1. Consumer Battery Technology By Alyssa Durden Eng 1105 Elizabeth Owens

2. Batteries are a Large Commodity The demand for materials used in the production of batteries and fuel cells has been on a steady rise. According to a study done by the Freedonia Group, world demand for materials used in the manufacture of batteries will rise 3.9 percent per year to $22.8 billion in 2012.

4. Batteries are used in portable electronic applications such as garage door openers and electric lawn mowers

5. Battery ClassificationsBatteries are divided into two categories: Primary Secondary

7. Convenience

8. lower initial cost

9. higher capacity

10. Disadvantages

11. Continuous replacement

12. Greater long term expense

13. WastePrimary cell batteries are designed to be used once and then discarded as their electrochemical reactions are not reversible.

15. Can replace primary batteries in some devices

16. Lower long term expense

17. Ideal in high drain devices

18. Disadvantages

19. Greater initial cost

20. Shorter shelf life

21. High self-dischargeSecondary cell batteries can have their chemical reactions readily reversed giving them the ability to be recharged.

22. Ok… So What are Batteries Made Of? Whether batteries are primary or secondary, they can contain a variety of chemical systems. Some common chemistries are:

23. Carbon-zinc The common Eveready primary battery and standard nine-volt battery is made up of Carbon-zinc. Carbon-zinc is a generic term for primary dry batteries of the LeClanche or Zinc Chloride system. These batteries have an anode of zinc, a cathode of manganese dioxide, and a slightly acidic electrolyte. Carbon-zinc cells are usually the lowest priced primary cells and have the lowest storage density of the common battery family.

24. Alkaline-manganese dioxide primary batteries are basically the same as carbon-zincexcept their chemical makeup has been altered to make them more alkaline. These batteries have advantages over standard carbon-zinc such as higher energy density, better cold temperature performance, slightly lower internal resistance, and longer shelf life. Alkaline-Manganese Dioxide

25. Nickel Cadmium cells or “NiCad” were used as one of the oldest styles of rechargeable batteries. They have the capability of withstanding deep discharges but have a sever drawback as well. The cadmium used in their anodes is highly toxic and also form cadmium crystals over time creating a “memory effect” reducing the charge the battery will hold over time. This is the main reason many battery manufacturers have discontinued production of this type of battery. = So instead….. Nickel Cadmium

26. Nickel-Metal Hydride Nickel-Metal Hydride cells or “NiMH” have been a good substitution as they have essentially the same qualities as NiCad batteries except by using hydrides, they are not as toxic and do not form the crystals that cadmium does.

27. Lithium + ________ Lithium is a fast developing material used today in all shapes and sizes for both primary and rechargeable chemistry combinations. Lithium itself can be used as an anode for primary batteries surpassing performance of carbon-zinc and alkaline systems while lithium-ion cells are the fastest growing and most promising battery rechargeable chemistry to date. Lithium-ion cells are showing high promise because they are lighter than other energy-equivalent secondary cell batteries, do not develop a memory effect and have a lower self discharge rate.

29. Paper Batteries

31. Image Credits Energizer Corp. Getty Images stock Onlybatteries.com greenoptimistic.com Reference http://www.advanced-battery.com/nicd.htm http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/alkaline_appman.pdf http://evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=20980 http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/nickelmetalhydride_appman.pdf http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/whats_the_best_battery http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPTcQJPbGHw http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-battryElec.html