2. Available Energy Resources in Rural India
Unit-III: Available Energy resources: Traditional Resources
Biomass: Wood, Dung, Human waste, crop residues, harvested biomass (
Jatropha, koranj oil, palm fruit), Grasses, Refined biomass: Oils, Alcohols), Basic
solar, Basic wind, Food (ATP to ADP reactions resulting in muscle power), food
to fuel. Humans: Basic Labor, Labor saving devices. Animals, water.
Unit-IV: Available Energy resources: Modern Resources
Internal combustion Engines: Generators, Shaft power, Modern solar, modern
wind turbines, water treatment facilities,
Available Energy resources
Traditional Resources
Modern Resources
3. A list of projects that have been undertaken in this class over the last few years follows:
Thermoelectric lighting
Gel fuel production system (Biomass treatment, fermentation, distilling, gelling.)
Three generations of gel fuel stoves
Solar cell phone charger
Pyrolizer for production of Bio-Char
A GlobalResolve “Do-Tank”
Educational curricula:
o Framework and methodology for education of villagers in maintenance and upkeep of
technologies "dropped" off in villages
o Grade School science curriculum using indigenous materials
Available Energy Resources in Rural India
4. Available Energy Resources in Rural India
Solar powered battery charging "kiosk" with battery exchange. (Netflix for batteries.)
Personal water filter designed for small children (charcoal based)
Micro-scale biogas digester
Mosquito repelling system
Solar Ovens
“Breeder stove” that generates charcoal while cooking.
Pacifier imbedded inside of particle filter mask
Solar hot water system (for heating and personal use)
Replacement of batteries by super-capacitors charged by thermoelectric devices
Lantern based on ultra-clean combustion of animal fat
Soap manufacturing
Wind turbines:
Automatic solar actuated drip irrigation system with measurement of soil moisture
content.
5. Design of photo voltaic systems for
water pumping,
lighting,
solar cell phone charger, battery charging “kiosk”,,
Solar power irrigation system
Solar hot water system (for heating and personal use)
solar cookers,
solar drying and distillation,
Solar power irrigation system,
Micro-scale biogas digester,
Bio gassifer,
food preservation,
wind turbine power treadle pump
Rural Energy Technology Development
6. 6
Solar Energy at Earth's surface
The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy
that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is usable.
We have a fusion reactor that has been burning over 4 billion years. ... The SUN
Only 0.023% solar energy is captured by photosynthetic organisms , this makes life on
Earth possible
7. 7
Solar Energy at Earth's surface
www.altenergy.org
The Sun provides enough energy in one minute to supply the world's energy
needs for one year
The amount of solar radiation striking the earth over a three-day period is
equivalent to the energy stored in all fossil energy sources
The amount of solar radiation striking to earth in a day, that can be use by the
whole 7 billion human in 27 years
Solar Energy per year:
Wsun =1.56 * 1018 kWh
Yearly energy demand worldwide:
Wdemand =1.11 *1014 kWh
The worldwide Energy demand is only 0.01 % of the energy introduced by
the sun
Some facts:
8. •A pyrheliometer measures
the direct component of
solar irradiance, which is
important when installing
concentrating collectors.
Pyrheliometer
9. Pyranometer
•Diffuse solar irradiance can be
measured by adding a shadowing device
to a pyranometer, which blocks the
direct component of total irradiance.
20. Solar Radiation
• Solar Window is the area of sky containing all possible locations of the sun
throughout the year for a particular location.
Summer solstice: june 20-22
Equinox; 20th march/22 Sept
Winter solstice: dec 21-22
Uttarayan 14th -15th jan
26. Solar Radiation
• Maximum energy gain will be achieved by orienting the array
surface at a tilt angle close to the value of the local latitude –In high
latitudes arrays should be very steep and vice versa
• For optimal performance the tilt angle should be adjusted from the
latitude angle by an amount equal to the average declination during
that time
• During the summer the average declination is +15º, so we should
have a tilt of latitude minus 15º to make the array perpendicular to
the average solar path –during the summer
• Array Azimuth angle will be optimal when that array is due south
• Sun trackers allow the PV array to change the tilt angle, the
azimuth angle, or both –generally is not considered cannot be made
cost effective
27. Solar radiation received in year
The equator (gray line) Northern (blue lines) Southern (green) latitudes
The peak energy received at different latitudes changes throughout the year.
(NASA illustration by Robert Simmon.)
28. Peak Sun hoursPeak sun hours is an equivalent
measure of total solar
irradiation in a day.
30. 30
What is Solar cell?
Solar cell is a solid state electrical device that converts the solar
energy directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
3 basic steps: 1. Light absorption
2. Free charge carriers generation
3. Charge transport
31. 31
Classification of Solar Cells
Silicon-based solar cell
Inorganic solar cells
a. Silicon
Crystalline ( single crystalline, poly-crystaline)
Thin film (Amorphous )
b. Compound semiconductor( GaAs, CIGS)
Organic solar cells
a. Thin film
b. Dye-sensitized solar cells
Hybrid solar cells
Organic-inorganic
Organic solar cell
In terms of materials
Image: Konarka
32.
33. Solar: Easy Energy In Rural India
Solar energy is
practically inexhaustible
Widely distributed
Environment friendly
Cost free in raw form
No need to transport raw
materials to villages
No towers, heavy
cabling, etc.
34. Governmental Rural Initiative:
Solar Cooking Project
Current sources available for
cooking are firewood, crop
residues and animal dung in
rural areas
Promoted by the Government
of India
Parabolic Dish Solar Cookers
Solar Box Cooker
Community Solar Cooker
Solar Steam Cooking System
35. Private Initiative:
Solar Loans from Selco India
Customers: poor daily-wage
laborers to institutions
All buy solar panels at the same
rate: about $450 for a 40-watt
system that can light several 7-
watt bulbs for four hours
between charges.
Persuaded rural banks to lend
hundreds of dollars to rural
people