This lecture provides a brief overview of open scholarship. It covers definitions, rationale, short history, funder mandates and influence on open scholarship; and drawbacks for open scholarship.

1. Open Scholarship
Philips Ayeni
PhD Candidate, McGill School of Information Studies
Montreal Canada
Email: philipsayeni@gmail.com
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2. Overview
 Open scholarship – Definitions
 Rationale for Open scholarship
 History of Open scholarship
 Funder mandates and Open scholarship
 Drawbacks for open scholarship
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3. “When science becomes more
open, we all advance”
- PLOS
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4. Open Scholarship
“ Open scholarship is one of the most profound
influences on the research landscape. It is shaping
institutional policy and strategy, changing scholarly
behavior and raising substantial questions about
infrastructure and investment”
(Rogers, 2014)
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5. What is Open scholarship?
 No commonly agreed definition for Open Scholarship
 Often used interchangeably with Open Science
(Tennant et al, 2019; Tennant et al, 2020)
 The Turing Way (2019) defines Open scholarship as:
“open to everyone without discrimination based on factors
such as race, gender, sexual orientation, or any other factors”
 Umbrella term for all efforts geared towards advancing free
and open access to research, scholarly and scientific
discoveries.
 E.g Open Access, Open Data, Open Source software, OER etc
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6. Rationale for Open Scholarship
 That the outcomes of research should be made freely and
publicly available
 That it is a fundamental human right
 That publicly research should be made freely available
 “Open scholarship has a strong ideological basis rooted in an
ethical pursuit for democratization, fundamental human rights,
equality, and justice”
(Veletshainos & Kimmons, 2012, p.172)
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7.  Inequity and inequality of access to research and scientific
discoveries.
 Increasing journals subscription fees
 The serial crisis
 Access to scholarship in the global south is restricted (Minai, 2018)
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Rationale for Open Scholarship

8. History of Open Scholarship
 This idea of providing free online open access predated the
term “Open Access”
 Computer scientists had been self-archiving in anonymous
file transfer protocols archives since the 19070s
 Physicists had been self-archiving in ArXiv since the 1990s
 Early 2000s, the BBB declarations (Budapest 2002, Bethesda, 2003 and Berlin
2003).
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9. Funder mandates and Open
scholarship
 Tri-Agency Canada
 Plan S & cOAlition S
 The U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)
 UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)
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10. Tri-Agency
Policy Statement
a. Deposit their final, peer-reviewed manuscript
into an institutional or disciplinary repository that
will make the manuscript freely accessible within
12 months of publication.
b. Grant recipients can publish in a journal that
offers immediate open access or that offers
open access on its website within 12 months
Source: https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/063.nsf/eng/h_F6765465.html
10Figure Source: McGill Website

11. Plan S
 Launched September 2018, supported by
cOAlition S, a consortium of European research
funders.
 Requires that from 2021, scientific publications
that result from research funded by public grants
must be published in compliant Open Access
journals or platforms. (cOAlition S, 2019)
 Guided by 10 Principles (https://bit.ly/37xAcFU)
Read more: https://www.
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12. OSTP
 The U.S. Office of Science and Technology
Policy (OSTP) considering a national open
access policy.
 Request for Information (RTI) on Feb 19, 2020
about “Public Access to Peer-Reviewed Scholarly
Publications, Data and Code Resulting From Federally
Funded Research”
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13. UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)
 National funding agency investing in science and
research in the UK
 UKRI brings together the 7 Research Councils,
Innovate UK and Research England.
 Operating across the whole of the UK with a
combined budget of more than £6 billion.
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14. Drawbacks for open scholarship
 No general acceptability
 Growth of predatory journals (Shen & Björk, 2015; Ayeni & Adetoro, 2017)
 Many authors cannot afford to pay APCs (Solomon & Björk, 2012).
 Limited funding and infrastructure
 Institutional policies
 Tenure and impact metrics
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15. More than access…
Beyond being able to read or share research, open
scholarship should be about:
 Providing the right context to understand it.
 Making resources available for replication.
Tools to collaborate and make science better.
And building the framework for more equitable
participation and distribution of knowledge.
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16. Thank you
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17. References
Ayeni, P. O., & Adetoro, N. (2017). Growth of predatory open access journals: implication for quality
assurance in library and information science research. Library Hi Tech News.
https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-10-2016-0046
cOAlition S. (2019). Principles and implementation. https://www.coalition-s.org/addendum-to-the-
coalition-s-guidance-on-the-implementation-of-plan-s/principles-and-implementation/
Higher Education Founding Council for England. (2015). Staff employed at HEFCE‐funded HEIs:
Trends and profiles. Retrieved from http://www.hefce.ac.uk/analysis/staff/ecr/
Minai, N.S (2018) Challenges for Academics in the Global South — Resource Constraints,
Institutional Issues, and Infrastructural Problems. The Scholarly Kitche. Retreived September 28,
20120 from https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2018/08/16/guest-post-challenges-academics-
global-south-resource-constraints-institutional-issues-infrastructural-problems/
OSTP (2020) Request for Information: Public Access to Peer-Reviewed Scholarly Publications, Data
and Code Resulting From Federally Funded Research. Retrieved from
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/02/19/2020-03189/request-for-information-public-
access-to-peer-reviewed-scholarly-publications-data-and-code
PLOS (n,d). Benefits of Open: When science becomes more open, we all advance. Retrieved Sept
28, 2020 from https://plos.org/open-science/why-open-access/
Rogers, J. (2014). Open scholarship and research management. Insights, 27(3), 239-243.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1629/2048-7754.170
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18. References
Shen, C., & Björk, B. C. (2015). ‘Predatory’ open access: a longitudinal study of article volumes and
market characteristics. BMC medicine, 13(1), 230. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0469-2
Solomon, D. J., & Björk, B. C. (2012). A study of open access journals using article processing
charges. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(8), 1485-
1495. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22673
Tennant, J., Beamer, J. E., Bosman, J., Brembs, B., Chung, N., Clement, G., … Turner, A. (2019)
Foundations for Open Scholarship Strategy Development. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/b4v8p
Tennant, J., Agarwal, R., Baždarić, K., Brassard, D., Crick, T., Dunleavy, D. J., ... & Tzovaras, B. G.
(2020). A tale of two 'opens’ : intersections between Free and Open Source Software and Open
Scholarship. 10.31235/osf.io/2kxq8
The Turing Way Community, Becky Arnold, Louise Bowler, Sarah Gibson, Patricia Herterich, Rosie
Higman, … Kirstie Whitaker. (2019, March 25). The Turing Way: A Handbook for Reproducible Data
Science (Version v0.0.4). Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3233986
United States Office of Science and Technology Policy. (2020). Request for public comment on draft
desirable characteristics of repositories for managing and sharing data resulting from federally
funded research. Federal register. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/01/17/2020-
00689/request-for-public-comment-on-draft-desirable-characteristics-of-repositories-for-managing-
and-sharing-and-supplemental.
Veletsianos, G. & Kimmons, R. (2012). Assumptions and Challenges of Open Scholarship.
International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 13 (4), 166–189.
https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v13i4.1313
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