Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on September 26, 2019, at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City

1. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Artemio M. Salazar, Eureka Teresa M. Ocampo, Apolonio M. Ocampo,
Marynold V. Purificacion, Lorna G. Matanguihan and Romnick C. Talde
DA-Bureau of Agricultural Research In-House Seminar Series
BAR Annex Bldg., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
26 September 2019
DEMONSTRATING SUSTAINED CORN FARM
PRODUCTIVITY AND INCREASING FARMERS’
INCOME THROUGH CROP ROTATION

2. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
DEMONSTRATING SUSTAINED CORN FARM
PRODUCTIVITY AND INCREASING FARMERS’
INCOME THROUGH CROP ROTATION

3. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños

4. INTRODUCTION
 The sustainability of corn production practices in the Philippines is becoming a serious concern.
 Continuous monocropping and frequent torrential rains due to climate change intensify soil degradation.
 It has been a general knowledge that rotating legumes with cereals can improve soil fertility and enhance
total crop productivity. But we don’t have such comprehensive data in our country.
 Philippines spends more than Php 5 billion in the importation of oil seeds including soybean, peanut and
mungbean (PAS 2014).
 Hence, there is a big demand for legumes production
 Indeed, these grain legumes are ideal crop to be utilized in crop rotation system in order to enhance soil
fertility and increase farmers’ income.
 Apparently, rotating corn with grain legumes makes sense agronomically and economically in our
country.
 But we have to prove it.
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños

5. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
College, Laguna, Philippines
OBJECTIVES
General: To demonstrate the advantages of crop rotation in corn areas in
terms of soil fertility and net farmers’ income
Specific:
1. To compare total crop yield and farmers’ income under
continuous corn cropping and corn- legume crop rotation system.
2. To monitor soil properties under different cropping patterns

6. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
METHODOLOGY
Establishment of Multi-location Trial Field Monitoring
Data Gathering
 Fresh weight (kg)
 Grain weight (kg)
 Moisture content (%)
 Soil sampling and
analysis
Data Analysis
T1 (Continuous corn cropping) T2 (Corn– mungbean crop rotation)
T3 (Corn– soybean crop rotation) T4 (Corn– peanut crop rotation)
LUZON VISAYAS MINDANAO

7. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSIONS

8. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
YIELD

9. Figure 1. Yield (t/ha) of corn and legume crops during 1st – 4th cropping seasons in Brgy. Bunnay,
Angadanan, Isabela.
Corn vs legumes
Corn after
corn/ legumes
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Corn after
corn/ legumesCorn vs legumes

10. Figure 1. Yield (t/ha) of corn and legume crops during 1st – 4th cropping seasons in Brgy. Bunnay,
Angadanan, Isabela.
Corn vs legumes
Corn after
corn/ legumes
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Corn after
corn/ legumesCorn vs legumes

11. Figure 2. Yield (t/ha) of corn and legume crops during 1st – 4th cropping seasons in CTU, Barili
campus, Cebu.
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Corn vs legumes
Corn after
corn/ legumes
Corn after
corn/ legumesCorn vs legumes

12. Figure 2. Yield (t/ha) of corn and legume crops during 1st – 4th cropping seasons in CTU, Barili
campus, Cebu.
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Corn vs legumes
Corn after
corn/ legumes
Corn after
corn/ legumesCorn vs legumes

13. Figure 3. Yield (t/ha) of corn and legume crops during 1st – 4th cropping seasons in CMU, Musuan,
Bukidnon.
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Corn after
corn/ legumes
Corn after
corn/ legumesCorn vs legumes Corn vs legumes

14. Figure 3. Yield (t/ha) of corn and legume crops during 1st – 4th cropping seasons in CMU, Musuan,
Bukidnon.
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Corn after
corn/ legumes
Corn after
corn/ legumesCorn vs legumes Corn vs legumes

15. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 4.Yield (t/ha) performance of continuous corn cropping and under corn – legume crop rotation
during the 2nd and 4th cropping in Isabela, Cebu and Bukidnon.

16. INCOME
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños

17. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 5. Net income of farmer per hectare from 1st – 4th cropping seasons under continuous corn
cropping compared to corn – legume crop rotation in Isabela.

18. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 5. Net income of farmer per hectare from 1st – 4th cropping seasons under continuous corn
cropping compared to corn – legume crop rotation in Isabela.

19. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 6. Net income of farmer per hectare from 1st – 4th cropping seasons under continuous corn
cropping compared to corn – legume crop rotation in Cebu.

20. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 6. Net income of farmer per hectare from 1st – 4th cropping seasons under continuous corn
cropping compared to corn – legume crop rotation in Cebu.

21. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 7. Net income of farmer per hectare from 1st – 4th cropping seasons under continuous corn
cropping compared to corn – legume crop rotation in Bukidnon.

22. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 7. Net income of farmer per hectare from 1st – 4th cropping seasons under continuous corn
cropping compared to corn – legume crop rotation in Bukidnon.

23. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
NET INCOME (Php)
Figure 8. Net income per hectare of farmers for four cropping seasons under continuous corn
cropping compared to corn – legume crop rotation in three locations across the
Philippines.
Across sites and seasons, income increased with crop rotation

24. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
NET INCOME (Php)
Figure 8. Net income per hectare of farmers for four cropping seasons under continuous corn
cropping compared to corn – legume crop rotation in three locations across the
Philippines.
Across sites and seasons, income increased with crop rotation

25. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
NET INCOME (Php)
Figure 8. Net income per hectare of farmers for four cropping seasons under continuous corn
cropping compared to corn – legume crop rotation in three locations across the
Philippines.
Across sites and seasons, income increased with crop rotation

26. SOIL
PROPERTIES
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños

27. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Organic matter
Figure 9. The organic matter content from 1st – 4th cropping season of demonstration trial in Brgy.
Bunnay, Angadanan, Isabela.
In Isabela, organic matter was higher after planting
legumes vs after corn crop

28. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Organic matter
Figure 9. The organic matter content from 1st – 4th cropping season of demonstration trial in Brgy.
Bunnay, Angadanan, Isabela.
In Isabela, organic matter was higher after planting
legumes vs after corn crop

29. Organic matter
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 10. The organic matter content from 1st – 4th cropping season of demonstration trial in Cebu
Technological University, Barili Campus, Cebu.
In Cebu, organic matter was higher after planting
legumes vs after corn crop

30. Organic matter
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 10. The organic matter content from 1st – 4th cropping season of demonstration trial in Cebu
Technological University, Barili Campus, Cebu.
In Cebu, organic matter was higher after planting
legumes vs after corn crop

31. Organic matter
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 11. The organic matter content from 1st – 4th cropping season of demonstration trial in Central
Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon.
In Bukidnon, across seasons organic matter was higher
with crop rotation compared to continuous corn

32. Organic matter
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 11. The organic matter content from 1st – 4th cropping season of demonstration trial in Central
Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon.
In Bukidnon, across seasons organic matter was higher
with crop rotation compared to continuous corn

33. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Soil pH
Figure 12. The soil pH level from 1st – 4th cropping season of demonstration trial in Brgy. Bunnay,
Angadanan, Isabela.

34. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Soil pH
Figure 12. The soil pH level from 1st – 4th cropping season of demonstration trial in Brgy. Bunnay,
Angadanan, Isabela.

35. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Soil pH
Figure 13. The soil pH level from 1st – 4th cropping season of demonstration trial in CTU, Barili
campus, Cebu.

36. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Soil pH
Figure 14. The soil pH level from 1st – 4th cropping season of demonstration trial in CMU, Bukidnon.

37. Phosphorous, ppm
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 15. The phosphorous content from 1st – 4th cropping season of demonstration trial in Brgy.
Bunnay, Angadanan, Isabela.

38. Phosphorous, ppm
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 15. The phosphorous content from 1st – 4th cropping season of demonstration trial in Brgy.
Bunnay, Angadanan, Isabela.

39. Phosphorous, ppm
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 16. The phosphorous content from 1st – 4th cropping season of demonstration trial in CTU,
Barili, Cebu.

40. Phosphorous, ppm
Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Figure 16. The phosphorous content from 1st – 4th cropping season of demonstration trial in CTU,
Barili, Cebu.

41. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
In all locations, yield, income and soil fertility improved with crop rotation. This proved that
rotating corn with legumes is more advantageous than continuous corn cropping.
T3 (Corn- soybean crop rotation) is the best crop rotation practice to improve soil
properties, yield and net income.
This will impact in reviewing how we have treated our corn farms for decades; take note of
the missed opportunities in terms of higher overall farm productivity leading to better
livelihood for our farmers.
Not discounting the comprehensive data obtained in this effort, a more extensive region by
region demonstration is recommended as springboard for a meaningful national shift to
crop rotation instead of the usual monocropping system in Key Production Area (KPA)
approach of crop production.
All these to the benefit of farmers and production environment !

42. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Department of Agriculture- Bureau of Agricultural Research
Institute of Plant Breeding, UPLB
College of Agriculture and Food Science, UPLB
Central Mindanao University, Bukidnon
Angadanan, Isabela
Cebu Technological University, Barili Campus, Cebu

43. Institute of Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture and Food Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
THANK YOU !