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Il lavoro dopo la riforma Fornero e la
        legge che manca all'Italia

                              Ilaria Maselli




    Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
3 issues

Flessibilita’ e art.18
Per un approccio demand-based!
Framework: transitional labour market and
social investment welfare state




                                                                                                    2
       Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
Art. 18: perche’ perdiamo tempo a
                                       parlarne?
copre meno del 50% dei lavoratori italiani (+o-)

Non e’ utile in un mercato del lavoro in cui le
principali occupazioni saranno molto high skilled
o molto low skilled
Il problema principale e’ la mancanza di un
sistema di welfare per tutti quelli NON coperti
dall’articolo 18
Non fa sentire piu’ protetti!
                                                                                              3
        Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
Art. 18: perche’ perdiamo tempo a
                                                                              parlarne?

                                             60


                                                                                   DK
I am very likely to find a job in 6 months




                                             50


                                             40
           (% of respondents)




                                                       UK
                                                                                                              ET
                                             30
                                                                                          SE
                                                                                                               FI
                                                                                                    NL
                                             20                                                                      BE
                                                              IE                                         CZ
                                                                                                                      DE
                                                                                                              AT                                ES
                                                                                                                                       FR
                                                                                           HU                              SI                        LUX
                                             10                                                                PL                    EL
                                                                                                                     IT
                                                                                               SK
                                                                                                                                PT
                                              0
                                                  1                  1.5                   2                        2.5                     3              3.5
                                                                                   Employment protection legislation index


                                                                                                                                                                 4
                                                  Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
I problemi del mercato del lavoro italiano

Bassa partecipazione femminile
Dualismo elevato
Elevato costo del lavoro ma salari bassi
Bassa produttivita’
Difficile transizione scuola/lavoro




                                                                                              5
        Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
I problemi del mercato del lavoro italiano e
                  la sua regolamentazione
Bassa partecipazione femminile                                                               Here
                                                                                              labour
Dualismo elevato                                                                             market
                                                                                              regulation
Elevato costo del lavoro ma salari bassi                                                     matters!


Bassa produttivita’
Difficile transizione scuola/lavoro



                                                                                                     6
        Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
Where to go?

Status quo => non risolve nessuno dei
problemi elencati all’inizio + aggrava il dualismo
Mercato flessibile stile US => non fa parte del
DNA europeo
Flexicurity=> risolverebbe il dualismo e
favorirebbe la partecipazione femminile. Forse
anche la questione del costo del lavoro.
Altro?

                                                                                                7
          Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
Un approccio demand-based

La regolamentazione del mercato del lavoro non
puo’ essere separata dal contesto ‘produttivo’
Le principali fonti di occupazione in futuro
verranno dai servizi e saranno high skilled
(consulenza, progettazione, management, sanita’, is
truzione) o low skilled (servizi alla persona non
tradable)
La legislazione sul mercato del lavoro deve
pensare a come regolamentare queste attivita’
                                                                                               8
         Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
Come si traduce la flexicurity in Italia

Contratto    unico
Sistema di sussidi universale (= abolizione della
Cassa Integrazione)
Creazione di controlli efficaci per evitare di
sfruttare il sistema
Trasformazione dei Centri per l’Impiego in
agenzie capaci di gestire il matching tra
domanda e offerta
                                                                                              9
        Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
Approccio: transitional labour markets

Il numero delle transizioni
(lavoro/lavoro, formazione/lavoro, disoccupazio
ne/lavoro, lavoro/inattivita’, ecc) aumenta
Un welfare moderno deve tutelare le
transizioni => social investment welfare?




                                                                                               10
         Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
ABOUT CEPS
  Founded in Brussels in 1983, the Centre for European Policy Studies
(CEPS) is widely recognised as the most experienced and authoritative
   think tank operating in the European Union today. CEPS acts as a
 leading forum for debate on EU affairs, distinguished by its strong in-
  house research capacity, complemented by an extensive network of
               partner institutes throughout the world.
Goals
– Carry out state-of-the-art policy research leading to innovative
solutions to the challenges facing Europe today,
– Maintain the highest standards of academic excellence and
unqualified independence,
– Act as a forum for discussion among all stakeholders in the
European policy process, and
– Provide a regular flow of authoritative publications offering policy
analysis and recommendations.

                        www.ceps.eu
                                                                         11
Female activity rates in 2011

       Sweden                                                                                                    77.7
      Denmark                                                                                               76.1
   Netherlands                                                                                  73.1
        Finland                                                                                72.7
     Germany                                                                                  71.8
       Portugal                                                                        69.8
United Kingdom                                                                         69.7
      Lithuania                                                                        69.7
        Austria                                                                        69.5
         Spain                                                                  67.0
        France                                                             66.2
          EU27                                                           64.9
                                                                                                                   Employment rate of high skilled 25-29 - 2Q2011
 Czech Republic                                                  62.2
                                                                                       95                                                                                                                                                  91.1
        Ireland                                                  62.1
       Belgium                                               61.1                      90                                                                                                                  86.887.7
                                                                                                                                                                                               85.385.485.9
                                                                                                                                                                               84.184.284.784.8
        Poland                                            59.4                         85                                                                              82.382.8
                                                                                                                                               81.181.181.381.481.581.6
                                                                                                                                   79.980.480.5
        Greece                                     57.5                                                                    78.078.9
                                                                                       80
           Italy                       51.5                                                                        75.5
                                                                                                               74.0
                                                                                     75                    71.3
                   40   45      50            55     60             65             70            75                   80
                                                                                     70
                                                                                                     64.6
                                                                                       65
                                                                                       60
                                                                                               55.6
                                                                                       55
                                                                                       50




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 DE
                                                                                                                                                                               RO




                                                                                                                                                                                                   AT
                                                                                                                                                                                                        MT




                                                                                                                                                                                                                            BE
                                                                                                                      CZ
                                                                                                                           DK




                                                                                                                                                                                    PL
                                                                                                                                PT
                                                                                                      EL




                                                                                                                                                                                         FI
                                                                                               IT




                                                                                                                                                 IE


                                                                                                                                                           SE


                                                                                                                                                                     ET




                                                                                                                                                                                                             LX




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      LT
                                                                                                                 SK




                                                                                                                                                                SL


                                                                                                                                                                          CY




                                                                                                                                                                                                                  UK
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       FR
                                                                                                                                     BG




                                                                                                                                                      HU
                                                                                                            ES




                                                                                                                                                                                              LV




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           NL
                                                                                                                                          EU27




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  12
                                     Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
Tax Wedge in % of labour costs for single/no children, 2011
50.0   48.0
              46.7
                     45.6   45.6
                                   44.7    44.5
45.0

                                                  41.0
                                                         40.3   40.2
                                                                       39.3   38.8
40.0
                                                                                     37.0   36.9

35.0                                                                                               33.8
                                                                                                          32.2
                                                                                                                 30.0   29.5
30.0                                                                                                                           28.5
                                                                                                                                      27.8


25.0




                                          Centre for European Policy Studies • www.ceps.eu                                                   13
Il welfare in Italia




              Fonte: Sapir 2005



=> Bisogna cambiare qualcosa!


                                                                                              14
        Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu

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Seminario lavoro, slides di discussant I. Maselli

  • 1. Il lavoro dopo la riforma Fornero e la legge che manca all'Italia Ilaria Maselli Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
  • 2. 3 issues Flessibilita’ e art.18 Per un approccio demand-based! Framework: transitional labour market and social investment welfare state 2 Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
  • 3. Art. 18: perche’ perdiamo tempo a parlarne? copre meno del 50% dei lavoratori italiani (+o-) Non e’ utile in un mercato del lavoro in cui le principali occupazioni saranno molto high skilled o molto low skilled Il problema principale e’ la mancanza di un sistema di welfare per tutti quelli NON coperti dall’articolo 18 Non fa sentire piu’ protetti! 3 Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
  • 4. Art. 18: perche’ perdiamo tempo a parlarne? 60 DK I am very likely to find a job in 6 months 50 40 (% of respondents) UK ET 30 SE FI NL 20 BE IE CZ DE AT ES FR HU SI LUX 10 PL EL IT SK PT 0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 Employment protection legislation index 4 Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
  • 5. I problemi del mercato del lavoro italiano Bassa partecipazione femminile Dualismo elevato Elevato costo del lavoro ma salari bassi Bassa produttivita’ Difficile transizione scuola/lavoro 5 Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
  • 6. I problemi del mercato del lavoro italiano e la sua regolamentazione Bassa partecipazione femminile Here labour Dualismo elevato market regulation Elevato costo del lavoro ma salari bassi matters! Bassa produttivita’ Difficile transizione scuola/lavoro 6 Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
  • 7. Where to go? Status quo => non risolve nessuno dei problemi elencati all’inizio + aggrava il dualismo Mercato flessibile stile US => non fa parte del DNA europeo Flexicurity=> risolverebbe il dualismo e favorirebbe la partecipazione femminile. Forse anche la questione del costo del lavoro. Altro? 7 Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
  • 8. Un approccio demand-based La regolamentazione del mercato del lavoro non puo’ essere separata dal contesto ‘produttivo’ Le principali fonti di occupazione in futuro verranno dai servizi e saranno high skilled (consulenza, progettazione, management, sanita’, is truzione) o low skilled (servizi alla persona non tradable) La legislazione sul mercato del lavoro deve pensare a come regolamentare queste attivita’ 8 Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
  • 9. Come si traduce la flexicurity in Italia Contratto unico Sistema di sussidi universale (= abolizione della Cassa Integrazione) Creazione di controlli efficaci per evitare di sfruttare il sistema Trasformazione dei Centri per l’Impiego in agenzie capaci di gestire il matching tra domanda e offerta 9 Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
  • 10. Approccio: transitional labour markets Il numero delle transizioni (lavoro/lavoro, formazione/lavoro, disoccupazio ne/lavoro, lavoro/inattivita’, ecc) aumenta Un welfare moderno deve tutelare le transizioni => social investment welfare? 10 Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
  • 11. ABOUT CEPS Founded in Brussels in 1983, the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) is widely recognised as the most experienced and authoritative think tank operating in the European Union today. CEPS acts as a leading forum for debate on EU affairs, distinguished by its strong in- house research capacity, complemented by an extensive network of partner institutes throughout the world. Goals – Carry out state-of-the-art policy research leading to innovative solutions to the challenges facing Europe today, – Maintain the highest standards of academic excellence and unqualified independence, – Act as a forum for discussion among all stakeholders in the European policy process, and – Provide a regular flow of authoritative publications offering policy analysis and recommendations. www.ceps.eu 11
  • 12. Female activity rates in 2011 Sweden 77.7 Denmark 76.1 Netherlands 73.1 Finland 72.7 Germany 71.8 Portugal 69.8 United Kingdom 69.7 Lithuania 69.7 Austria 69.5 Spain 67.0 France 66.2 EU27 64.9 Employment rate of high skilled 25-29 - 2Q2011 Czech Republic 62.2 95 91.1 Ireland 62.1 Belgium 61.1 90 86.887.7 85.385.485.9 84.184.284.784.8 Poland 59.4 85 82.382.8 81.181.181.381.481.581.6 79.980.480.5 Greece 57.5 78.078.9 80 Italy 51.5 75.5 74.0 75 71.3 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 70 64.6 65 60 55.6 55 50 DE RO AT MT BE CZ DK PL PT EL FI IT IE SE ET LX LT SK SL CY UK FR BG HU ES LV NL EU27 12 Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu
  • 13. Tax Wedge in % of labour costs for single/no children, 2011 50.0 48.0 46.7 45.6 45.6 44.7 44.5 45.0 41.0 40.3 40.2 39.3 38.8 40.0 37.0 36.9 35.0 33.8 32.2 30.0 29.5 30.0 28.5 27.8 25.0 Centre for European Policy Studies • www.ceps.eu 13
  • 14. Il welfare in Italia Fonte: Sapir 2005 => Bisogna cambiare qualcosa! 14 Thinking ahead for Europe • Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) • www.ceps.eu