2. Financial statements
Financial statements report the state of financial affairs of an enterprise
These are made publicly available for widely held companies, usually
free of cost (www.bseindia.com and www.nseindia.com )
For closely held public companies and private companies, the financial
statements are reported to the Ministry of Company Affairs
Some of these are available for public viewing (both online as well as
physically) for a small fee. (http://www.mca.gov.in )
Three key financial statements are
Balance Sheet
Profit & Loss Account and
Cash flow statement
3. Construct of a Balance Sheet
Liabilities
Owners’ capital
Equity Capital
Reserves and Surplus
Borrowed funds
Long term debt
Short term debt
Working capital
Creditors
Current liabilities and Provisions
Assets
Fixed Assets
Land and building
Plant and Machinery
Investments
Investment made in shares,
bonds, government securities,
etc.
Working Capital
Raw Material
Work in progress
Finished goods
Debtors
Cash
4. Some observations on Balance Sheet
The Liability side represent the various sources of funds for an
enterprise
These are the liability of the enterprise to the providers of these
funds
The Asset side represent the various uses of funds by an
enterprise
These are the assets held by the enterprise, that are needed to
operate the business (e.g. Office space, factory, raw material, etc.)
The Assets and Liabilities should ALWAYS match.
In the Liability side, the portfolio mix of the own funds and
borrowed funds is called the Capital Structure of the company
Balance sheet is always presented as on a given day, say as at
March 31, 2008. It presents a static picture of the assets and
liabilities of the enterprise as on that date.
5. Some observations on Balance Sheet
Another way to look at the balance sheet is to match the sources and
uses of funds, based on their tenure.
In Liability side, long term sources are
Equity capital
Reserves and Surplus
Long term borrowings
In Asset side, long term uses are
Fixed Assets
Investments
The rest are short term on both sides viz. Current assets, current liability
and short term debt
Ideally, long term uses must always be funded with long term funds.
Financing long term assets with the short term funds creates risks
(mainly refinancing risk).
Short term investments may be financed by a combination of long
term and short term funds, based on business managers’ preference.
6. Construct of a Profit & Loss account
Revenues from the business
Less Raw material consumed
Employee expenses
Other manufacturing expenses
Administrative expenses
Selling expenses
Sub total: Cost of Sales
Earning before interest, taxes, Depreciation & Amortization(EBITDA)
Less Depreciation
Earning before interest and taxes (EBIT)
Less Interest payment
Profit before taxes (PBT)
Less Taxes
Profit after tax (PAT)
Less Dividend
Retained earnings
7. Inside the P&L Account
Typical items under ‘Revenue from business’
Sales revenue
Other related income
Scrap sales, Duty drawback
Non-operating income
Dividends and interest
Rent received
Extra-ordinary income
Profit on sale of assets / investments
Prior-period items
8. Typical items under ‘Cost of Sales’
Cost of goods sold
Direct material
Direct labor
Direct manufacturing overheads
Administrative costs
Office rent
Salaries
Communication costs
Other costs
Selling and distribution costs
Salaries of sales staff
Commissions, promotional expenses
Advertisement expenses etc.
Inside the P&L Account
9. Depreciation
Straight line method
Written Down Value method
Deferred revenue expenditure
R&D expenses
Advertisement expenses
Product promotion expenses
(expenses are charged as capital expenses and
amortized over the period of time)
Inside the P&L Account
10. Some observations on P&L Account
P&L Account presents a snapshot of the performance of an
enterprise over a given period (a year, half-year, quarter, etc.)
Unlike Balance Sheet, which presents a static picture on a given date
P&L Account can provide great insights into the functioning of an
enterprise. Let us look at a few:
Variable costs Vs. Fixed costs
Break even point is the point where there is ‘no profit, no loss’
Cash expenses Vs. Non-cash expenses
Raw material, salary and other administrative expenses are cash
expenses
Depreciation is typically the only non-cash expense
Recurring income Vs. one-time income
Income from ordinary activities are typically recurring in nature
Extraordinary income / expenses are typically one-time in nature
Few examples: Sale of office space, disposal of a factory unit, VRS