13. Uses as little as 30cm of water per year per hectare (open pond system) Photo Bio-Reactors dependin on the size can take up as much as 50,000 lt of water, however there is no waste and no evaporation
23. Product values: biofuels, GHG abatement, reclaimed water, fertilisers, other co products. Caution – With present technology fuel only algal systems are not plausible on their own - they require additional revenues.
24. Adaptability to developing countries – other key factor requirements Algae production with Photo Bio-Reactors (PBR) More suitable for Higher Income Countries (due to higher start-up costs) Algae production with MBP (Microalgae Biofixation Process) (open/close ponds) More suitable for Lower Income Countries (due to lower start-up costs)
34. Fish waste could also promote more efficient utilization of aquatic living resources and generate additional income for fishers' and fish farmers' communities.
37. Open pond systems are much more viable although real costs are still not available, by-products can however make the process completely viable.
38. Abatement of CO2 Mitigation from the conversion of the algal biomass to renewable fuels – directly substituting fossil fuels – coal and gas
39. Each tonne of microalgae biomass produced = about a tonne of CO2 abatedBoth algal to bio-fuel technologies are therefore completely Carbon Neutral
40.
41. What does Spirulina contain? Balanced proteins, (supply the body with high amounts of Vitamin B (particularly B12) Minerals and micro-nutrients which provide a variety of benefits for the human body, like nourishment, mental clarity, assisting in cancer recovery, depression help and many others. Several scientific studies show spirulina to have the ability to inhibit viral replication; in particular it was found that 5-10 mg/ml of spirulina will inhibit the HIV-1 virus otherwise known as the AIDS virus.
42. The beneficial properties of Spirlina are quite remarkable – 10 of the main benefits after taking 5-10 grams of spirulina are listed below; Increases the CD4 count – Strengthens the immune system (particularly useful for AIDS/HIV patients. Increases RNA (Ribonucleic acid) in the brain for more energy The beta carotene (contains 10 times more that of carrots) is an excellent source of disease fighting antioxidants, and is also good for healthy eyes and vision. Contains vegetable protein and amino acids to build muscle High concentration of B Vitamins; which not only break down carbohydrate and lipids but also maintain cardiovascular health. It is also an excellent anti-inflammatory, which is an essential benefit to arthritis patients and prevents heart disease. Contains anti-aging properties. Improves digestive health Contains easy to absorb iron supplements ideal for women and children. Reduces cancer with antioxidant protection
43. How can we combine Aquatic Resources for food and for fuel? We need to find a strain or variant of algae that can produce enough lipids to satisfy crude oil production and contain enough protein to be used as a food supplement. These can be genetically modified but we do not know the consequence of the modification and could enter and affect the food chain. The most efficient natural strain for crude-oil production is Botryococcusbrauniiand the best source for spirulina food supplement is Spirulinaplatensis. A natural identified strain which could cater for both food and fuel is Prymnesiumparvum.
44. Aquatic Biofuels – An Integrated Aquaculture Energy System (IAES) nutrients
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