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Vitamin D deficiency  and health - related issues Dr. Peter Lakatos Professor of Medicine 1st Department of Medicine Semmelweis University, Budapest
Inadequate serum vitamin D limits ,[object Object],[object Object],Boonen S et al  Osteoporos Int  2004;15:511–519; Lips P  Endocr Rev  2001;22:477–501; Heaney RP  Osteoporos Int  2000;11:553–555,
Frequency of inadequate vitamin D levels Prevalenc e  (%) 0 Latin - Ameri c a Asia All region Austr a lia Europe Regions Middle-East 2589 postmenopausal osteoporotic women 10 30 40 60 80 90 N=2589 50 70 20 81.8% 63.9% 71.4% 53.4% 60.3% 57.7% Lips P et al. ASBMR, Nashville, TN, USA,  2005. sz eptember 23–27. ; Heaney RP  Osteoporos Int  2000;11:553–555.
2/3 of postmenopausal women have inadequate serum vitamin D levels Prevalence   ( % ) 25-OH-D -concentration lower limits  (ng/ml)  Lips P et al. ASBMR, Nashville, TN, USA,  2005. sz eptember 23–27. ; Heaney RP  Osteoporos Int  2000;11:553–555. 2589 postmenopausal osteoporotic women 0 10 30 40 60 80 90 30.8% 48.7% 2.8% 14.3% N=2589 63.9% 50 70 20 <20 <25 <9 <15 <30
All women with osteoporotic fractures have inadequate vitamin D levels ,[object Object],[object Object],Gallacher SJ et al  Curr Med Res Opin  2005;21:1355–1361; Heaney RP  Osteoporos Int  2000;11:553–555. Lower limits of  25-OH-D (ng/ml)   Prevalenc e  (%) 0 50 110 40 30 20 10 60 70 80 90 100 N=548 <32 98.9% <28 98.0% <24 95.6% <20 92.7% <16 81.0% <12 68.4%
Causes of inadequate vitamin D levels in the elderly ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Allain TJ, Dhesi J  Gerontology  2003;49:273–278; Holick MF  Am J Clin Nutr  1994;60:619–630;  Lips P. In:  Advances in Nutritional Research , Vol 9, New York: Plenum Press, 1994:151–165 ; Webb AR et al  Am J Clin Nutr  1990;51:1075–1081; Holick MF et al  Lancet  1989;2:1104–1105; MacLaughlin J, Holick MF  J Clin Invest  1985;76:1536–1538,
Recommended daily vitamin D intake (earlier) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],European Commission.  Report on Osteoporosis in the European Community:   Action on Prevention . Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1998;  Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride . Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, 1997 . At present, the recommended daily dosage of vitamin D is 800 NE !
Results with vitamin D supplementation
Reduced fracture incidence ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Trivedi D et al  BMJ  2003;326:469, Fracture risk ( hip, wrist, forearm, spine ) – 33% Treated (n=1341) Untreated (n=1345) p= 0,0 2 0 , 2 0 , 4 0 , 6 0 , 8 1,0 1,2
Hip fx Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al, Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(6):551-561
Risk of falling ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Átvéve: Bischoff HA et al  J Bone Miner Res  2003;18:343–351, Only calcium (n=44) C alcium +  vitamin D (n=45) Risk of falling 0 , 2 0 ,4 0 , 6 0 , 8 1,0 1,2 – 49% Risk of falling decreased p= 0,0 1
25 - OH - D  and lower limb functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],NHANES=National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; LOWESS  ( locally weighted regression ) = adatpontonként súlyozott regresszió Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al  Am J Clin Nutr  2004;80:752–758, S e rum - 25 - OH - D (ng/ml) 0 8 16 32 48 64 Walking time  ( sec ) 24 40 56 3,5 4,0 4,5 Referenc e- range Improvement of lower limb functions
T umorgene s is In vitamin D insufficiency, the prevalence of certain tumors is 35% higher.
DNA-weighted UVB
 
Tumors associated with UVB radiation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lappe JM et al, Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1586–91. N=1179
Sunshine, vitamin D, SM Pierrot-Deseilligny, Souberbielle  Brain  2010:133;1869–1888 10  n g/m l  increase in 25-OH-D reduces the relapses by  34%  (Mowry et al., 2010) .
Heart and vessels ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],In vitamin D insufficiency, cardiovasc. events are  20-30% more frequent
Endocrinology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Immunity - infections ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dementia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Economical aspects of vitamin D supplementation William B Grant et al Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, March 4 (2009) 1–10. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Average 25OHD at present: 15-20 ng/ml. If it was increased to 30-40 ng/ml: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Gross Domestic Product, % GDP Healthcare, % Saved Achieving Vitamin D3 Adequacy  Population  GDP  % GDP healthcare  Cost of healthcare in US dollars  17.7% annual savings 40 ng/mL level vitamin D3  Northern Europe  $16.4 trillion (€uros 12.05 trillion) 9.3%  $1.568 trillion  $261 billion (€uros 187 billion)   USA  $14.1 trillion  16.2%  $2.284 trillion  $404 billion  Source: Extrapolated from data published in Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, March 4, 2009. Chart by Knowledge of Health, Inc.
Suggested vitamin D statements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Lunch session p lakatos

  • 1. Vitamin D deficiency and health - related issues Dr. Peter Lakatos Professor of Medicine 1st Department of Medicine Semmelweis University, Budapest
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  • 3. Frequency of inadequate vitamin D levels Prevalenc e (%) 0 Latin - Ameri c a Asia All region Austr a lia Europe Regions Middle-East 2589 postmenopausal osteoporotic women 10 30 40 60 80 90 N=2589 50 70 20 81.8% 63.9% 71.4% 53.4% 60.3% 57.7% Lips P et al. ASBMR, Nashville, TN, USA, 2005. sz eptember 23–27. ; Heaney RP Osteoporos Int 2000;11:553–555.
  • 4. 2/3 of postmenopausal women have inadequate serum vitamin D levels Prevalence ( % ) 25-OH-D -concentration lower limits (ng/ml) Lips P et al. ASBMR, Nashville, TN, USA, 2005. sz eptember 23–27. ; Heaney RP Osteoporos Int 2000;11:553–555. 2589 postmenopausal osteoporotic women 0 10 30 40 60 80 90 30.8% 48.7% 2.8% 14.3% N=2589 63.9% 50 70 20 <20 <25 <9 <15 <30
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  • 8. Results with vitamin D supplementation
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  • 10. Hip fx Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al, Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(6):551-561
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  • 13. T umorgene s is In vitamin D insufficiency, the prevalence of certain tumors is 35% higher.
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  • 17. Lappe JM et al, Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1586–91. N=1179
  • 18. Sunshine, vitamin D, SM Pierrot-Deseilligny, Souberbielle Brain 2010:133;1869–1888 10 n g/m l increase in 25-OH-D reduces the relapses by 34% (Mowry et al., 2010) .
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Notes de l'éditeur

  1. No consensus exists on the optimal level of 25(OH)D or the definition of vitamin D inadequacy, 3,4 but concentrations of 25(OH)D below the suggested level of 30 ng/ml (75 nmol/L) appear to be associated with suboptimal calcium absorption and increased PTH. 6
  2. Egy nemzetközi epidemiológiai vizsgálat eredményei azt mutatják, hogy az inadekvát D-vitamin-szint az egész világon nagy gyakorisággal fordul elő a posztmenopauzás oszteoporózisos nők körében, még a napsütötte régiókban is. Ebbe a keresztmetszeti, obszervációs, egyetlen orvosi vizitből álló vizsgálatba 2589 posztmenopauzás nőt vontak be 2004 májusa és 2005 márciusa között, akik Európa, Latin-Amerika, Közel-Kelet, Ázsia és Ausztrália 18 országában közösségen belül, függetlenül élnek. 1 Az inadekvát D-vitamin-szint definíciója: s zé rum - 25 - OH - D &lt; 30 ng/ml volt. 2 A vizsgált populációban összességében az átlagos 25-OH-D-koncentráció 2 6,8 ng/ml volt . A vizsgálati populáció kb. 64%-ának szérum- 25-OH-D -koncentrációja 30 ng/ml-nél kisebb volt, és mintegy 31%-uk koncentrációja 20 ng/ml-nél is kisebb volt. Az inadekvát D-vitamin-szint elterjedtsége a vizsgálatba bevont öt régió mindegyikében legalább 53% volt, a legmagasabb a Közel-Keleten (81,8%) és Ázsiában (71,4%) volt . 1-3 A vizsgálatban részt vevők 58,4%-a használt az oszteoporózis kezelésére jóváhagyott gyógyszert, mint pl. biszfoszfonátokat, szelektív ösztrogénreceptor-modulátorokat, kalcitonint vagy parathormon t, és hozzávetőleg 54,2%-uk szedett táplálékkiegészítőként D-vitamint . 3
  3. Egy nemzetközi epidemiológiai vizsgálat eredményei azt mutatják, hogy az inadekvát D-vitamin-szint az egész világon nagy gyakorisággal fordul elő a posztmenopauzás oszteoporózisos nők körében, még a napsütötte régiókban is. Ebbe a keresztmetszeti, obszervációs, egyetlen orvosi vizitből álló vizsgálatba 2589 posztmenopauzás nőt vontak be 2004 májusa és 2005 márciusa között, akik Európa, Latin-Amerika, Közel-Kelet, Ázsia és Ausztrália 18 országában közösségen belül, függetlenül élnek. 1 Az inadekvát D-vitamin-szint definíciója: s zé rum - 25 - OH - D &lt; 30 ng/ml volt. 2 A vizsgált nőbetegek 63,9 % -ánál 30 ng/ml (az intesztinális kalciumabszorpció maximalizálására és a másodlagos hyperparathyr e oidi smus megelőzésére javasolt határérték) alatt, 48,7%-ánál pedig 25 ng/ml alatt volt a szérum- 25-OH-D -koncentráció . 3- 5
  4. A Skóciában végzett multicent rikus vizsgálatban nonvertebrális törésen átesett betegek két csoportjában (retrospektív és prospektív vizsgálati kar) tanulmányozták az inadekvát D- vitamin -szint előfordulását a s zé rum 25 - OH - D -szintjének mérése alapján . 6 Az inadekvát D-vitamin-szint definíciója: s zé rum - 25 - OH - D &lt; 30 ng/ml volt . 2 A retrospektív karba 548 felnőttet vontak be, akik 60 évesnél idősebbek voltak, és akiket egy négyéves periódusban csípőtáji törés miatt vettek fel kórházba. A 25 - OH - D s zé rum szintje nagyjából 30 ng/ml alatt volt a betegek 97 , 8% -ánál, míg 91 , 6% -uknál a 25 - OH - D -szint kb. 2 0 ng/ml alatt volt . 6 A prospektív kar 50 év feletti felnőtteket (n=50) foglalt magába, akiknek klinikai nonvertebrális törésük és oszteoporózisuk volt, melyet az axiális gerincen vagy a csípőtájon vagy mindkét lokalizációban végzett DXA-méréssel (T-score &lt; –2 , 5) határoztak meg. Klinikai nonvertebrális törésnek tekintették azokat a töréseket, melyek álló helyzetnél nem nagyobb magasságból történő elesés kapcsán keletkeztek. A 25-OH-D szérumszintje nagyjából 30 ng/ml alatt volt a betegek 8 2,0 % -ánál, míg 72,0 % -uknál a 25 - OH - D -szint kb. 2 0 ng/ml alatt volt . 6 Az inadekvát D-vitamin-szint prevalenciáját nem befolyásolta szignifikánsan az életkor és a nem . Sem a retrospe k t í v , sem a prospe ktív vizsgálati populációban nem számoltak be D- vitamin - s z upplement áció szedéséről . 6
  5. Az inadekvát D-vitamin-szint posztmenopauzás nők körében megfigyelt nagy prevalenciájának egyik lehetséges oka a napon eltöltött idő és az étrendi D-vitamin-bevitel csökkenése az életkor előrehaladtával . 9-11 Egyebek mellett a bőr D-vitamin-szintetizáló képességének életkorral járó csökkenése is szerepet játszhat . 9,11,13,14 A posztmenopauzás nők körében tapasztalható inadekvát D-vitamin-szint gyakori előfordulásának további magyarázata, hogy rendszerint rossz a betegek compliance-e a napi adagolású per os táplálékkiegészítőkkel – legalábbis ez derült ki két nagy-britanniai kórházban végzett vizsgálatból, melyet az ortopédiai osztályra posztoperatív szakban felvett betegek körében végeztek. 15 Ref 9, p 274, C2, ¶ 1, L12-15 Ref 10, p 622, C2, ¶ 2, L8-11 Ref 11, p 1075, C2, L6-9 Ref 9, p 274, C2, ¶ 1, L1-4 Ref 11, p 153, ¶ 1, L4-6 Ref 13; p 1104, C2, ¶ 2, L5-10; p 1105, C1, L5-8 Ref 14, p 1537, C1, ¶ 1, L9-11 Ref 15, p 172, C1, ¶1, L5-8, ¶2, L2-4, C2, L1-7; p 173, C1, ¶3, L1-3; p 174, C2, ¶1, L1-4 Ref 9, p 274, C2, ¶ 1, L1-4,12-15 Ref 10, p 622, C2, ¶ 2, L8-11 Ref 11, p 153, ¶ 1, L4-6 Ref 12, p 1075, C2, L6-9 Ref 13, p 1104, C2, ¶ 2, L5-10; p 1105, C1, L5-8 Ref 14, p 1537, C1, ¶ 1, L9-11 Ref 15, p 173, C1, ¶3, L1-3, Fig 1; p 174, C2, ¶1, L1-8
  6. Az Európai Közösség a 65 éves és annál idősebb emberek számára a D-vitamin ajánlott étrendi bevitelét napi 400 NE-ben határozta meg . 24 Mivel az Egyesült Államokban a fő D-vitamin-forrást a napnak kitett bőrben zajló szintézis jelenti, itt a D-vitamin-szükségletet az ajánlott étrendi bevitel helyett az adekvát napi bevitelben határozzák meg . 1 8 , 25 Az Élelmezés- és Táplálkozástudományi Bizottság ( Food and Nutrition Board ) irányelve az egészséges, legfeljebb 50 éves egyének számára szükséges bevitelt napi 200 NE-ben határozza meg, az 51-70 évesekét napi 400 NE-ben, a 70 évnél idősebbekét pedig napi 600 NE-ben . 2 6 Az Amerikai Élelmiszer- és Gyógyszerhatóság ( US Food and Drug Administration , azaz FDA) a D-vitamin beviteléről nem adott ki irányelvet. Az FDA ugyanakkor útmutatást ad azokon a címkéken , amelyeket az élelmiszerek többségén használnak azok D-vitamin-tartalmának ismertetésére, hogy segítsék a fogyasztókat az étrendi bevitelük megállapításában . Ezeken a címkéken egy napi értéket tüntetnek fel, amely a D-vitamin esetében 400 NE. 3 A nagy mennyiségű D-vitamin-bevitel hatásosságának és biztonságosságának kiértékelése céljából végzett klinikai vizsgálatban 50 önkéntest – akiknél a D-vitamin szérumszintje 20 ng/ml-nél kisebb volt – évente egyszer 600000 NE intramuscularis D-vitaminnal kezeltek . A D-vitamin hatásosságát a szérum-25-OH-D-koncentráció kiindulástól mért változásával ítélték meg 4 és 12 hónap elteltével. A kiinduláshoz képest a 25-OH-D szérumszintje röviddel a terápia megkezdését követően normalizálódott, és 20 ng/ml felett maradt 4 és 12 hónap után is. A szérum- PTH -szint csökkent a kiindulási értékhez képest, és az alatt maradt 4, ill. 12 hónap után. A 600000 NE D-vitamin évi egyetlen alkalmazásával hatásosan normalizálható volt a szérum D- vitamin -szintje, nem járt a vesefunkciók romlásával, és a 25 - OH - D -szint sem csökkent 20 ng/ml alá . Két betegnél (4%) enyhe hypercalc a emi át észleltek 12 hónap után . 27
  7. A randomized, double-blind British trial examined the effect of oral vitamin D supplementation on the risk of fracture in 2686 men and women, 65 to 85 years of age, living in the community. Study participants were randomly assigned to receive a single oral dose of 100,000 IU of vitamin D 3 or matching placebo every four months for five years, equivalent to a daily dose of approximately 800 IU. The incidence of fracture of the hip, wrist, forearm, or vertebrae was 4,5% in volunteers assigned to receive vitamin D and 6,5% in those given placebo (p=2), and the age-adjusted relative risk of fracture at these sites was 33% lower with vitamin D. Due to lack of funding, this was a small trial. To maximize generalizability, this was a pragmatic trial with minimal exclusion criteria. The data was ascertained via a self-report questionnaire, which could have led to ascertainment errors. 23
  8. A double-blind, randomized Swiss trial evaluated the effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on the risk of falling among 122 women (mean age, 85,3 years) cared for in long-term geriatric care units before transfer into nursing homes. Study participants were randomly assigned to receive 1200 mg/day of calcium alone or calcium 1200 mg/day plus 800 IU/day of vitamin D for 12 weeks. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration prior to treatment was 12 ng/ml in both treatment groups. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation accounted for a 49% reduction in the risk of a fall (p=1), after adjusting for 1) age, 2) the number of participants who fell during a six-week pretreatment period, 3) the number of falls per person during the pretreatment period, 4) baseline serum levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH) 2 D, and 5) the observation time during treatment. This reduction may be attributable to the significant improvement (p=094) in musculoskeletal function detected in patients who received vitamin D and calcium. Because of transfers to nursing homes, the drop-out rate was high. The occurrence of multiple falls was addressed in the analysis. All study participants were white, institutionalized elderly women from Switzerland, so the study results may not be generalizable across a broad population. 45
  9. The findings from a population-based, US survey of 4100 ambulatory adults, 60 to more than 90 years of age, who were included in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) suggest an association between vitamin D status and lower-extremity function. Lower-extremity function in study participants was assessed using an eight-foot walking-speed test, and serum 25(OH)D concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Locally weighted regression plots were used to examine the association between 25(OH)D concentrations and lower-extremity function as assessed by the eight-foot walk test. Test performance speed continued to increase as the 25(OH)D level rose throughout the reference range of the assay of 9,0 to 37,6 ng/ml. 46 The improvement was greatest when the 25(OH)D concentrations were between 9 and approximately 16 ng/ml. 46 Because this study used a cross-sectional design to analyze the data, a causal relationship between vitamin D concentration and lower-extremity function cannot be established. 46
  10. Epidemiological studies on multiple sclerosis prevalence, exposure to sun and serum levels of vitamin D in normal adults in the administrative regions of France. (A) Map of France showing the 22 administrative regions, figures for regional multiple sclerosis prevalence (per 100 000 inhabitants) in the farmer population (Vukusic et al., 2007), the average annual amount of global solar irradiation (yellow spots) per region determined from European environmental data (Suri et al., 2007) and the average serum vitamin D levels in normal adults (red bars) per region from Chapuy et al. (1996). Vukusic et al. (2007) divided France into three main zones of regions (various shades of blue) and showed that a significant gradient existed between the North–East, intermediate and South–West zones in terms of regional multiple sclerosis prevalence. (B) Correlation performed by the authors of the present article between the regional multiple sclerosis prevalence in French farmers (Vukusic et al., 2007) and the average global annual (between 1981 and 1990) solar irradiation in the French regions (Suri et al., 2007), expressed in KWh/m2, using the Pearson test. This correlation is highly significant; note also that the three main zones of regions identified by Vukusic et al. (2007) are still relatively distinct in this comparison (ellipses). (C) Correlation performed by the authors of the present article between the regional multiple sclerosis prevalence in French farmers (Vukusic et al., 2007) and the average serum levels of vitamin D in normal adults living in nine roughly analogous French regions (Chapuy et al., 1996), using the Pearson test (modified from Pierrot-Deseilligny, 2009); this correlation was also significant and the three main zones of regions (as in A and B) were still relatively distinct in this comparison (ellipses). MS= multiple sclerosis. The study by Vukusic et al. (2007) involved French farmers, who represent 7% of the French population, and the mean multiple sclerosis prevalence was 65 per 100 000. For the 22 administrative regions of France (Fig. 4A), a geographical gradient of prevalence existed between North–East regions, intermediate and South and West regions (P50.001). However, the marked obliquity of the main geographical axes of these three zones of regions (Fig. 4A) suggests that this significance was not simply due to the latitude of these regions but also resulted from a more complicated factor, such as the climate (Ebers, 2008, 2009). French farmers represent a ‘nearly ideal’ (Ebers, 2008) population for the discussion of a possible climatic impact on multiple sclerosis since (i) being mostly Caucasian, they have a degree of ethnic homogeneity; (ii) they usually remain in the same region throughout their lives; (iii) they are evenly distributed throughout the country; and (iv) they spend a large part of their time outdoors, with consequently a marked exposure to the effect of climate. Thus, in this relatively homogeneous population, the only notable variable that might have influenced multiple sclerosis prevalence would appear to be the climate, since there is a very marked sunshine contrast between the North–East and South–West of France