1. The Potential of
Different Capture
Technologies
Olav Bolland
Professor
Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU
Gas Technology Centre NTNU – SINTEF
Trondheim, Norway
Lavutslippskonferansen 2008
Oslo, October 13, 2008
Gas Technology Centre NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
2. Current status – post-combustion
N₂/O₂
CO₂
CO₂
Power
separation Post-combustion
plant
CO₂
Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Biomass
CO/H₂
Gasification
H₂ H₂ Power N₂/O₂
CO₂ CO₂ compression
Shift
CO₂ separation plant & conditioning
Reforming CO/H₂
CO₂
Power
plant
O₂
N₂
separation
Air Air seperation
Air/O₂
Process +CO₂ Sep.
Product: Natural gas, ammonia, steel
Raw materials
Gas Technology Centre NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
3. Post-combustion
Low-medium CO2
partial pressure High CO2
partial pressure
Medium-high CO2
partial pressure
CO2 partial pressure = concentration*flue gas pressure
Gas Technology Centre NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
4. Absorption process
Treated
C.W.
gas CO2
C.W.
C.W.
Stripper/desorber
Absorber
Fan
Gas
cooler
C.W.
steam
Feed gas
Reboiler
Rich solvent
Lean solvent
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Olav Bolland
5. Absorption
CO2
Energy
partial
pressure consumption
0.6 GJ/t CO2
Physical solvents
MDEA
Selexol, Rectisol, Purisol,…
Medium 1.5 GJ/t CO2
-high
Benfield/K2CO3
2.4 GJ/t CO2
Ammonia
3.3 GJ/t CO2 Phase-change
MEA+, KS-1
Low-
Amine mix
medium
4.2 GJ/t CO2 State-of-the-art
MEA
Power plant flue gas
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Olav Bolland
6. Absorption - challenges
Energy consumption (heat and power)
8-12 %-points reduction in efficiency
Coal: 43-45% 30-35%
– 28-38% additional fuel consumption per kWhel
Natural gas: 56-60 46-52%
– 20-27% additional consumption fuel per kWhel
Corrosion
Amine degradation, oxidation (SOx, COS, C2S,
NO2, O2, fly ash)
Amine/ammonia emission to air
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Olav Bolland
7. Current status – pre-combustion
N₂/O₂
CO₂
CO₂
Power
separation
plant
CO₂
Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Biomass
CO/H₂
Gasification
H₂ H₂ Power N₂/O₂
CO₂ CO₂ compression
Shift
CO₂ separation plant & conditioning
Pre-combustion
Reforming CO/H₂
CO₂
Power
plant
O₂
N₂
separation
Air Air seperation
Air/O₂
Process +CO₂ Sep.
Product: Natural gas, ammonia, steel
Raw materials
Gas Technology Centre NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
8. IGCC without CO2 capture
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Quench
water Particulate Sulfur
Quench/
removal removal
heat
Recovered
heat
recovery
H2 S
Raw
syngas
Coal feed
Gasifier
O2 Hydrogen-rich gas
N2
Air Recovered heat
Separation
Unit HRSG
Compressed air
GT
ST
Air
Generator
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Olav Bolland
9. IGCC with CO2 capture
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Quench
water Particulate Shift Sulfur CO2 capture
Quench/
removal reaction removal
heat
Recovered
heat
recovery CO2
H2 S
Raw
syngas Steam
Coal feed
Gasifier CO2
storage
O2 Hydrogen rich gas
N2
Air
Recovered heat
Separation
Unit HRSG
Compressed air
GT
ST
Air
Generator
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Olav Bolland
10. Pre-combustion
Coal: H2-rich fuel to GT – how to dilute?
Cost reduction and efficiency improvement
requires new technology
– Sorption enhancement
Reformer reactor
Water-gas shift reactor
– Membranes for transport H2, O2, CO2
Reforming reactor
Oxygen separation from air in GT
Water-gas shift reactor
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Olav Bolland
11. Pre-combustion – SEWGS
Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift
H2 H2
H2
CO CO2
Water
Fuel H2O
Gasifier CO2
gas-shift CO2
Reformer capture
(WGS)
H2
CO WGS +
H2O
Fuel Gasifier gas separation H2
Reformer CO + H 2O H 2 + CO2
CO2 + sorbent → sorbent × CO2
Sorbent
sorbent × CO2 &
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) Q
Regeneration
Dolomite (CaCO3×MgCO3)
CO2
Hydrotalcite (Mg6Al2(OH)16[CO3]×4H2O/K2CO3 of sorbent
Lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4)
Gas Technology Centre NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
12. Current status – oxy-combustion
N₂/O₂
CO₂
CO₂
Power
separation
plant
CO₂
Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Biomass
CO/H₂
Gasification
H₂ H₂ Power N₂/O₂
CO₂ CO₂ compression
Shift
CO₂ separation plant & conditioning
Reforming CO/H₂
CO₂
Power
plant Oxy-combustion
O₂
N₂
separation
Air Air seperation
Air/O₂
Process +CO₂ Sep.
Product: Natural gas, ammonia, steel
Raw materials
Gas Technology Centre NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
13. Oxy-combustion - challenges
Air separation
– Cryogenic distillation dominating for the
foreseeable future
– Ceramic mixed ion/electron conducting
membranes – progress?
Natural gas: oxy-combustion gas turbines less likely
Coal: seems promising
Purification of CO2 before transport/storage
– Depends on CO2 quality requirements
Gas Technology Centre NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
14. Oxy-combustion coal 30 MWthermal
Schwarze Pumpe
Commissioning Sept 9, 2008
Vattenfall
Germany
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Olav Bolland
15. High
Technology status Medium
CO2 capture in power plants -high
Medium
-low
Low
Commercial
readiness
Natural gas
Improvement
potential
Post-combustion Pre-combustion Oxy-combustion
Gas Technology Centre NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
16. High
Technology status Medium
CO2 capture in power plants -high
Medium
-low
Low
Commercial
readiness
Coal
Improvement
potential
Commercial
readiness
Natural gas
Improvement
potential
Post-combustion Pre-combustion Oxy-combustion
Gas Technology Centre NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
17. Thank you!
Gas Technology Centre NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland