Punctuation, Capitalization & Numbers in HKAs

Punctuations, Capitalization, Numbers Punctuations are used to mark the grammatical connection and the dependence of the parts of the sentence. Comma ,[object Object],Road construction is inconvenient , but it is necessary.

Comma ,[object Object],After the wedding , the guests attended the reception. ,[object Object],To get good grades , students must complete all their assignments. In their speeches, many candidates promised to help protect the environment , bring about world peace , and end world hunger.

Comma ,[object Object],The sturdy , compact suitcase made a perfect gift. ,[object Object],For example , the Red Sox, Yankees, and Indians are popular baseball teams.

Comma ,[object Object],Pam Smith , MD Mike Rose , Chief Financial Officer for Operations , reported the quarter's earnings. ,[object Object],West Lafayette , Indiana Mexico , Pampanga NOTE: Avoid comma splices (two independent clauses joined only by a comma) . Instead, separate the clauses with a period, a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction, or a semicolon. Comma Splice:The sun is high , put on some sunblock. Correct: The sun is high , so put on some sunblock.

Semicolon ,[object Object],Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town ; streets have become covered with bulldozers, trucks, and cones. ,[object Object],Terrorism in the United States has become a recent concer ; in fact, the concern for America's safety has led to an awareness of global terrorism.

Semicolon ,[object Object],Recent sites of the Olympic Games include Athens, Greece ; Salt Lake City, Utah ; Sydney, Australia ; Nagano, Japan ; Beijing, China.

Colon ,[object Object],Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town : parts of Main, Fifth, and West Street are closed during the construction. ,[object Object],Julie went to the store for some groceries : milk, bread, coffee, and cheese.

Colon ,[object Object],To Whom It May Concern : ,[object Object],1 : 45 PM, 2 : 00 AM or simply 2 AM ,[object Object],Matthew 1 : 6-10

Colon ,[object Object],Some Michael Jackson Songs : - Billy Jean - Thriller - Bad

Parentheses ,[object Object],Muhammad Ali ( 1942-present ) , arguably the greatest athlete of all time, claimed he would “float like a butterfly and sting like a bee.” Dash ,[object Object],One reason why the term has been so problematic — so resistant to definition, and yet so transitory in those definitions — is because of its multitude of applications.

Dash ,[object Object],The cousins — Tina, Lina, and Victor — arrived at the party together. Quotation Marks ,[object Object],James asked, “ When will you be arriving? “

Quotation Marks ,[object Object],History is stained with blood spilled in the name of “ justice. “ ,[object Object],“ Self-Reliance “ by Ralph Waldo Emerson is the clearest example of his philosophy of individualism.

Apostrophe ,[object Object],the hat of the boy – SAY: the boy ' s hat house of Todd and Ann – SAY: Todd and Ann's house NOTE: If the noun after “of” is a building, an object, or a piece of furniture, then NO apostrophe is needed. room of the hotel – SAY: hotel room ,[object Object],contractions: do not – don ' t, who is – who ' s, 1960 - ' 60 ,[object Object],lower case: q ' s (not qs), p ' s (not ps), mm ' s (not mms) BUT for uppercase: Qs, HKAs, G4s, many &s

Notes: ,[object Object],wrong: his ' book correct: his book wrong: a friend of yours ' correct: a friend of yours wrong: The group made it ' s decision. correct: The group made its decision. wrong: She waited for three hours ' to get her ticket. correct: She waited for three hours to get her ticket.

Capitalization ,[object Object],Richard sometimes forgets his punch line. ,[object Object],“ Who Am I ?” is a movie starring Jackie Chan. ,[object Object],Cindy loves Aunt Abigail.

Capitalization ,[object Object],W orrill F abrication C ompany, G olden G ate B ridge, P aolo S antos ,[object Object],G od the F ather, the V irgin M ary, S hiva, Z eus ,[object Object],Cindy worked as the assistant to Mayor Hanolovi. NOT: Cindy worked with Miriam Moss, mayor of Littonville.

Capitalization ,[object Object],The Patels have moved to the Southwest . Jim's house is two miles north of Otterbein. ,[object Object],H olloween, O ctober, F riday NOT seasons is general: w inter, s pring, s ummer, f all BUT: Seasons are capitalized when used in a title, like The Fall 1999 semester

Capitalization ,[object Object],C osta R ica, S panish, F rench, E nglish ,[object Object],Emerson once said, “ A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.” ,[object Object],One of Jerry's favorite books is T he C atcher i n t he R ye.

Capitalization ,[object Object],G reen B ay P ackers, A frican- A mericans, A nti- S emitic ,[object Object],V ictorian E ra, G reat D epression NOT: sixteenth century ,[object Object],P epsi, H onda, IBM , M icrosoft W ord ,[object Object],F reudian, NBC , UN , NOT: pasteurize, french fries, italics

Numbers ,[object Object],over two pounds – SAY: over 2 lbs. six million dollars – SAY: $6 M after thrity-one years – SAY: after 31 years eighty three people – SAY: 83 people 4.78 liters – SAY: 4.78 L BUT: two 20-dollar bills – NOT: two twenty-dollar bills five 75-year old men – NOT: five seventy-five-year old men Writing Numbers as an HKA

Numbers ,[object Object],John was born on January 12, 1965 Latest news in Belgium, 07/09/09 SAY: AD 1066 – NOT: A.D. 1066 SAY: 1971-72 – NOT: 1998-02, instead 1998-2002 SAY: the 80s, the 20th century – NOT: the eighties, the twentieth century (although correct, remember, HKAs must save space for other important info) SAY: the 1980s

Numbers ,[object Object],eight o'clock in the morning – SAY: 8 AM half-past four in the afternoon – SAY: 4:30 PM 10:45 in the morning – SAY: 10:45 AM ,[object Object],16 Tenth Street 350 West 114 Street NOTE: Don't change how addresses are written except when the answer is too long and other words, such as Street (St.), Boulevard (Blvd.) can be abbreviated

Numbers ,[object Object],page 30, chapter 6 in act 3, scene 2 OR in Act II, Scene ii NOTE: Don't change how page and divisions are written except when the answer is too long and other words, such as page (p.), pages (pp.), chapter (chap.) can be abbreviated Room 8, Channel 18, Interstate 65, Henry VIIIh NOTE: Don't change how identification numbers are written except when the answer is too long and other words, such as Room (Rm.), Floor (Fl.), Building (Bldg.) can be abbreviated ,[object Object]

Numbers ,[object Object],four billion dollars or 4 billion – SAY: $4B 16,500,000 or 16.5 million – SAY: 16.5M 2.7 average 13 1/4 percent – SAY: 13 1/4% OR 13.25% .98 milliliters – SAY: .98 ml ,[object Object]

Numbers SAY: 2 apples, 6 oranges and 3 bananas NOT: two apples, 6 oranges and 3 bananas SAY: 115 feet by 90 feet OR 115 ft x 90 ft OR 115' x 90' SAY: The vote was 9 in favor and 5 opposed. NOT: The vote was nine in favor and 5 opposed. NOTE: Don't change how numbers and other words are written except when the answer is too long and other words, such as feet (ft. or “), inches (in. or '), by (x) can be abbreviated. ,[object Object],Numbers Usage Notes

Numbers Six percent of the group failed. - SAY: 6% of the group failed. Five hundred of the population - SAY: 500 of the population ,[object Object],[object Object],French: 2 345 (use space as separator, not 2,345) 2,35 deg C (use comma [,] instead of period [.], not 2.35 deg C)

Numbers NOT: The club celebrated the birthdays of 6 90-year-olds who were born in the city. (may cause the reader to read '690' as one number) SAY: The club celebrated the birthdays of six 90-year-olds who were born in the city. ,[object Object]

Punctuation, Capitalization & Numbers in HKAs

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