Learn about how the Industrial Revolution started, from the steam engine to the railway. Gain insights into the historical significance of the revolution - how it lead to the unification of Germany and Italy, the revolutions of 1848, the redrawing of the European map, and eventually how it all led to the start of the First World War. For AS Level History students

1. AS Level
1780 - 1917
HISTORY

2. 1789 - 1814
1. THE INDUSTRAIL
REVOLUTION
AND THE AGE OF ECONOMIC

3. Statistics
• Before the revolution
- 80% population engaged in farming
- This 80% work to keep themselves and the other 20 alive
• Nowadays:
- Less than 1% in USA said they are farmers
• Industrial Revolution was an increase in production brought by
the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy
sources

4. SOME TIMELINES
• http://www.softschools.com/timelines/industrial_revolution_timelin
e/40/ - TECHNOLOGICAL TIMELINE
• http://www.victorianweb.org/technology/ir/irchron.html

5. The Start of the Industrial Revolution
• Mechanization
• The effects on agriculture – a shift from agrarian society to
Industrial Revolution
• The Agricultural Revolution
• The Scientific Revolution… growing out of Enlightenment
• The Rise of Capitalism (Usually from commercial revolution)
• Growth of Population
• The Changes of the society

6. Before this: Cottage industry
• Rural Industry was the economic pillar of Europe
• Subsistence
• Problems: no quality control, lower quantity, slower speed,
Embezzlement, payment by pieces unfair

7. Cottage Industry
• Business owners would provide village people with machines
• They would do the work and send products in
• Eg. Textile: One home does the weaving, another does the dying
• This process meant there was no quality control
• The process would be time-consuming
• Had to provide them with machines and necessary training
• This did allow woman to work at home while minding the children

8. Pre-industrialize Society is changing
• The Changes made to agricultural has been a result of – Fertilizers,
crop improvements
• However all the money here would still go to the wealthy landlord
• Before the French Revolution – this was common
• To overcome the issue of inefficiency – landlords would put lands
together – yielding greater result from smaller labor – RURAL
UNEMPLOYMENT
• Population growth led to more competition
• The Enclosure Act – further put farmers out of work
• Mechanization meant cottage industry was needing less workers
• Greater demands for goods = rising prices

9. How did the Demands increase
• The landlords were able to use fertilizer – yielding more crops
• Enclosing lands – allowing diversity of crops – selling more quality
food
• The Growth of population – increase the demand very naturally
• Mechanization eg. Spinning Jenny was making cottage industr
faster
• The working class didn’t have legal rights to public land

10. Population increase
• From 1750 – 1800 : Europe was reaching stage 2 of the Demographic
transition Model
• High birth rate – a declining death rate
• medical advances and the
• large baby boom after the event of the black death
• Agricultural Revolution occurred in response to the increase in
population and the increase demand for food
• Went hand in hand with the Industrial Revolution

11. Agricultural Revolution
• Britain radically altered the way they produce food
• The improvement in quality and quantity of crop allowed for
healthier population
• Lower death rate
• More cotton for textile
• Larger population… led to the movement of population
• Some found out turnips or clovers – this put nutrients back into the
soil – no time needed for fallowing

12. Agricultural Revolution
• Improvement to ploughs
• Irrigation technologies from Belgium
• Seed disperser – allowed it to be deeper into the soil – protect them
from bird
• Clover/ other plants that add chemicals to the soil
• Colonization of America – allowed them to discover new food eg.
Potato, Corn, Peanuts
• Cash crop: Tobacco etc.

13. The Enclosure Act
• Landlords closing in farms
• Did allow landlords to improve their products in both quality,
quantity and diversity
• Meant most farmlands became bigger industry
• Put farmers out of work
• Created a system where famers had o work for the nobles

14. Development/ improvement of Transport
Network
• Before this: Turnpike road and river
• Road Problems: Roads are dangerous eg. Highwaymen – people
cheating for money – roads are not well taken care of – it could
carry a limited weight – had to fee horses
• River Problems: It could only go certain places, and it was
dangerous
• CANALS – the age of canal mirrored the age of Railway
• Towns and cities began growing near it

15. Rural Urban Migration
• Increase in population in urban areas
• Rural unemployment forced people to move
• The large amount of people created an economy of scale
• A concentration threshold population
• A large workforce for the industries
• In France at the time – the rural areas were still clear – in Britain and
Portugal and Denmark – urbanization was starting up

16. Britain – Starts the Revolution
• Great supply of coal and Iron
• Natural Waterway – the canal further sped up the improvement
• Was situated out of Europe – was not a part of the political
problems
• Early national revolution – more stable government
• The colonies – large amount of natural resources and
commercialization
• Very Le-zafairre government
• Early Agricultural Revolution – Rural-Urban Migration
• Rise of middle class entrepreneur
• Had no trade tariff – encourage capitalism – BANK OF ENGLAND
• Protestant Work ethic – work mentality

17. The Steam Engine
• James Hargreaves: Change the cotton industry
• Thomas Newcomen: Made the first steam engine to clear water out of
mines in 1712 – which increase the rate and the overall production of
coal
• James Watts: Scottish engineer who developed an improved version of
the steam engine in 1769 – backed by a manufacturer Matthew Boulton
• Richard Trevithick: Used high pressure steam engine to increase the
power of the rail locomotive in 1804 at Wales – later died bankrupt
• George Stephenson: A mechanical engineer who, in 1825, built the first
modern railway line from Stockton to Darlington railway – mastered
geographical issues – 1830 – Manchester to Liverpool – with a twin track
– faster transport
• Isaambard Kingdom Brunel/ Robert Stephenson: Built a railway network
in Britain: Isaambard also built steam ships, gorges and bridges. He
made the first tunnel under the river Thames

18. Impact of the Steam Engines
• Used in the Factories – allowed for faster production and retrieval
of Coal
• Improvement of the steamships
• Pre-cursor to railways
• Improve first, the Textile industry
• Further increase rural unemployment – more urbanization
• Cheaper products, now that they are produced quickly

19. Railways and the Transport Revolution
• Revolution in Land communication
• Improve the transport of goods – industries – urbanization – faster,
more efficient transportation
• Increase mobility in the people
• Iron used for rails – stronger and hence more efficient and safe
• First passenger railway in 1806: Swansea
• Richard Trevithick, George Stephenson… The improvement in
1804(Wales), Stockton-Darlington Railway – 1825, Major railway
from Manchester to Liverpool - 1830
• Fulton’s steamboat – not dependent on wind
• McAdam’s gravel road
• Reduce the price of coal by 50% - allowed for more mobility and
caused the industry to speed up in production

20. Railways and the Transport Revolution
• Robert/ Isambaard Kingdom Brunel – created larger network
• 1840 – Boom period for railways
• Toward the end – National Depression
• In 1860s – Boom and Bust
• By the end of the century – England became very well connected
• More urban working class now

21. Importance of Railway
• Railway can transport people/ goods in cheap cost
• Increases the mobility of the population – allows for rural urban
migration
• Cities begin growing around railways
• Industrial centers are created
• Allowed new ideas to spread more wuickly

22. Chemical Engineering
• 1746
• John Roeback (James Watt’s partner)
• Invented the use of lead chamber to produce Sulphuric Acid
• Using sheets of lead to build bigger, cheaper chambers (as opposed
to glass vessels) – allowing for more productions
• Sulphuric acids used to dye clothes
• Lead: lead production increase
• The increase in textile production – demands increase – hence the
transition out of cottage industry

23. Tariffs and Trade
• Pre industrial Society: most farmer lived isolated – could only sell in
small markets
• Railway allowed for new markets – Higher Mobility
• Food shortages reduced in frequency
• More products (improvement on agricultural revolution) : More
food available – lower prices
• The Trade and Tariffs were the limitation on the growth of the
economy – Britain had overcome this by not having it in place

24. Mercantile Capitalism
• Borrow money to buy something
• Take that something somewhere to sell
• Take extra interest – ear money
• Chinese – The Silk Road
• Indian maritime trade
• 17th Century – JOINT STOCK COMPANIES

25. Capitalism
• Industrial Revolution wouldn’t happen without the growth of
Capitalism
• Before the revolution: Nobles inherit the money – there wasn’t
many investments
• Some bought lands
• Although some were willing to consider investing in large
companies

26. Capitalism – Joint Stock Companies
• By combining stocks – people felt like their investments were safer
• If the company failed – then one only lose the small amount they
invested in
• Larger banks were put into place – these were less likely to collapse
• Eg. The Rothschild family

27. The Rise of New Money/ Industrial Capitalism
• New Money came through with middle class who would invest
money in Joint Stock companies
• They would become the new rich as opposed to the higher class
nobles
• These group of people could be the inventors of steam engines,
railways and many more
• They would soon dominate the political world in the rise of
Liberalism and La-zafairre
• Industrial Capitalism: An economic system that relies on investment
in machines and technology to increase production for marketable
goods.

28. Resistance to the Revolution
• Skilled Craftsmen who lost their jobs – Luddites
• Landowners in Germany – their wealth depended on traditional
farming system
• Safety measures with the railway
• The need to construct railroads meant going through the lands of
some landlord
• Canal owners campaigned against the rail
• Lobbying of the politicians

29. France in the 18th Century
• French Revolution
• Political instability slowed down industrialization
• Under the Directory – inflation was an issue – low amount of
capitalism
• However, they were indeed receiving the steam engine from Britain
side
• The Napoleonic War kept everyone busy – hence the development
really only started in 1815

30. France’s products
• Focused more on the finish products
• Luxury goods: Woven silk, China, Leather
• The first major strikes for France occurred in 1830 – the textile
industry in Lyon – workers demanded minimum wages

31. Development of railways
• Started out slow in France – private investors were not too keen
• Government had to develop
• In the 1830s – minor development of railways for transportation of
goods – hindered by landowners who benefited from hors and carts
• 1852 – Napoleon 3rd was the one who started the expansion (Credit
Mobilier) – The late improvement ensured the rail network be much
smaller than britain’s

32. Trade and Tariffs
• Napoleon’s economic development was a great help
• Having a full set of law – tax collection became more regular –
Single currency
• Abolish the internal trade barriers – allowing for more capitalism
and investment
• Napoleon banned trade union
• Created a central Bank – this was very important to the economy –
encouraged investment

33. Read further:
• http://www.erih.net/industrial-history/france.html

34. Development of railways in Germany
• Started out slow in Germany – private investors were not too keen
• Opposition from Junkers – find their lands being terrorized by
governmental development of railway
• Railway started appearing in1830s – influenced by the fast-
industrializing Belgium
• George Stephenson was employed there
• This went hand-in hand with the process of political unification
• The King of Prussia was a railway enthusiast
• By 1850 – Germany was well connected
• Geographical location – they could trade with many nations

35. The Zollverein
• Started in 1834
• Solved the problem of nations not being able to work together
• Industries boomed in areas such as: Upper Silesia and Saarland
• No more Trade/ tariffs
• Single Currency
• High reserves of capital
• High Level of quality training for workers
• Workers’ organization being set up

36. Read Further
• http://www.erih.net/industrial-history/germany.html

37. Social Effects
• Higher Mobility of population
• Woman Rights
• Rise of the middle classes
• The Factory System
• Standard of living
• Population Increase
• The Labor
• Arts and Science
• Education

38. Woman’s Right
• More woman were getting education
• Social perception still prevents them from getting better jobs
• Most women simply move from cottage industry to factory workers
• In the eyes of the society they would still cease to work when
married
• Not until the Suffragettes movement would women become truly
important

39. Standard of Living
• A very debated topic
• More food available at lower prices
• Population growth did strain food supply
• Transport system lowered food prices

40. Health/ Welfare
• Cities were polluted from the smoke of factories
• River water contaminated
• Sanitation was bad – feces released into the Thames
• Spread of Cholera – spread in Britain/ France in 1831 (dirty water),
Typhoid and Tuberculosis(lack of fresh air) – HIGH DENSITY – QUICK
SPREAD
• After 1850 – installing pipes/ sewage system allow for disposal of
waste and drinking water to be kept separated.

41. Health/ Welfare
• 1842: A report: “Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Class” – create
laws to improve the situation
• General Board of Health
• Local Authority were not willing to pay taxes or impose taxes for
that matter
• Local government are representative of the rich
• The Rich did not want to pay taxes or change their factory system
• Laws these days were ineffective
• While the rich ate lavishly (imported food) – the poor rarely ate
meat – caused malnutrition especially in the younger

42. Labor/ Working Conditions
• Social Structure changed – the middle class now ruled
• Child labor – limited education opportunity – children worked –
they could pay less – no need for strength/ knowledge to operate
machines
• Kids as young as 4 were employed – ear 10/20% of the normal wage
• Dangerous conditions
• Long work hour
• Some orphans sell children to factory workers
• Abuses
• 1833: The Factory Acts (Children working must be 9+, no more than
12 hours, not at night)

43. Religion
• Church was slow to adapt to the industrialization movement
• Most were built in the thread of the agrarian society
• Protestant group became popular as focal points for community
and of Sunday school
• Methodist – a branch of Christianity catering for the poor
• Salvation army – help alcoholics
• Irish immigrants who brought in strict Christianity
• Church attendances declining
• Most religious men/ women criticize the IR for the deterioration of
society
• Pope Leo was actually in support against Marxism

44. Art
• A lot of artists expressing ideas
• Charles Dickens
• Elizabeth Gaskell
• Emile Zola

45. The Political Effects
• Political changes in Democracy
• Socialism

46. Britain – The Reform Act
• The defeat of Napoleon influenced the idea of politics as well as the
French revolution
• 1832: The Reform Act
1. Abolishment of the rotten boroughs – seats in parliaments
for constituencies with few or no voters
Vote only for property owners
However since there was no control over the number of votes
needed to get an MP into position – there were still constituencies
with less voters representing the rich
No secret ballots – pressure from the rich played a part

47. Britain – The Chartist
• The Reform act and the Factory Acts failed to satisfy the poor –
they started forming campaigns
• 1836: William Lovett formed London Working Men’s Association –
educate skilled workers
• With Francis Plate they drafted the People’s Charter
• They planned to improve the people’s lives – inspiring men like
Feargus O’Connor
• 1839: The People’s Parliament drew up a demand with 3 million
signatures
• Chartists movement declined due to internal conflicts
• Violent uprising in Wales suppressed
• Mass rally in 1848 – ended the movmenet soon enough

48. Britain – Later effects
• Most of these ideas do go on to become laws
• Votes were made universal
• Soon the parliament would have a one-year term
• Secret ballots enforced
• Prove the importance/ power of the working class
• Trade Unions rising

49. FRANCE

50. The Revolutions
• 1830 July Revolution
• The 1848 Revolution
Poor harvest – social distress
Industrial workers began to lose their jobs
Voting Rights and Free trade issues
King Charles X was removed

51. GERMANY

52. Effects of Industrial Revolution on Germany
• Economic developments in the first half of 19th Century – took away
Austrian control over Germany
• Increase in food outputs, mechanization of agriculture with
fertilizers
• Urban changes: More middle class/ proletariat classes
• Machine-made products became more prominent

53. Effects of Industrial Revolution in Germany
• 1818: Abolishment of internal barriers so they won’t hinder trade
• 1830s: Development in textiles, iron, steel
• New roads, crucial investment in railways
• Germany had a great supply of coal
• 1834: Germany organized into the Zollverein – a group of states
with no custom barriers
• Germany: The largest free trade in Europe
• Austrian did not join the Zollverein

54. Effects of Industrial Revolution in Germany
• In the Zollverein: All decisions must be unanimous – no one was
dictated by Prussia
• Hence: all states enjoyed economic expansion
• Develop common currency, uniform trade law
• Germany – in the heart of Europe
• Allowed for growth in armaments in Prussia/ faster mobilizations/
spread of ideas

55. Marxism/ Socialism
• Karl Marx: founder of Socialism – born in Germany, lived in France/
Belgium, before settling in Britain
• 1848: Wrote the communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels
• Strongly influenced by the revolution of 1848 in France

56. Marxism and Socialism
• Idea: Economic force were fundamental to crafting of the society
• History follows a patter dictated by economic changes
• Capitalist/ Bourgeoisie society replaces the feudal society – the next
step is the dictatorship of the Proletariat
• “The proletariat have nothing to lose but their chains. Workers of
the world unite.”
• Marxism is quite influential in Germany and France
• The most successful revolution however, came in Russia

57. IMPORTANCE OF THE
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

58. The Industrial Revolution
• By the ‘end’ of Industrial revolution
• The landscape of the world changed entirely
• Cities were now the center of commerce
• Socialism grew into a formidable force caused by fundamental
economic forces
• Capitalism came to dominate society
• Although the upper classes maintained their influences
• The middle class came to prominence
• Politics in Britain changed
• The unification and growth of nationalism and Liberalism can be
attributed to Industrial revolution

59. The Industrial Revolution
• Whether or not life is now better for the working class is an
ongoing debate
• Industrial Revolution paves the way for an information based
society
• Growth of education, knowledge, healthcare, social security and
amenities are the result of this profound revolution
• Rural-urban migration still commence to this day
• Products are cheaper now, mass production reduce hunger all over
the world
• However, social disparities may have increased – although this is yet
another debate
• Industrial revolution nevertheless is a progress that leads to an
explosive event that was the First World War

60. Extra stuff
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhL5DCizj5c
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3u4EFTwprM
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution