The document discusses the purposes and objectives of civics and ethics education in Ethiopia. It aims to produce good citizens who can actively and responsibly participate in their country's development. Specifically, it seeks to enable students to exercise democratic values, participate in local affairs, understand group interests, prevent unconstitutional practices, protect citizens' rights, and promote civic responsibility.

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1. Purposes (Goals and Objectives) Of Civics and Ethics
 The main objective of teaching civics and ethics is to producegood citizens
with the necessary wisdom that help them actively participate in the affairs of
their country so that they would contribute their best for the development of
their country.
 Objectives of civic and ethics will vary from political system to political
system. In the case of current Ethiopia, for instance, civics and ethics is taught
to:
I. Enable the young know and exercise basic democratic values that will make
them efficient and responsible citizens.
II. Ensure participation of the young in their local and communal affairs based on
enlightened self-interest and out of personal concern
III. Understand, maintain, and develop appropriate dispositions towards issues that
have relevance to group interest as a precondition for sustaining individual security
And interest.
IV. Prevent government from exercising unconstitutional practices
V. Protectviolations of citizens’ rights
VI. Equip students with appropriate knowledge and skills in order to exercise all-
round participation and to monitor social activities in their communities.
VII. Promote values that are believed to serve as foundations to the democratic
system envisaged and to the prosperity the country destined to bring
VIII. Promoting the culture of civic responsibility Responsibility is the
commitment or devotion of citizens to perform their obligation. In this regard,
citizenship of an individual reflects his or her rights and responsibilities of
participation in different sectors.

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2.
What are good and bad actions?
 There are actions, their consequences, and the society's perception. If our
actions are for the benefit of others, then they are good. However, if they are
harmful to any, they're bad.
 Morally wrong acts are activities such as murder, theft, rape, lying, and
breaking promises. Other descriptions would be that they are morally
prohibited, morally impermissible, acts one ought not to do, and acts one has a
duty to refrain from doing.
 Morally right acts are activities that are allowed. They include the morally
neutral, the morally obligatory, and the morally supererogatory.
 Most people tend to act morally and follow societal guidelines. Morality often
requires that people sacrifice their own short-term interests for the benefit of
society. People or entities that are indifferent to right and wrong are considered
amoral, while those who do evil acts are considered immoral.
3. NO! Because, it vary from one cultural group to another.

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4.
 Ethics in the public service are broad norms that delineate how public servants
should exercise judgement and discretion in carrying out their official duties.
 These values and norms are better reinforced if there exists a system of
administrative policies, management practices, and oversight agents that
provide incentives and penalties to encourage public servants to professionally
carry out their duties and observe high standards of conduct.
 The public service as a profession, as it developed, espoused the values of
probity, neutrality, and fairness, among many others.
 It has embraced the merit principle in setting up career structures from
recruitment to promotions.
 By running the administrative machinery that supports decision-making and
implements the policies and programmers of the government-of the-day, public
servants play an indispensable role in the sustainable development and
governance of a nation.
 Further, as an institution, the public service ensures the continuity of
administration between transitions of power, which are the hallmarks of
modern day democracy. Given these crucial roles, a country expects its public
service to demonstrate professionalism and ethics. Experience has shown that
the costs of poorperformance and corruption in the public service are too great
to bear.
 This is true not only for the public service but also for the entire public sector,
political leadership, and other strata of society.
 Financially, public officials’ diversion of funds into their own pockets means
less money for the development of nations and peoples. Politically, the erosion
of public confidence in and cynicism toward government can break down
fragile peace and order in a society.

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5.
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6.
 Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest
independent countries in the world. During the late nineteenth and twentieth
centuries, Emperor Menelik II created the current Ethiopian state through
expansion and conquest.
 Ethiopia remains one of the few African countries not colonized by a European
power.
 The Ethiopian state originated in the Aksumite kingdom, a trading state that
emerged about the first century A.D. The Askumites perfected a written
language; maintained relations with the Byzantine Empire, Egypt, and the
Arabs; and, in the mid-fourth century, embraced Christianity.
 The government of Ethiopia is the federal government of Ethiopia. It's
structured in a framework of a federal parliamentary republic, whereby the
prime minister is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the
government.
 The Aksumite State. The Aksumite state emerged at about the beginning of the
Christian era, flourished during the succeeding six or seven centuries, and

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underwent prolonged decline from the eighth to the twelfth century
A.D. Aksum's period of greatest power lasted from the fourth through the sixth
century.
10 Common Forms of Government
 Democracy.
 Communism.
 Socialism.
 Oligarchy.
 Aristocracy.
 Monarchy.
 Theocracy.
 Colonialism.
7. An examination of Ethiopia’s history since 1889 suggests a number of
historical (between 1889 and 1991) and contemporary (between 1991 and 2015)
factors that have influenced the evolution of the country’s political settlement.
Table 1 provides a brief summary of these factors, which are then analysed to
generate the basic political parameters of the organization of security in Ethiopia.

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Historical (1889–1991) Contemporary (1991–2015)
1.
A legacy of centralization, controland
coercion continues to influence styles
of rule and administrative approaches
1.
The partial transition of the TPLF/EPRDF from
movement to political party creates strong
leadership structures that rest partly on internal
control and a lack of external transparency
2.
A legacy of exclusionary rule with
ethnic undertones limits broader
distribution of power and risks
counter-mobilization(s)
2.
The expectation that TPLF/EPRDF rule will
continue perpetuates a single-party monopoly
3.
The volatility and insecurity of the
region requires and perpetuates
secularized approaches to (political)
conflict
3.
Political power and economic interests are fused
and harnessed to a national strategy of state-led
economic development
Historical factors (1889–1991)
The Tigrayan/Amharan polities situated on the northern side of the Ethiopean
plateau form the historical core of present-day Ethiopia. Traditionally, these
polities were run in authoritarian fashion, their rulers infused by religious
legitimacy through the Christian Orthodoxchurch and their wealth derived from
the extraction of surplus from agricultural produce. Their societies were stratified
and hierarchical, featuring both social inequality and opportunities for social
mobility through successfulmilitary performance.[13] Since land was the most
valuable resource in these densely populated societies, its acquisition became the
key driver of the process ofimperial expansion from c. 1889 to 1913.

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 Centralization, control and coercion
A first historical factor that influences the evolution of Ethiopia’s political
settlement is the centralization, control and coercion that characterized both the
process ofimperial expansion and the governance of the country afterwards.
 Exclusionary rule with ethnic undertones
A second historical factor that influences the evolution of Ethiopia’s political
settlement is a legacy of exclusionary rule with ethnic undertones.
 A volatile and insecure region
A third and final historical factor influencing the evolution of Ethiopia’s political
settlement is the volatile and insecure nature of the region in which the country is
situated.
The historical factors that influence Ethiopia’s political settlement point to the
following broad parameters for the organization of security:
 The historical use of centralization, controland coercion as methods of
governance over a vast spacewith complex terrain and a diversity of peoples
indicates a tradition of political use of state security organizations as
instruments to project central authority.
 A legacy of exclusionary rule with ethnic undertones suggests that partisan
control over state security organizations is a long-standing characteristic of
governance and a necessity for maintaining existing power and privileges.
 A volatile and violent neighborhood has historically required the maintenance
of a strong state security apparatus to ensure Ethiopia’s continued safety and to
defend its interests. At the same time, this has perpetuated a securitized outlook
and risks prioritizing militarized responses.

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 Contemporary political parameters for the organization of security
These contemporary factors that influence Ethiopia’s political settlement point to
the following broad parameters for the organization of security:
 The partial transition from liberation movement to political party indicate
that security principles, policies and initiatives still lack transparency and
are set by a small group of insiders whose background is one of military
struggle and strong party loyalties.
 The conflation of government – and to some extent the state – with the
party indicates that instruments of state, such as security institutions, are
used in pursuit of partisan objectives. While these may be
developmentally oriented and positive for the country, they also reflect
and maintain existing structures of power and authority, and can be used
for less benign purposes.
 The fusion of political power and economic interests in a mixed approach
to economic governance and development compounds the challenge of
effective control and inclusive oversight over security institutions, the
army in particular, since these organizations serve political and security as
well as economic purposes.
8. A citizen is a participatory member of a political community. Citizenship is
gained by meeting the legal requirements of a national, state, or local government.
A nation grants certain rights and privileges to its citizens. In return, citizens are
expected to obey their country's laws and defend it against its enemies.
 There are three dimensions of citizenship: status, exercise and conscience.
Citizenship status is the set of rights and obligations between individuals and
the state.
For many people, citizenship is viewed as a person, recognized under law, who is a
member of a state with certain defined legal rights and privileges.
Most people also agree that citizenship has various responsibilities that should be
exercised for the benefit of all members of society such as voting, or helping others
in need.

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The videos in this section illustrate how citizens from all walks of life, and
professionals, think about what citizenship means and how we can advance.
METHODS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP
One can acquire the citizen of a state through two major ways namely by birth and
naturalization.
CITIZENSHIP BY BIRTH
This is the commonest methods of acquiring citizenship. Acquiring citizenship by
birth can be categorized in two different ways namely,
This means that any child whose parents are citizens of a particular state whether
or not, he or she is born within the territorial jurisdiction of that state is a citizen of
that state e.g. child born by Nigeria parent’s resident in United State.
By law of soil or place:
In this case, any child born within the territorial jurisdiction of a state is
automatically a citizen of that state irrespective of the citizenship of the parents of
the child.
CITIZENSHIP BY NATURALIZATION
Naturalization can be defined as the process ofacquiring citizenship through
formal legal process. There are four types of naturalization.
Direct naturalization:
In this case, an individual acquire the citizenship of a state after complying with
and fulfilling the specified legal process ofthat state.
Derivative naturalization:
Here a child becomes citizen as a result of the parent’s direct naturalization.

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Collective naturalization or incorporation of territory:
TERMINATION OF CITIZENSHIP
Expatriation:
This is the voluntary loss of citizenship on the part of the citizen himself.
De-naturalization, deprivation or revocation:
This is the process by which the state revokes, cancels or withdraws the legal
recognition of a naturalized citizen.
By marriage:
Many people especially women lose their citizenship through marriage.
9. Constitution has also been defined as:
 Basic norm (or law) of the state;
 System of integration and organization of norms and laws; and
 Organiation of the government.
The constitution provides the foundation of the government, structuring the
political organization and guaranteeing individual and collective rights and
freedoms.

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What is Constitutionalism?
Constitutionalism is a system of governance in which the power of the government
is limited by laws, checks and balances, in order to reconcile authority with
individual and collective freedoms. The principle of constitutionalism must be
understood in opposition to nonconstitutionalism – a system in which the
government uses its powers in an arbitrary fashion, without respecting the citizens’
rights.
The idea of constitutionalism (and of constitution) is strictly linked with the
progress and spread of democracies.
The constitution ensures that the government does not own the state:it simply
manages the state, under the authority of higher laws, on behalf of citizens. In
this sense, constitutionalism is the oppositeof despotism. Despotism is a system of
government in which the governing authorities are a law unto themselves.
What is the function of a constitution?
It directs the states in making legislation. It lays out the procedures for several
functions, administrations, legislation, execution of the government machinery. It
provides for the separation of Powers. It provides for the independence of each
organ, i.e. legislative, executive and judiciary.
Different Types of Constitution
A constitution has been defined as a bodyof rules established to regulate the
system of government within a state.
The reason for drafting a codified constitution is usually associated with the time in
which a particular State is formed or associated with a major change that has taken
place at national level.

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Codified, Uncodified, Flexible and Inflexible Constitutions
That difference between a codified and uncodified constitution is also reflected on
the fact that what is written in the constitutional document becomes a superior law
that can only be judged by a Constitutional Court.
Monarchical and Republican Constitutions
Continuing the comparison between the British and American constitutions, a
further constitutional classification is possible: monarchical and republican.
Presidentialand Parliamentary Constitutions
By the fact that a republican constitution places the power in the hands of the
President, while the British constitution places the power on Parliament, it would
be possible to make a further classification of a constitution as “presidential”, or
“parliamentary”. This affects the way the government operates. In the case of the
former, the President will be the head of state and the head of the executive branch
of the government but not the head of the legislature and not accountable to it.
Federaland Unitary Constitutions
In a federal system such as the one in the US, it can also be said that the
constitution is a “federal” constitution, instead of a “unitary” one. In the former,
apart from a central government, there is also government at state level, with
legislative competence under the constitutional arrangements.
Politicaland LegalConstitutions
A further constitutional classification is a “political” and a “legal” constitution.
The former is associated with holding to accountthose who hold political power,
because it advocates that the making of laws is the exclusive domain of Parliament,
and only when Parliament legislates, does the law become legitimatised.

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10.
Democracy-Asystem of government by the whole population or all the eligible
members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
Democratization, processthrough which a political regime becomes democratic.
The explosive spread of democracyaround the world beginning in the mid-20th
century radically transformed the international political landscape from one in
which democracies were the exception to one in which they were the rule.
 It is possible to achieve liberty - in terms of lessening the state’s grip over
society - without first instituting a Western-type liberal democracy. However,
the achievement of liberty could well open the way for not only procedural
democracy, but well beyond it.
 The character of substantive democracy, therefore, is partly determined by its
systemic context. The development and transformation of democratic systems
therefore requires at least in part a change of attitude and consensus on the part
of those states that have a determining say in the shaping of the international
order.
Principles of Democracy
 Participation of citizens
 Equality
 Accountability
 Transparency
 Political tolerance
 Multi-party system
 Control over the abuse of power
 Freedom of economy
 Bill of rights
 Human rights
 Free and fair elections
 Rule of law

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11. According to the United Nations, Good Governance is measured by the eight
factors of
 Participation,
 Rule of Law,
 Transparency,
 Responsiveness,
 Consensus Oriented,
 Equity and Inclusiveness,
 Effectiveness andEfficiency, and
 Accountability.
Participationrequires that all groups, particularly those most vulnerable, have
direct or representative access to the systems of government. This manifests as a
strong civil society and citizens with the freedom of association and expression.
Rule of Law is exemplified by impartial legal systems that protect the human
rights and civil liberties of all citizens, particularly minorities. This is indicated by
an independent judicial branch and a police force free from corruption.
Transparencymeans that citizens understand and have access to the means and
manner in which decisions are made, especially if they are directly affected by
such decisions. This information must be provided in an understandable and
accessible format, typically translated through the media.
Responsiveness simply involves that institutions respond to their stakeholders
within a reasonable time frame.
Consensus Orientedis demonstrated by an agenda that seeks to mediate between
the many different needs, perspectives, and expectations of a diverse citizenry.
Decisions needs to be made in a manner that reflects a deep understanding of the
historical, cultural, and social context of the community.

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Equity and Inclusiveness depends on ensuring that all the members of a
community feel included and empowered to improve or maintain their wellbeing,
especially those individuals and groups that are the most vulnerable.
Effectiveness andEfficiency is developed through the sustainable use of
resources to meet the needs of a society. Sustainability refers to both ensuring
social investments carry through and natural resources are maintained for future
generations.
Accountability refers to institutions being ultimately accountable to the people
and one another. This includes government agencies, civil society, and the private
sectorall being accountable to one another as well.
12.
Human rights can be restricted for the overall good of the citizens and the country
at large in the following ways:
1. A citizen may be denied some of his rights if he is detained by law.
2. A citizen’s right to life may be denied if he is condemned to death by the law
court as a result of murder, armed robbery etc
3. Right to life is also restricted by the law which forbids a citizen from killing
himself or herself.
4. Right to fair hearing cannot be exercised beyond the highest court which is the
Supreme Court in Nigeria.
5. Right to private property may be restricted by the right of the state to
compulsorily acquire private property for public use.
6. Declaration of dusk to dawn curfew in periods of emergency or chaos may
limit the right of a citizen such as freedom of movement.
7. The police in enforcing law and order can ban public assembly and
demonstrations which will deny a citizen his right to freedom of association and
assembly.

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8. A citizen suffering from insanity may be deprived his rights to safeguard the
rights of others.
9. The court can also restrict the movement of a citizen if he/she has a serious
case pending in court.
10. Rights to the freedom of expression and press are restricted by the law
preventing individuals from saying or publishing statement that could damage the
personality of others (laws of slander and libel).
13.
The constitution was essentially an effort to provide a legal basis for replacing the
traditional provincial rulers with appointees loyal to the emperor. It was not
intended to be a representative democracy, as the Emperor alone had the power
to designate senators. Suchlack of written constitution does not necessarily
implicate the total absenceof constitutional rules and principles in the legal history
of the country.