Artificial Intelligence

3.  Intelligence is the ability to learn about, learn from,
understand, and interact with one’s environment.
 This general ability consists of a number of specific
abilities, which include these specific abilities:
 Adaptability to a new environment or to changes in the current
environment
 Capacity for knowledge and the ability to acquire it
 Capacity for reason and abstract thought
 Ability to comprehend relationships
 Ability to evaluate and judge
 Capacity for original and productive thought

4. Wisdom
Intelligence
Knowledge
Information
Data

5.  AI is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the
moment, people do better
 AI is a branch of computer science concerned with teaching
computers to think
 The capability of a device to perform functions that are normally
associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning and
optimization through experience
 AI is the branch of computer science concerned with the study and
creation of computer systems that exhibits some form of
intelligence-
 Learn new concepts and tasks
 Can reason and draw useful conclusion
 Can understand a natural language

6. AI HI
 AI, when given the information can be When HI is given the same
exact, every time with speed. information, it can not be as exact, and
 AI are digital is slower.
 AI uses byte-addressable memory.  HI are analogue
 The HI uses content-addressable
 There is a appealing hardware/software memory
distinction obscures in AI
 No hardware/software distinction can
be made with respect to the brain or
mind
 Processing and memory are performed Processing and memory are performed
by the different components. by the same components in the brain
 AI could do this if it was program to
 Human intelligence can forget and lose
do so, but this would be counter-
productive. information

7. Mundane Tasks Formal Tasks
 Perception  Games
 Vision  Chess
 Speech  Checkers-Go
 Natural Language  Mathematics
 Understanding  Geometry
 Generation  Logic
 Translation  Integral calculus
 Commonsense reasoning  Proving properties of programs
 Robot control

8. Expert Tasks
 Engineering
 Design
 Fault finding
 Manufacturing planning
 Scientific analysis
 Medical diagnosis
 Financial analysis

9.  This assumption was given by Newell and simon.
 They call this assumption the physical symbol system
hypothesis.
 They define a physical symbol system as follows:-
A physical symbol system consists of a set of entities called symbols, which
are physical patterns that can occur as components of another type of entity
called an expression or symbol structure. A symbol structure is composed of
a number of instances (or tokens) of symbols related in some physical way.
At any instance of time the system will contain a collection of these
symbols structures. Besides these structures ,the system also contains a
collection of processes that operate on expressions to produce other
expressions: processes of and destruction.

10.  A physical symbol system is a machine that produces
through time an evolving collection of symbol
structures.
 This hypothesis is only a hypothesis.
 There appears to be no way to prove or disprove it on
logical grounds.
 The only way to determine its truth is by
experimentation.

11.  An AI technique is a method that exploits knowledge that should
be represented in such a way that:
 The knowledge captures generalization.
 It can be understood by people who must provide it.
 It can easily be modified to correct errors and to reflect changes
in the world and in our world view.
 It can be used in a great many situations even if it is not totally
accurate or complete.
 It can be used to help overcome its own sheer bulk by helping to
narrow the range of possibilities that must usually be considered.

12.  “What is our goal in trying to produce programs that do the
intelligent things that people do?”
 Are we trying to produce programs that do the tasks the same way people
do?
 Are we attempting to produce programs that simply do the task in
whatever way appears easiest?

13.  Efforts to build programs that perform tasks the way
people do can be divided into two classes:-
 In first class:-
 Programs that attempt to solve problems that do not
really fit our definition of an AI task.
 They are problems that a computer could easily solve.
 Although that easy solution would exploit mechanisms
that do not seem to be available to people.

14.  In second class:-
 Programs that attempt to model human performance are those
that do things that fall more clearly within our definition of AI
tasks.
 They do things that are not trivial for the computers.
 There are several reasons one might want to model human
performance at these sorts of tasks:
 To test psychological theories of human performance
 To enable computers to understand human reasoning
 To enable people to understand computer reasoning
 To exploit what knowledge we can glean from people.

15.  In 1950,Alan Turing proposed the method for determining
whether a machine can think.
 This method is known as Turing test.
 To conduct this test, we need
 2 people
 1 machine
 One person plays the role of the interrogator, who is in a separate
room from the computer and the other person.
 The interrogator can ask questions of either the person or the
computer by typing questions and receiving typed responses.
 The interrogator knows them only as A and B

16.  The goal of the machine is to
fool the interrogator into
believing that it is the person.
 If the machine succeeds at
this, then we conclude that
the machine can think.