19. Disease activity indices
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI)
Mild or Moderate Flare Severe Flare
Change in SLEDAI > 3 points Change in SLEDAI > 12
New/worse discoid, photoscnsitive, profundus,
cutaneous vasculitis, bullous lupus
Nasopharyngeal ulcers
Pleuritis
Pericarditis
Arthritis
Fever (SLE)
New/worse CNS-SLE
Vasculius
Nephritis
Myositis
Pk < 60.000
Home anemia: Hb <7% or decrease in Hb > 3%
Requiring: double prednisone
Prednisone>0.5 mg/kg/day hospitalization
Increase in Prednisone, but not to >0.5
mg/kg/day
Prednisone >0.5 mg/kg/day
Added NSAID or Plaquenil New Cytoxan, Azathioprine, Methotrexate,
Hospitalization (SLE)
≥1.0 Increase in PGA, but not to more than 2.5 Increase in PGA to > 2.5
http://www.rheumatology.org/practice/clinical/indexes/sledai.asp
21. 致病機轉與原因
1. Herrmann M et al. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:1241-1250; 2. Baumann I et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:191-201; 3. Davidson A et al. N Eng J Med. 2001;345:340-350; 4. Craxton A et al. JEM. 2005;202:1363-1374; 5. Lesley R et al.
Immunity. 2004:20;441-453; 6. Do R KG et al. J Exp Med. 2000;192:953-964; 7. Fields ML et al. Immunologic Res. 2003;27:219-233; 8. Frank et al. N Eng J Med. 1979;300:518-523 ; 9. Parris TM et al. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:526-532;
10. Kimberly RP et al. J Exp Med. 1983;157:1698-1703 ; 11. KimberlyRP et al. Clin Exp Immunol. 1983;51:261-268; 12. Hamburger MI et al. Arthritis Rheum. 1982;25:48-54; 13. Salmon JE et al. J Clin Investigation. 1996;97:1348-1354;
14. Mok CC et al. J Clin Pathol. 2003;56:481-490; 15. Hoffman IEA et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:1155-1158.
Defective clearance and
subsequent necrosis of
apoptotic cells releasing
nuclear material1,2
Over-expression of several cytokines,
which can lead to the prolonged
survival of autoreactive B cells3-7
Defective clearance of immune
complexes8-13
Excess B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) contributes here
1 2 3
SLE Disease Activity
Tissue Injury & Organ Damage 14,15
三種可能致病機轉
自體抗原無法清除
B細胞分泌過量自體
抗體、激素過多
自體抗體-抗原複合體堆
積過多無法清除
22. 致病機轉與原因
神經與內分泌系
統失調
基因與遺傳環境因素刺激 性別與性荷爾蒙
Adapted from Mok CC et al. J Clin Pathol. 2003;56:481-90.
Excess T-cell help;
cytokines
抗原呈現細
胞
T 細胞
B 細胞
細胞與器官的發炎與損傷
免疫調節功能失常
衰亡的細胞
釋出DNA
與細胞內其
他胞器
體內清除衰老細胞的機轉失調
身體內的淋巴球不受控制
過度活化,辨認了自體抗
原,並大量產生自體抗體
自體抗體生成
產生免疫覆合物,並刺激
補體活化作用
清除失常
29. 狼瘡性腎炎定義
• Persistent proteinuria 0.5 gm/day or greater than 3+ by dipstick,
and/or cellular casts including RBCs, Hb, granular, tubular, or mixed
– 24-hour protein measurement→spot urine protein/creatinine ratio of 0.5
– Cellular casts→active urinary sediment
(5 RBCs/HPF, 5 WBCs/HPF in the absence of infection, or cellular casts limited to RBC or WBC casts)
• Renal biopsy: immune complex–mediated glomerulonephritis
compatible with LN
31. Lupus nephritis staging
• Class I –Minimal mesangial deposits
• Class II –Mesangial proliferation.
– Class I, II have excellent prognosis and do not nead therapy for lupus
niphritis.
• Class III–Focal lesion.
• Class IV–Global, diffuse lesion.
• Class V –Membranous pattern.
– Class III, IV, V treatment: combine high dose of steroid with ether
cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil.
• Class VI –Sclerotic glomeruli and ESRD with interstitial fibrosis.
– Requiring dialysis or transplantation.
35. 其他輔助性療法
• Hydroxychloroquine: all SLE patients with nephritis unless there is a
contraindication.
(level C evidence)
• ACEI, ARB: proteinuria 0.5 gm per 24 hours
(level A evidence for nondiabetic chronic renal disease)
• Blood pressure control: 130/80 mmHg
(level A evidence for nondiabetic chronic renal disease)
• Statin therapy if LDL>100mg/dl
(level C evidence)
37. Successful remission of treatment in LN class
III, IV and V (成功穩定控制狼瘡性腎炎)
• If remission is achieved, renal outcome are excellent.
• Remission define as
– Return to near to normal renal function
– proteinuria<330 mg/dL/day.
• Regimen:
– Induction: high dose steroid + cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate
mofetil for 2-6 month.
– Maintenance: lower dose of steroid and mycophenolate mofetil.
– Best balance the successful remission with the side effect.