisation

49. Aversion Therapy
A behaviour therapy in which an aversive
(causing a strong feeling of dislike or
disgust) stimuli is paired with an
undesirable behaviour in order to
reduce or eliminate that behaviour.

50. Aversion Therapy is used in
Alcohol abuse, drug abuse, gambling,
sexual deviations, smoking or behaviour
problems

51. Examples Aversion Therapy
Electric Shock, drugs, disturbing media
such as graphic images or loud and
painful noises, unappealing scenes or
sensations,

52. Drugs used Aversion Therapy
Pungent smelling chemicals, strong
emetics, noxious and irritating
chemicals, irritating ophthalmic
applications, capsicum aerosols etc

53. Precautions of Aversion Therapy
The chemicals and medicaments generate
very unpleasant and often physically
painful responses. This type of aversive
stimulation may be risky for persons
with hear or lung problems.

54. Precautions of Aversion Therapy
Beahavioural contract to be executed.

55. Precautions of Aversion Therapy
Worsening of the present medical
conditions.

56. Extinction
Extinction is used to stop an undesirable
behaviour.

57. Extinction
Like punishment, an extinction behaviour
is used when you need to get your
subject to stop some behaviours.

58. Extinction
Parents can create behaviour “extinction”
by carefully observing their child’s
behavour and noticing what reward the
child receives for that inappropriate
behaviour.

59. Extinction
High magnitude of reinforcement of the
undesired behaviour makes it hard to
remove by extinction.

60. Associative Loss theory in Extinction
The simplest explanation of extinction is
that as the CS is presented without the
aversive US, the animal gradually
“unlearns” the CS-US association.

61. Shaping and Chaining
This is a behavioural term that refers to
gradually moulding or training an
organism to perform a specific response
(behaviour) by reinforcing any response
that are similar to the desired response.

62. Examples of Shaping and Chaining
Dolphin Training in Circus

63. Prompting and Fading
A prompt can be defined as a cue or
hint meant to induce a person to
perform desired behaviour.

64. Prompting and Fading
Prompting is an act of helping a
behaviour to occur

65. Prompting and Fading
A coach help a small child hold a
baseball bat to teach a proper
swing

66. Fading
Fading is when the trainer gradually
withdraws the prompt
Eg: Learning to drive a vehicle

67. Behaviour Contracting
It’s a therapeutic approach in which
an agreement is reached with a
client usually in the form of a
written contract.

68. Behaviour Contracting
This would make clear the
consequences that would follow
certain identified behaviours.

69. Behaviour Contracting
Eg: A contract may be drawn up with a
child specifying their reward for bed-
wetting. These agreement make clear
the schedule of reinforcement being
applied and in signing up to the
agreement it’s understood that this
might motivate the client to cooperate
with the programme

70. Behaviour Contracting
Is applied to stopping of smoking,
drinking etc.

71. Procedure of Behaviour Contracting
Plan the contract, set up a meeting,
communicate the laid out
conditions, benefits and dead
lines. Schedule follow ups.

72. Token Economy
Is a system of behaviour
modification based on the
systematic positive reinforcement
of target behaviour.

73. Token Economy
The reinforcement symbols or
tokens that can be exchanged for
other reinforcers.
It’s based on the conditions of
operant conditioning.

74. Token Economy
Are applied with children and
adults. Give the reward whenever
the behaviour occur.

75. Steps of Token Economy
Step 1: Select target behaviour for
change.

76. Steps of Token Economy
Step 2: Develop a method for
recording or token or points.

77. Steps of Token Economy
Step 3: Identify powerful rewards.

78. Steps of Token Economy
Step 4: Establish Goals- number of
tokens or points to be won for
obtaining the rewards.

79. Steps of Token Economy
Step 5: Detail the programme to the
child.

80. Steps of Token Economy
Step 6: Provide the feedback.

81. Steps of Token Economy
Step 7: Finally present the reward.

82. Steps of Token Economy
Step 8: Change the programme.
When the desired result is
obtained too you should change
the programme ingredients.

83. Time Out
Temporarily changing or separating the
child from the environment where
inappropriate behaviour has
occurred.
It’s intended to remove a positive
reinforcement of the undesired
behaviour.

84. Time Out
It’s an educational and parenting
technique recommended by some
paediatricians and developmental
psychologists as an effective
measure to ensure child discipline.

85. Time Out
Recommended for younger children. The
purpose is to isolate or separate the child for
a short period of time (usually 5 to 15
minutes) in order to allow the child to calm
down as well as to discourage inappropriate
behaviour.
May on chair, steps, corner or any other
locations where there is no distractions.

86. Time Out
Temporarily changing or separating the
child from the environment where
inappropriate behaviour has
occurred.
It’s intended to remove a positive
reinforcement of the undesired
behaviour.

87. Time Out
Type of a behaviour control method
based on removing positive
reinforcements.

88. Overcorrection
A type of Positive practice which
involves performing an action
repeatedly until it’s performed
correctly.

89. Overcorrection
If you have trouble in producing the
exact musical note in a song you
overcorrect it by practicing singing
until you reach the desired level of
performance.

90. Stimulus satiation
This response of elimination
procedure involves the repeated
presentation of the desired
stimulus for the purpose of
reducing its attractiveness.

91. Stimulus satiation
Excessive presentation of desired
stimulus to reach levels or
satiation (to get cloyed with).

92. Flooding
A form of desensitisation for treating
phobias and anxieties by repeated
exposure to highly distressing stimuli
until the lack of reinforcement of the
anxiety response causes its
extinction.

93. Flooding
A form of desensitisation used in
behaviour therapy in which the
person imagines or is actually
exposed to anxiety-producing
stimuli.

94. Assertiveness Training
A form of behaviour therapy
designed to help people stand up
for themselves- to empower
themselves.

95. Assertiveness Training
Assertiveness is a response that
seeks to maintain an appropriate
balance between passivity and
aggression.

96. Assertiveness Training
Assertiveness response that
promotes fairness and equality in
human interaction, based on
positive sense of respect for self
and others.

97. Assertiveness Training
The purpose of assertiveness training is
to teach persons appropriate
strategies for identifying and acting
on their desires, needs and opinions
while remaining respectful of others.

98. Bio-feedback
Applied Psychological feedback- is a
patient guided treatment that teaches
an individual to control muscle tension,
pain, body temperature, brain waves
and other bodily functions and
processes through relaxation,
visualisation and other cognitive control
techniques.

99. Bio-feedback
Temperature Bio-feedback
GSR Galvanic Skin Response
EEG Bio-feedback
Bio-Life
Feedback-Return

100. Bio-feedback
Applied Psychological feedback- is a
patient guided treatment that teaches
an individual to control muscle tension,
pain, body temperature, brain waves
and other bodily functions and
processes through relaxation,
visualisation and other cognitive control
techniques.

101. Relaxation Methods
Relaxation is not just zoning our
before a TV at the end of a
stressful day.

102. Relaxation Methods
To effectively combat stress, we need
to activate the body’s natural
relaxation response. We can do this
by practicing relaxation techniques
such as deep breathing, mindful
meditation, rhythmic exercises and
YOGA.

103. I think..
I have covered the topic fairly well.
Your suggestions to improve this
effort is welcome.

104. babuappat@gmail.com
www.ldinchildren.webs.com