Cisco is a major technology company established in 1984 that specializes in networking hardware, software, and services. Some of Cisco's major products include switches, routers, and hubs. There are two main types of IP addresses: IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses represented with dots, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses represented with colons. IP addresses are classified into different classes based on the number of bits used for the network and host portions. Routers connect different networks and can be either modular or fixed, with modular routers having upgradable slots and fixed routers having a set number of ports. Routing protocols can be static, dynamic using distances or metrics to determine the best path, or default for unknown destinations.

1. Submitted by:-
ARUNABH DEKA
Roll no:- 2019
E.C.E (2008-2012)

2. A.
What is Cisco?
A.
B.
C.
The MICROSOFT of Networking.
Established in 1984 at San Francisco, HQ-San
Jose, California.
Founders:A.
B.
C.
Lan Bosack
Sandy Lerner
John T. Chambers(Chairman & CEO)

3. Switches
Hubs
Routers
Bridges

6. Straight Through Cable

9. Two Types: IPv4(Internet Protocol version 4):
1.
2.
32 bit Binary Address
Represented with Dots.
E.g.:- 192.168.16.1/24
 IPv6(Internet
1.
2.
Protocol version 6):-
128 Bits Binary Address
Represented with Colons & Double Columns
E.g.:- 2000::7:2100:0:0:2121

10. 
Two Types:A.
B.

Public IP’s
Private IP’s
Routable IP’s
Personal Uses(Networking)
Classification of IP Addresses:8 bits





Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
:
:
:
:
:
8 bits
8 bits
8 bits
Network
Host
Host
Host
Network
Network
Host
Host
Network
Network
Network
Host
Multicast
Research

11. Subnetting is logically dividing the network
by extending the 1’s used in Subnet Mask.
 Advantage:
 Can
divide network in smaller parts.
 Restrict Broadcast traffic.
 Security.
 Simplified Administration.

12. Router is an internetworking component, that
connects networks which are at
different
geographical locations.

13. Routers
Modular
Fixed
Modular Routers
These type of routers have upgradable slots, and the
number of ports can be increased just by adding cards
in the slots. E.g.:-Cisco Routers from 2600,…, 12000
Fixed Routers
These types of routers have fixed number of ports.
E.g.:- Cisco Routers from 700,…, 2500

14. 


Static
Dynamic
Default

When the destination is known, static and
dynamic routing is done. Static routing is done
by the users.

For unknown destinations, default routing is
employed.

In dynamic routing, path is fixed by the protocol.
Path changes depending on the length of the
path. Always the shortest path is preferred.
Paths are stored in the routing table.

15. A
Distance Vector Routing Protocol.
 “Hop
count metric” selects the path. It is the
only criteria. Maximum is 15.
 Route
updates are broadcasted after every
30 seconds.
 RIPv1
uses only Classful Routing.

16. 
Supports IPv4 and IPv6 via ProtocolDependent Modules.

Considered Classless.

Efficient Neighbor discovery.


Maximum Hop Count is 255. By Default it is
100.
Uses Reliable Transport Protocol(RTP).

17.  An Open standard Routing Protocol.
 A Link-State Routing Protocol.
 Minimizes Routing Update Traffic.
 Has unlimited Hop Count.

18. VLANs helps reduce the cost of moving employees from
one location to another

19. 
VLAN trunking protocol (VTP)
 A layer
2 messaging protocol that manages all the
changes to the VLANs across networks.

VTP domains
 VTP
devices are organized into domains. Each switch
can only be in one VTP domain at a time.

VTP device modes: Server
 Client
 Transparent

20. 

It is a packet-switched, connection-oriented, WAN service.
It operates at the data link layer of the OSI reference model.