1. ACADEMIC
WRITING
Presented by: Bahare Harandizade
5/10/2014
1

2. THE WRITING PROCESS
• Writing Foundations
1. Background to writing
2. Developing plans from titles
• Reading and Note-Making
1. Evaluating a text
2. Understanding purpose and register
3. Selecting key points
4. Note-making
5. Paraphrasing
6. Summary writing
7. Combining sources
• Writing Stages
1. Planning a text
2. Organizing paragraphs
3. Organizing the main body
4. Introductions
5. Conclusions
6. Re-reading and re-writing
7. Proof-reading
5/10/2014
2

3. JOURNALS
• Every journal that is published.
• Careful preparation
• some time looking at the papers in several of the most recent
• Some journals include their Instructions to Authors
• the website of the Mulford Library of the Medical College of Ohio,
http://mulford.meduohio.edu/instr
5/10/2014
3

4. • The following terms are also commonly used in essay titles:
Analyze, Describe, Examine, State, Suggest, Summaries
• Almost all essays, reports and articles have the same basic pattern of organization:
1. Introduction
2. Main body
3. Conclusion
• The structure of the main body depends on what the title is asking you to do
EXP: discuss the main body is often divided into two parts, one
looking at the advantages of the topic and the other looking at
the disadvantages
‫تصویر‬ ‫لینک‬
5/10/2014
4

5. • Although it can be acceptable to use articles from newspapers ,
magazines and the internet, in academic work students need to be aware
that these sources may have less credibility
5/10/2014
5

6. ACCURACY IN WRITING
1. Abbreviations
2. Adverbs
3. Articles
4. Caution
5. Conjunctions
6. Formality in verbs
7. Modal verbs
8. Nationality language
9. Nouns and adjectives
10. Nouns: countable uncountable
5/10/2014
6
11. Passives
12. Prefixes and suffixes
13. Prepositions
14. Prepositions after verbs
15. Punctuation
16. Referring
17. Relative pronouns
18. Singular/ plural
19. Tenses
20. Time words and phrases

7. ABBREVIATIONS
• Abbreviations are an important and expanding feature of contemporary English
• Three types:
a) shortened words – photo (photograph)
b) acronyms – UNESCO
c) others --(USA /BBC / IBM)
5/10/2014
7

8. ADVERBS
• Adverbs are used in academic texts in a variety of ways.
• Most important use:
1. to provide more detail, with verbs and adjectives
 EXP:decomposition eventually ceases in modern landfills
2. Adverbs linked to verbs and adjectives usually fall into three groups.
 Time (when?)
previously published
retrospectively examined
 Degree (how much?)
declined considerably
contribute substantially
 Manner (in what way?)
medically complicated
remotely located
5/10/2014
8