Powerpoint for unit 9, about organisms adaptations, populations and communities

1. Unit 9: Living
things in their
environment

2. Index
1. Environmental factors
2. Adaptation of organisms to the environment
3. How living things change their environments
4. Populations
5. Communities

3. 1. Environmental factors
Ecological factors
(characteristics of
the environment)
Abiotic
Physical and
chemical
conditions
Biotic Organisms

4. LIMITING FACTOR = variable that limits or prevents a
population from expanding.

5. 2. Adaptations of organisms to
the environment
Adaptation
Morphological
Physiological
Behavioural

6. A morphological adaptation involves some part of an animal's body, such as the
size or shape of the teeth, the animal's body covering, or the way the animal
moves.
MimicryColoration
Protective Resemblance

7. Migration
Hibernation
Playing Dead
(opossum, zarigüeya)
Behaviour adaptations include activities that help
an animal survive. Behaviour adaptations can be
learned or instinctive.

8. Types of organisms
according to the habitat
Generalist organisms
They are able to survive in
a greater variety of
environmental conditions
Specialist organisms
They cannot tolerate
significant changes to
their environment
Temperate forest  more
generalist organisms because of
the variations
Tropical forest  more specialist
organisms due to the stable
climate

9. 2.1 Adaptations to water scarcity
Water is stored in
special tissues
Hard, small leaves
Deep and extensive root systems
Drought resistant seeds

10. 2.2 Adaptations to temperature changes Skin insulation
Metabolic rate slows
down in winter
Organs grow underground
Leaves that fall in autumn
Individuals come together to
increase the temperature around them

11. 2.3 Adaptations to sunlight
Algae have different pigments which allow
them live at different dephts: green, brown and red
Plants grow in the direction of the light

12. 2.4 Adaptations to salt concentration
Saltwater fish excrete salt through their gills and their urine is very concentrated.
Freshwater fish eliminate the water by expelling large amounts of urine
that has a low salt content. They don’t drink.

13. 2.5 Adaptations to lack of oxygen
Increase in red blood cells and haemoglobin.
Increase in lung capacity
Organisms living in marine caves have lower
metabolic rates and accumulate lipids, which contain more energy
than carbohydrates and increase buoyancy.

14. 2.6 Adaptations to lack of food
Storing energy reserves in their body
Storing food in hidden places
Migrating to find food

15. 3. How living things change
their environments
Photosynthesis
contributes to
increase oxygen in
the atmosphere
and decreases the
amount of CO2
Plant roots and
the action of
some animals
break up rocks
Erosion
Coral skeletons
can create
islands
Human being
impact
Activities 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
page 167

16. 4. Populations
Colonies
• They are connected and related to each other because they are
produced by asexual reproduction from the same parent
4.1 Intraspecific relationships

17. Family groups
• The descendants come from a pair of animals and they stay together

18. Caste system of social insects
• They come from the same mother and have differences which dictate
their role in the community.

19. Social groups
• They live together but they must not be related. Sometimes these groups
are transitory, such as during migrations.
gnus
storks

20. 4.2 Population dynamics
Populations are not always constant. They undergo changes.
When the population becomes too big,
there are negative effects which limit reproduction
 lack of resources
 competition
 diseases

21. Latent phase
Exponential phase
Stationary phase
(maximum number of individuals
in a population)
Biotic potential = difference between
the birth rate and the death rate

22. 4.3 Population growth strategies
 R-strategists
They produce many descendants but they do not take care of them.
That’s why many of the descendants die.
They usually live in unstable habitats.
Their populations vary a lot.
Usually small animals.
Bacteria, molluscs, insects…

23.  K-strategists
They produce just a few descendants and they invest
a large quantity of resources caring for them.
They live in a stable habitat and they are very well
adapted to it.
Activities 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 page 171

24. 5. Communities
A community is a set of populations of different organisms that live
together in the same geographical area within a particular habitat.
5.1 Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the sequential order in which
plant communities and the animal species associated with them
change over time.

25. 1. An uninhabited zone is colonised by pioneer organisms
(they have few nutritional requirements)
2. The soil is progressively enriched and biodiversity increases

26. 3. The progressive evolution leads to a community that is very stable.
This is called the climax community.
The species which inhabit each ecosystem as the climax community
vary depending on the biome to which they belong to (climate, soil…)
Mature Mediterranean ForestTundra
Video: Primary Succession and Stages of Primary Succession
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNHnwHaSolA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLpc71YOtcE

28. Regression = a community loses an important part of its populations.
This can be caused by events such as natural disasters, climate change,
erosion…
It is a new evolutionary process which takes place after a regression.
The soil must not be formed because it is still there.

30. 5.2 Communities and the soil
The types of plants and therefore, the animals that develop in and
on a soil depend on its composition, structure and thickness.
Soil takes a long time to form, so its destruction is a major loss for
communities and it can cause a regression in their evolution.
Soil can be considered as a “potentially renewable resource”

31. The different
types of soil
depend on
Climate
Type of
bedrock
Microorganisms
that live there
Parts of a soil
Horizon A
•Humus (organic component), which
comes from the remains of living things
Horizon B,
•with mineral particles
Horizon C,
• made up of fragments form the
bedrock
Bedrock
A
B
C

32. 5.3 Interspecific relationships (within communities)
INTERACTION SPECIE A SPECIE B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Inquilinism + 0
Symbiosis + +
Parasitism + -
Predation + -
Competition - -

33. A. Mutualism (+,+)
Some birds and rhinoceros or zebras
Insects and flowers
Clownfish and sea anemones

34. Moray and some cleaning shrimps

35. B. Comensalism (+,0)
Shark and remora fish
Scarvengers

36. Bird’s nest fern
-Grows on a tree
-To obtain sunlight
Tree
-not receive any benefits or harm
C. Inquilinism (+,0)

37. Barnacles
- get shelter
Mussels
- Not affected

38. Hermit crabs and gastropod shells

39. D. Symbiosis (+,+)
Lichens: a fungus and an algae
Fungus provides shelter and humidity
Algae produces organic matter

40. Nodule (it contains nitrogen
fixing bacteria)
- The plant needs nitrogen, which comes
from the atmosphere. The bacteria
fix it.
Leguminous plant root:
Provides shelter and food for the bacteria

41. Symbiotic bacteria that live in our intestine

42. E. Parasitism (+,-)
The parasite benefits from the host, causing harm to him
Wood fungus (parasite)
obtains food and
shelter from tree
Host (Tree) is weakened and
may die

43. Tapeworms Fleas

44. Barnacles on whales

45. Brood Parasitism Mosquito on Humans

46. Rafflesia (parasite plant) obtains food and
shelter from the tree
Host (Tree) is weakened and
may die

47. -Plant Parasites-
Mistletoe is plant parasite
(Muérdago)

48. The rat is the victim (prey)
The snake eats and kills the rat (predator)
F. Predation (+,-)

49. -Herbivores
consumption of plant or algal tissue

50. -Carnivores
consumption of animal tissue

51. -Omnivores
consumption of both plant and animal tissues

52. -Detritivores
consumption of dead organic material

53. G. Competition (-,-)
They compete for the same resource: territory, food, water, light…

54. Glossary
 biotic potential
 carrying capacity
 ecological succession
climax community
 symbiosis
Activities 20, 21, 22, 23,24 and
26 page 175