Research Methodology 8

MSc
Integrated urbanism
& Sustainable Design
(IUSD)
Research Methodology
Dr. Ayat Ismail, PhD
Urban design & planning dept.
Ain Shams University
ayat.ismail@eng.asu.edu.eg
Research Ethics: plagiarism & misconduct
– quotes and referencing styles

MSc
Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
Topics
• What is Ethical and what is not?
• Ethics of conducting the research
• Ethics of reporting on your research
• Referencing styles

MSc
Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
According to the Collins Dictionary (1979: 502)
Ethical means ‘in accordance with principles of conduct that are
considered correct, especially those of a given profession or group
• What are these principles of conduct?
• In whose judgement must they be considered correct?
• Are there universal principles of conduct that can be applied to all
professions?
• Do these change with time?

MSc
Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
• What are these principles of conduct?
They are a set of rules, values, or standards that guide decisions,
procedures, responsibilities, or proper practices of an individual, party or
organization.
For example, there are certain behaviors – such as causing harm to
individuals, breaching confidentiality, using information improperly and
introducing bias – that are considered unethical in any profession.

MSc
Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
• In whose judgement must they be considered correct?
It is the overall body of professionals or government organizations
that collectively develops a professional code of conduct and forms a
judgement as to whether or not it is being followed.

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Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
• Are there universal principles of conduct that can be applied to all
professions?
No code of conduct can be uniformly applied across all professions. Each
profession has its own code of ethics, though there are commonalities. If
you want guidelines on ethical conduct for a particular profession, you
need to consult the code of ethics adopted by that profession or discipline.

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Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
• Do these change with time?
The way each profession serves society is continuously changing in
accordance with society’s needs and expectations and with the technology
available for the delivery of a service. What has been considered ethical in
the past may not be so judged at present, and what is ethical now may not
remain so in the future. Any judgement about whether a particular practice
is ethical is made on the basis of the code of conduct prevalent at that point
in time.

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Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
1. Ethics of conducting the research
• Ethical issues concerning methodology
• Ethical issues concerning stakeholders
2. Ethics of reporting on your research
• Plagiarism and improper citation

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Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
1. Not avoiding bias
Bias on the part of the researcher is unethical. Bias is different from
subjectivity. Subjectivity, is related to your educational background, training
and competence in research, and your philosophical perspective. Bias is a
deliberate attempt either to hide what you have found in your study, or to
highlight something disproportionately to its true existence. It is absolutely
unethical to introduce bias into a research activity. If you are unable to control
your bias, you should not be engaging in the research. Remember, it is the bias
that is unethical and not the subjectivity.

MSc
Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
2. Using inappropriate research methodology
A researcher has an obligation to use appropriate methodology, within his/her
knowledge base, in conducting a study. It is unethical to use deliberately a
method or procedure you know to be inappropriate to prove or disprove
something that you want to, such as by selecting a highly biased sample, using
an invalid instrument or by drawing wrong conclusions.

MSc
Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
3. Inappropriate use of the information
The use of information in a way that directly or indirectly harm respondents is
unethical. For example, in a study to examine the feasibility of restructuring
an organization, it is possible to harm individuals in the process of achieving
benefits for organizations. Should you ask respondents for information that is
likely to be used against them? If you do, the information may be used against
them, and if you do not, the organization may not be able to derive the benefits
of restructuring. What do you think is the ethical thing to do in this situation?

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Integrated urbanism
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• The participant
• The funding institution
• The researcher

MSc
Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
• The participant
- Collecting information without consent
- Incentives (gifts) are not always ethical
- Seeking sensitive information (invading privacy)
- The possibility of causing harm to participants
- Maintaining confidentiality

MSc
Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
• The funding institution
Sometimes there may be direct or indirect controls exercised by sponsoring
organizations. They may select the methodology, prohibit the publication of
‘what was found’ or impose other restrictions on the research that may stand
in the way of obtaining and disseminating accurate information. Both the
imposition and acceptance of these controls and restrictions are unethical,
as they constitute interference and could amount to the sponsoring
organization tailoring research findings to meet its vested interests.

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Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
- It is the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and
passing them off as one's own.
- Deliberate Plagiarism Is Stealing
- Few researchers intentionally plagiarize, but every honest one still
needs to give it serious thought, because most plagiarism is
unintentional
- Sometimes it happens when a writer is not clear about what to cite
or how to cite it, and it is usually a result of careless note taking.

MSc
Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
- Different fields draw the line between fair use and plagiarism
- In all fields, you plagiarize when you use a source’s words or ideas
without citing that source.
- In most fields, you plagiarize even when you do credit the source
but use its exact words without using quotation marks
- In other fields, you plagiarize when you paraphrase a source so
closely that anyone putting your work next to it would see that you
could not have written what you did without the original source

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Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
Referencing styles
Some commonly used style manuals are:
1. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)
used in psychology, education and other social sciences (author/ date)
2. Chicago Manual of Style (author/ date, footnotes)
3. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (MLA) –
used in literature & arts (author/ date)
4. The Harvard system (author/ date)
5. The Vancouver system – used in medical and scientific journal
(numeric)

MSc
Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)

MSc
Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
Source of References
• Book
• Journal
• Newspaper / magazine
• Conference paper/proceedings
• Annual report
• Institutional / Government publication
• Electronic sources- Website, CD-ROM, Databases
• Theses/ Reports/ unpublished works etc.
• Interview

MSc
Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
Elements to be shown in any reference
• Author
• Title of document
• Date ( year of publication)
• Place of publication
• Edition
• Periodicity (volume/ issue/ part number)
• Series

MSc
Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
Some APA basics and examples
• If you use quotation or any specific detail its good have page number in
citation: Sherman and Judkins (1995: 121) has suggested that
• In Secondary Referencing: John argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003: 102)
• A Work by Three to Five Authors: First citation: (Kernis, Cornell, Sun,
Berry, & Harlow, 1993). In subsequent citations, (Kernis et al., 1993)
• If the author is an organization or a government agency: According to the
American Psychological Association (2000),...
• If the organization has a well-known abbreviation: First citation: (Mothers
Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000) Second citation: (MADD, 2000)
• If you use the same reference twice in a row: First citation: (John, 2003)
Second citation (ibid.)

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Integrated urbanism
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Some APA basics and examples
• Two or More Works cited for the same paragraph: use semicolon as a
separator (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
• Authors With the Same Last Name: use first initials (E. Johnson, 2001; L.
Johnson, 1998)
• For interviews, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite
the communicator's name and the date of the communication. E.g.
• (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
• For internet webpages you must include the date when the site was
accessed: All 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue. (2010, October 13).
Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39625809/ns/world_
news-americas/

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Integrated urbanism
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Books Reference list Citation
One author MacCulloch, D. (1996). Thomas Cranmer: A life. New
Haven: Yale University Press.
MacCulloch
(1996, p. 386)
Two authors Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2005). Principles of
biochemistry (4th ed.).New York: Freeman.
(Nelson & Cox,
2005, p. 897).
No author United Press International stylebook: The authoritative
handbook for writers, editors, and news directors (3rd ed.).
(1992). Lincolnwood, Il: National.
(“United Press
International
stylebook,” 1992)
Corporate
author
NSW Board of Studies. (2003). Science years 7–10 syllabus.
Sydney:Author.
(NSW Board of
Studies, 2003, p.
69).

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Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
Books Reference list Citation
Edited
book
Burchfield, R. W. (Ed.). (1996). The new Fowler’s
modern English usage
(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(Burchfield,
1996, p. 707).
Article or
chapter in
an edited
book
Rospond, R. M. (2003). Pain assessment. In R. M.
Jones & R. M. Rospond (Eds.), Patient assessment in
pharmacy practice (pp. 160–170). Baltimore:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
(Rospond,
2003)
Introductio
n written by
someone
other than
the author
of the book.
Fuller, R. B. (1971). [Introduction]. In V. Papanek,
Design for the real world (pp. vii–xix). New York:
Pantheon.
(Fuller, 1971, p.
xi)

MSc
Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
Journal
& Mag.
Reference list Citation
One author Crispin, G. (1996). Trial by fire. Pottery in Australia, 35(3), 18–19.
The volume number is italicized, but the issue number (and its parentheses) are
not.
(Crispin,
1996, p. 18)
Print article
with DOI,
Charman, R. E., & Vasey, J. R. (2008). Surgical treatment of carpal
flexural deformity in 72 horses. Australian Veterinary Journal, 86(5),
195–199. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00275.x
(Charman &
Vasey, 2008,
p. 196)
No author
named
Improving ADR reporting. (2002). The Lancet, 360, 1435.
When no author or editor is named, place the title in the author position.
(“Improving
ADR
Reporting,”
2002)
Monthly
magazine
article
Reid, T. (2005, January). Caffeine. National Geographic, 207, 2–33.
The volume number and the following comma are italicized.
(Reid, 2005,
p. 31)

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Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
Journal Reference list Citation
Newspaper
article
Murray, L. (2006, September 26). PM at war with Telstra’s
$9m man. The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 1.
(Murray, 2006)
Article with
DOI
assigned
McDougall, K. L. (2007). Grazing and fire in two subalpine
peatlands. Australian Journal of Botany, 55(1), 42–47.
doi:10.1071/BT06096
No further retrieval information is needed to identify or locate
the article. Include the issue no, if available, along with the vol.
number.
(McDougall, 2007,
p. 43)
Article with
out DOI
assigned
Drury, V., Francis, K., & Chapman, Y. (2009). Mature learners
becoming registered nurses: A grounded theory model.
Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26(2), 39–45.
Retrieved from http://www.ajan.com.au/
(Drury, Francis, &
Chapman, 2009,
p. 41)

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Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
Ebook Reference list Citation
(Book
through
database
Grant, G. (2008). Family wars: Classic conflicts in family business
and how to deal with them. Retrieved from EBook Library.
(Grant, 2008,
p. 45)
Entire book
(Book on
public
website)
O’Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Available
from http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135
book was found on a publicly website, so the URL is given.
(O’Keefe,
n.d.)
Online
encyclopaedia
Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford
encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from
http://plato.stanford.edu
If the author of the entry is not named, place the title in the author position.
See the following example.
(Graham,
2005)
Online
dictionary
Pluperfect. (2009). In Oxford English Dictionary online. Retrieved
from http://dictionary.oed.com/
The author of the entry is not named, so the title is placed in the author
position.
(“Pluperfect,”
2009)

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Integrated urbanism
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Ebook Reference list Citation
Internet
document—
no author
Effects of global warming on whales. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.stopwhaling.org/site/c.foJNIZOyEnH/b.2660179/k.B
BA/Stop_Whaling__Effects_of_Global_Warming_on_Whales__
IFA W_US.htm
Begin the reference with the title of the document.
(“Effects of
Global
Warming,”
n.d., para. 3).
Chapter or
section in an
internet
document
with author
Ogilvie, D. (n.d.). Why I don’t eat honey. In Why be vegan.
Retrieved from http://www.vnv.org.au/WhyBeVegan.htm
(n.d.) means that the date of publication was unavailable. The
name of the site, Why be vegan, is in italics.The article, or section
(Why I don’t eat honey), is not in italics.
(Ogilvie, n.d.)

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Integrated urbanism
(IUSD)
Thank You

Research Methodology 8

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