Multiple processor (ppt 2010)

Multiple Processor System Prepared by: Arth B. Ramada Cristy R. Peralta Free Powerpoint Templates

Making computer this small may be possible, but then we hit another fundamental problem: HEAT DISSIPATION ,[object Object]

The smaller the computer, the harder it is to get rid of this heat.,[object Object]

A system consisting of 1000 computers spread all over the world is no different than one consisting of 1000 computers in a single room. Although the delay and other technical characteristics are different.,[object Object]

MULTIPROCESSOR Definition: ,[object Object]

The CPU can write some value into the memory and then read the word back and get a different value.,[object Object]

UMA Bus-Based SMP Architecture

UMA Multiprocessors using Crossbar Switches

UMA Multiprocessors using Multistage Switching Networks

NUMA (NonUniform Memory Access) Multiprocessor,[object Object]

MULTIPROCESSORS: UMA Bus-Based SMP Architectures ,[object Object]

If the bus is busy when a CPU wants to read or write on memory, the CPU just waits until the bus becomes idle.,[object Object]

If the CPU attempts to write a word that is in one or more remote caches, the BUS hardware detects the write and puts a signal on the informing all other caches of the write,[object Object]

The shared memory is then only used for writable shared variables.,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Module  It tell which memory to use.

Address  It specifies an address within a module

Opcode  Gives the operation, READ or WRITE

Value  Contain an operand.,[object Object]

MULTIPROCESSORS: NUMA Multiprocessors NUMA Machines 3 Key Characteristics: There is a single address visible to all CPUs Access to remote memory is via LOAD and STORE instructions Access to REMOTE MEMORY is slower than access to LOCAL MEMORY NC-NUMA (No Caching) - access time to remote memory is not hidden CC-NUMA (Cache-Coherent) – caches are present.

MULTIPROCESSORS: NUMA Multiprocessors Directory-Based Multiprocessor - It Maintain a database telling where each cache is and what its status is.

MULTIPROCESSORS: Multiprocessor Operating System Types Each CPU Has Its Own Operation System The memory divide into as many partition as there are CPUs and give each CPU its own private memory and its own private copy of Operating System

MULTIPROCESSORS: Multiprocessor Operating System Types Master-Slave Multiprocessors There is one copy of the operating system and its table are present to CPU1. All system calls are redirected to CPU1

MULTIPROCESSORS: Multiprocessor Operating System Types Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMP) There is one copy of the OS in memory but any CPU can run it. If the two CPU simultaneously picking the same process to run the same memory page. It associate a MUTEX(Lock) with OS.

MULTIPROCESSORS: Multiprocessor Synchronization TSL (Test and Set Lock) Instruction – TSL instruction must first lock the bus, preventing other CPUs from accessing, then both memory accesses, then unlock the bus

MULTIPROCESSORS: Multiprocessor Synchronization Use of Multiple Locks to avoid cache trashing

MULTIPROCESSORS: Multiprocessor Scheduling TIME SHARING The simplest scheduling algorithm for dealing unrelated process is to have a single system wide data structure for ready process

MULTIPROCESSORS: Multiprocessor Scheduling Space Sharing This approach used when the processes are related to one another. Scheduling multiple threads at the same time across multiple CPUs

MULTIPROCESSORS: Multiprocessor Scheduling Communication between two threads belonging to Process A that are running out of phase.

MULTIPROCESSORS: Multiprocessor Scheduling Gang Scheduling Group of related threads are scheduled as a unit (gang) All member of a gang run simultaneously on different time shared CPU All gang members start and end their time slices together.

MULTICOMPUTERS Definition: ,[object Object]

These systems are also known by a variety of other names, cluster computers and COWS (Cluster of Workstations).,[object Object]

MULTICOMPUTERS: MULTICOMPUTER HARDWARE Packet – a message that is broken up (either by a user software or a network face. Store-and-forward packet switching

MULTICOMPUTERS: MULTICOMPUTER HARDWARE Network Interface Board in a multicomputer

MULTICOMPUTERS: Low-Level Communication Software Node to Network Communication Use send & receive rings to coordinates main CPU with on-board CPU When a sender has new packet to send, it first checks to see if there is an available slot in the send ring. If not, it must wait, to prevent overrun.

MULTICOMPUTERS: Blocking versus Nonblocking Calls Blocking Calls – when a process call sends, it specifies a destination and a buffer to send that destination. While the message has been completely, the sending process is blocked. NonBlocking Calls – If send is nonblocking, it returns control immediately, before the message is sent.

Multiple processor (ppt 2010)

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