Psychology, Science, and Pseudoscience: Class #16 (Social Cognition)
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In short: Our second case-study from mainstream psychology is 'Social Cognition Models'
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Psychology, Science, and Pseudoscience: Class #16 (Social Cognition)
- 1. PS409 Psychology, Science, & Pseudoscience Dr Brian Hughes School of Psychology brian.hughes@nuigalway.ie @b_m_hughes
- 2. Case Studies: Examples of Psychology-related Pseudoscience
- 3. Case Studies from Within Mainstream Psychology: 2. Social cognition models
- 4. Social cognition models Not at Very all much How easy will it be for you to 1 2 3 4 avoid between-meal intake of sugared snacks and drinks in future? How likely is it that you will avoid 1 2 3 4 between-meal intake of sugared snacks and drinks in future?
- 5. Social cognition models “Theory of reasoned action” (Fishbein & Azjen, 1975) • Belief about outcomes Attitude towards • Evaluations of the behaviour outcomes Importance of Behavioural Behaviour • Belief about norms intention others’ attitudes • Motivation to Subjective norm comply
- 6. Social cognition models “Theory of planned behaviour” (Azjen, 1985) •Belief about Attitude towards •Evaluations of the behaviour Behavioural Behaviour • Belief about intention others’ attitudes • Motivation to Subjective norm comply • Internal control factors Behavioural • External control control factors
- 7. Social cognition models SCMs account for c. 5% of published research in health psychology (i.e., 1 in every 20 studies) Regularly applied in health promotion areas such as exercise, diet, sugar restriction, health screening, breast self-examination, safety helmet use, organ donation, drug use, sun cream use, smoking, use of antibiotics, etc.
- 8. “Beliefs about “Subjective “Perceived outcomes” norms” behavioural control”
- 9. Social cognition models Some problems (Ogden, 2003): SCMs lack falsifiability Unsupported or partially supported by data Lack of support “explained away” Tautological relationships Overlap of “predictors” and “outcomes” Vagueness in measurement “Self-reported” behaviours not objective Confirmation bias SCM questionnaires influence, rather than measure, attitudes and/or behaviour
- 10. Social cognition models Not Very at all much How easy will it be for you to avoid 1 2 3 4 between-meal intake of sugared snacks and drinks in future? How likely is it that you will avoid 1 2 3 4 between-meal intake of sugared snacks and drinks in future? • Belief about outcomes Attitude towards the • Evaluations of behaviour outcomes Behavioural Behavioural Behaviour • Belief about intention others’ attitudes Subjective norm • Motivation to comply • Internal control r = +.35, factors Behavioural control Behavioural p < .001 • External control factors Masalu & Astrom (2001), J Health Psychol
- 11. Social cognition models Ogden (2003) Lack of falsifiability Confirmation bias Vagueness in measurement Health Psychology, 22:424-8 Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33:1-10
- 13. But is it pseudoscience? Vagueness in measurement? Poor construct validity Lack of parsimony? Within-model redundancy Unfalsifiability? Theories retained even when unsupported empirically Reliance on auxiliary hypotheses/special pleading Exaggerated importance of key contributors? Model authors taken as sources of authoritative verdicts on disputes
- 14. PS409 Psychology, Science, & Pseudoscience Dr Brian Hughes School of Psychology brian.hughes@nuigalway.ie @b_m_hughes