8. Policy Context
“I have signed into law … the
Indian Self-Determination and
Education Assistance Act. My
Administration is committed to
furthering the self-
determination of Indian
communities without
terminating the special
relationships between the
Federal Government and the
Indian people.”
-Pres. Gerald Ford, January 1975
9. Policy Context
• 1975 Act: allowed for contracting
• 1988 Amendment: allowed for compacting
• Challenges
• Federally recognized tribal nations
• Compliance with federal accounting and auditing
• Grant-driven
11. Organization of the Field
Public-Generalist (n=7) Corporate-Generalist (n=10)
Public-Specialist (n=25) Corporate-Specialist (n=11)
12. Cultures of Training: Public Generalist
• Founded: 1987
• Vision: “The Harvard
Project aims to understand
and foster the conditions
under which sustained, self-
determined social and
economic development is
achieved among American
Indian nations through
applied research and
service.”
14. Cultures of Training: Corporate Generalist
• Founded: 1985
• Vision: “To be the premier
provider of culturally
relevant education and
information services for
North American Indian
tribes and organizations.”
16. Cultures of Training: Corporate Specialist
• Founded: 2011
• Vision: “We work with you
to develop and implement
practical, real-world
solutions to the problems
you face. … We leverage our
insight and experience to
help you diagnose, improve
and deliver superior results
in the key functional areas
that impact your bottom
line.”
18. Cultures of Training: Public Specialist
• Founded: 1995
• Vision: “The mission of the
Native American Training
Institute is to empower
individuals, families and the
community to create a safe
and healthy environment so
children and families can
achieve their highest
potential.”
20. Implications
• How can First Nations thoughtfully and
strategically use the services of these
organizations?
• What leadership and community development
trainings are best handled by First Nations?
• How does the field impact expressions of self-
determination and sovereignty?