This document outlines objectives and content for a presentation on topics related to women's health and poverty. The topics include teen pregnancy, women's healthcare, economics of divorce, and maternal mortality. For teen pregnancy, it provides statistics on rates of teen pregnancy in the US and risk factors. For women's healthcare, it discusses definitions of poverty and its effects on women's nutrition and healthcare access. For divorce economics, it outlines challenges such as decreased income and job prospects for divorced women. For maternal mortality, it examines higher rates in developing nations and strategies to reduce preventable causes.
1. Feminizat
ion
of Poverty
Brenda Clemens
Colleen Curran
Kristen Geisinger
April Treible
2. Objectives:
Teen Pregnancy
◦ Understand the prevalence of teen
pregnancy in the U.S.
◦ Understand the risk factors for
teenage pregnancy
◦ Understand risks factors to the child
of a teen parent
3. Objectives, cont‟
Women‟s Healthcare
◦ Define poverty and its effects on women
◦ Link the impact poverty has on nutrition
◦ Compare symptoms of men and women
during a heart attack
4. Objectives, cont‟
Economics of Divorce
◦ Understand the prevalence of divorce in
the U.S.
◦ Understand the challenges of divorce
from an economic standpoint
◦ Understand the options health care
providers can provide
5. Objectives, cont‟
Maternal Mortality
◦ Learn how maternal mortality is
determined and defined.
◦ Learn its correlation to impoverished
nations and the reasons why
◦ Identify nursing interventions to decrease
mortality
7. STATISTICS
Approximately 820,000 teens become
pregnant each year
◦ 78% are unplanned (Davidson, London, &
Ladewig, 2008)
17-35% will become pregnant again within
1st year (Thurman, Hammond, Brown, & Roddy, 2007)
8. Risk Factors for Teen
Pregnancy
Poverty
Cultural factors
Low education
Lack of goals
High risk behaviors
Family dysfunction
Poor self esteem
(Davidson, London, & Ladewig, 2008)
9. Negative Outcomes of
Teen Pregnancy
Decrease in likeliness of finishing high
school
Increased risk of using welfare
Increased risk for premature infants
(Davidson, London, & Ladewig, 2008)
10. POTENTIAL OUTCOMES
For children of Teen
Parents
Increased risk for mental retardation
Poverty
Low birth weight
Poor school performance
Abuse and neglect
(Davidson, London, & Ladewig, 2008)
16. Problem
A significant cause of poverty
for women and children.
Many couples are getting
divorced.
Mothers have to depend on
themselves and their skills to
take care of their families.
17. STATISTICS
“Almost one out of every two
marriages ends in divorce.”
“About one half of divorced
women receive the full amount
of promised child support
payments”
(Davidson, London, & Ladewig, 2008).
18. STATISTICS, CONT.
“7.3 million divorced women are under the
age of 65 in the United States. Forty-two
percent had incomes below the poverty
level and sixteen percent were „near
poor‟.”
(Locke, & Gibbons, 2008).
19. STATISTICS, CONT.
“Married women with a
median income of $53,200
find a decrease in income to
$21,000 once a divorce has
taken place”
(Locke, & Gibbons, 2008).
20. Family Types
Two parents work
Father works, mother is
a stay home mom
Mother works, father
stays at home
21. Income Challenges after
Divorce
Family with 2 parents working:
◦ Take on longer hours
◦ Second job
◦ Child support if applicable
Stay at home mom:
◦ Find reliable job
◦ Dependant on child support
22. SEARCHING FOR WORK
Search for quality jobs:
◦ Workforce is strict
◦ Best of the best
Obstacles:
◦ Minimal education levels
◦ Lack of work experience
Stay-home mothers: Skills could be
considered “rusty”
23. Psychological Challenges
Increased stress
◦ Moving to new house
decreased sense of
security
◦ Losing close friends
moving
change in marital status
◦ Decreased social support
◦ Personal identity shift
Also effects children!
24. Counseling
Counseling offers:
◦ Directional advice
◦ Job training
◦ Volunteer work
◦ Job placement
◦ Child care
26. Maternal Mortality
Defined:
◦ Death of a woman within 42 days of
the termination of pregnancy
Any length pregnancy
Any cause for termination
Direct or indirect
27. IMPORTANCE:
Shows the health of a country
◦ MM is a preventable COD
(Guendelman, S., Thornton, D., Gould, J., & Hosang, N., 2005)
HOW IT’S MEASURED
Ratio: Number of pregnancy-related
deaths per 100,000 live births.
28. MM Correlation with Poverty
Global MM each year
Developing
Nations
Reasons: • Attendants at birth
• Lack of basic maternal
care • Nutrition
• Education • Sanitation
• Access
(Callister, 2005; WHO, 2007)
29. United States Sierra Leone
11-21 deaths per 2,100 deaths per
100,000 live 100,000 live
births births
(WHO, 2007)
100-191 fold increase
31. World Response
United Nations
◦ Millennium Development Goals project
maternal death by 75% by 2015
◦ Objectives:
Culturally-sensitive approach
Education
Reproduction
Interventions
Improve accuracy and standardization of MM
statistics
33. “It is estimated that more than 80% of
maternal deaths could be prevented or
avoided through actions that are proven to
be effective and affordable, even in
resource-poor countries.” –WHO
(Callister, 2005)
34. References
Davidson, M. R., London, M. L., & Ladewig, P. A. (2008).
Olds’ maternal-newborn nursing & women’s health
across the lifespan. (8th ed.). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Thurman, A. R., Hammond, N., Brown, H. E, &
Roddy, M. E. (2007). Preventing repeat teen
pregnancy: Postpartum depot medroxyprogesterone
acetate, oral contraceptive pills or the patch?. Journal of
Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 20, 61-65.
Eckholm, E. (2009, September 10). Last year‟s poverty
rate was highest in 12 year. The New York Times.
Retrieved from http://nytimes.com
Mozes, A. (2008, February 21). Poverty drains nutrition
from family diet. The Washington Post. Retrieved from
http://www.washingtonpost.com
35. References, cont‟.
Cornforth, T. (2009). Symptoms of heart attack in women.
Retrieved from http://womenshealth.about.com
Locke, W., & Gibbons, M. (2008). On her own again: the
use of narrative therapy in career counseling with
displaced new traditionalists. The Family Journal, 16.
doi: 10.1177/1066480708314258
Callister, L. (2005). Global maternal mortality: Contributing
factors and strategies for change. The American
Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing. 30(3), 184-192.
Callister, L. (2007). Poverty and the health of women and
children. The American Journal of Maternal/Child
Nursing. 32(6), 384. doi:
10.1097/01.NMC.0000298137.85526.41
36. References, cont‟.
Guendelman, S., Thornton, D., Gould, J., & Hosang, N.
(2005). Social disparities in maternal morbidity during
labor and delivery between Mexican-born and US-born
white Californians, 1996-1998. American Journal of
Public Health. 95(12), 2218-2224. doi:
10.2105/AJPH.2004.051441
World Health Organization. (2007). Maternal mortality in
2005: Estimates developed by
WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, and the World Bank. Retrieved
from http://www.who.int/whosis/mme_2005.pdf