Reef fish, newcomers to macro-ecology

Reef fish, newcomers to macro-ecology
Presented by KULBICKI MICHEL
IRD
GASPAR program

INITIAL AIM: investigate SAR & associated curves using Reef fish as a model
In particular we were interested to look from local to global using:
Intrinsic factors: i.e. life-history traits; Phylogeny
Extrinsic: local factors (e.g. habitat types ; distubances) and
regional factors (e.g. island size and isolation, energy, evolutionary history)
WHY REEF FISH ?
High diversity (> 7100 species)
Contrasted sites with strong gradients in:
Habitat
Island size & isolation
Latitude
Very low level of publication < 2011 compared to land (birds,
mammals, butterflies, FW fish …)

Checklists (initially 165; now > 280) – 6300 teleost species (initially – now > 7000)
LHT: Diet, Size, Schooling, Home Range, Level in the water
Physical , biogeochemical & human related data
Island and coral reef size
Geomorphological diversity of coral reefs
SST, salinity, chlorophyll and so on
Island isolation Human density; Revenue; Travel time
MPAs : location, surface, status

REGIONS FOR WHICH THE TEAM HAS DATA OTHER REGIONS POTENTIALLY AVAILABLE
Field Observations (UVC) (1.5 million records + ~ 1 million additional )
12 000 transects Species composition
Abundance
Size distribution
Biomass ; ~ Production
Benthic landscape

Taxonomy
& Phylog.
Life-History Traits
Environ. & Human
Factors
Field Observations
Biogeog.
Regions
Species
Assembly
Rules
Functional
Assembly
Rules
Evolut.
History
FG Vulnerabilty
Rarity
Predat. - Prey
DATA TYPES
RESULTS
Dispersal
Colonization
Ecol. Services
(Biomass)
Richness
X
Biomass
Biomass &
MTE
Management
Rules
Invas. Species
∆ Concepts

France (3 IRD ; 1 U Montpellier; 2 CNRS)
Australia (1)
Brazil (1)
Mexico (1)
USA (2)
Pos-doc (1)
Invited scientists : Israel (1), Switzerland (1); France (2)
Publications 2013-2016
Field ecologists: 4
Theoreticians: 3
Modelers : 3
Phylogenetic.: 1
Statistics-DB: 1
CESAB: two meetings/year & 3 year post-doc were essential
it took 2 years to get
the first article out
Access to high impact
journals eased through
3 members of the team
Project planned since 2005
First $ from FRB in 2009
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Nb.Articles
AverageImpactFactor
Nb Articles
Average IF

Taxonomy
& Phylog. Life-History Traits
Environ. & Human
Factors
Field Observations
Biogeog.
Regions
Species
Assembly
Rules
5 Hypotheses
Functional
Assembly
Rules
Evolut.
History
FG Vulnerabilty
Rarity
Predat. - Prey
Dispersal
Colonization
Ecol. Services
(Biomass)
Richness
X
Biomass
Biomass &
MTE
Management
Rules
W V
RL
AMT
I
BF KHN
E
SQX
G
K
JD
X
COY
KZ
Invas. Species

2241
3690
2910
570
890 403
3 Realms
6 regions
14 provinces
Kulbicki et al. 2013
Checklists Disimilarity
Number of Species

Taxonomy
& Phylog. Life-History Traits
Environ. & Human
Factors
Field Observations
Biogeog.
Regions
Species
Assembly
Rules
5 Hypotheses
Functional
Assembly
Rules
Evolut.
History
FG Vulnerabilty
Rarity
Predat. - Prey
Dispersal
Colonization
Ecol. Services
(Biomass)
Richness
X
Biomass
Biomass &
MTE
Management
Rules
W V
RL
AMT
I
BF KHN
E
SQX
G
K
JD
X
Invas. SpeciesCOY
KZ

10
2- assembly rules for species richness (Parravicini et al. 2013)

During ice-age periods coral reefs « shrink », sea level goes down
Today Lowest Sea Level during the quaternary
conditions favorable to coral reefs too cold
unfavorable salinity
3- the role of refuges and evolutionary history (Pellissier et al. 2014; Leprieur et al. 2015)

Distance of each cell to
the nearest refugia.
Average over 3 MY
Today’s distribution of
reef fish
Frequency of refugia
(there were many
changes during the last 3
MY – 1 value each 1000
years time step)
Refugia –SST -Salinity

Species richness
decreases with distance to
refugia. This distance
explains~ 60% of the
spatial distribution of
today’s reef fish
Labridae
Butterfly fish Damselfish
All Species
Colonizing capacity is
essential to explain the
present day diversity
distribution
High Dispersal
Average
dispersal
Low Dispersal

Some example from the Indo Pacific
Number of Species / Site
Number of Species / Site
Plankton Feeders Herbivores
Species < 7 cm Species 50-80 cm
5- Functional assembly rules (Kulbicki et al. 2015; Mouillot et al. 2014;
Bender et al. 2015)
%oftheGroup%oftheGroup

< 7cm
7-15 cm
16-30 cm
31-50 cm
51-80 cm
> 80 cm
Deviation from
neutral model

The global deviation (sum of all
deviation from Neutral) was
measured for each cell
The deviation is nearly
constant for families  Very
stable % of each family
within a realm
Trophic structure is the
furthest from the Neutral
model in regions with
high div ersity
Size Structure is the furthest
from the Neutral model in
isolated and peripheral regions

#ofspeciesperFE
Rank of functional entity
1
Species richness packing within functional entities reveals high functional
vulnerability of reef fish assemblages
Functional vulnerability
Functional vulnerability: The percentage of functional entities with no redundancy, i.e.
composed by only one species
Functional Vulnerability (Mouillot et al. 2015; Parravicini et al. 2015)

30 40 50 60 70 80
4050607080
Functional richness
Functionalvulnerability
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
4050607080
Species richness
Functionalvulnerability

6-Biomass a first measure of ecosystem service
Species Richness (log)
Functional Richness (log)
StandingBiomass(log)
Mora et al. 2011

6.1 – Dark spot (Cinner et al. 2016)

PROGRAMS & TEAMS (FOLLOW UP): Pristine; Dark Spot; Shark; ReefProd; Reef Atlas
CONCEPTS: SR-D-B-P relationships; role of humans vs nature; top predators;
role of FG vs role of species
EXPECTED OUTCOMES
THEORETICAL:
Comparing with other systems or phyla
(e.g. terrestrial, fresh water; birds, trees …)
Hierarchy of LHT, is species size a « super-LHT » (over-arching trait)?
Links between species size, richness and abundance
What do « theories » linked to energy use and metabolism have to say ?

Abundance & Endemism:
Differences in abundance between zones with and without
refuges
LHT of endemics are different according to these zones
Species age similar for endemics and non endemics
but different between rare and common species
Evolutionary history structures all ?
Using simple rules in recruitment & colonization as a function of
species size, models converge towards todays species richness
& species size structure
Core (Kernel) functions – functional succession
As species richness increases (for a given reef type) there is
a succession of FG, with an increase in the % of rare species &
rare FGs

PRACTICAL:
Management : there should be a chain of rules going from the general to the
specific as one goes from global to regional to local
Finding easy to measure control factors: e.g. travel time
Production as the ultimate measure of Ecological Service
Need of growth estimates / species
Problem of mortality & import-export

Reef fish, newcomers to macro-ecology

Reef fish, newcomers to macro-ecology

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